2. BASIC TERMINOLOGY Hydrophilic: A liquid/surface that has a high affinity to water. Hydrophobic: A liquid/surface that has very low affinity to water Lipophilic: A liquid/surface that has a high affinity to oil. Lipophobic: A liquid/surface that has a very low affinity to oil.
3. A molecule that contains a polar portion and a non polar portion is called surface active agent/ surfactant. A surfactant can interact with both polar and non polar molecules. A surfactant increases the solubility of the otherwise insoluble substances. In water, surfactant molecules tend to cluster into a spherical geometry non polar ends on the inside of the sphere polar ends on the outside .These clusters are called micelles Surface active agents?
4. Surfactants have amphipathic structure tail or hydrophobic group little affinity for bulk solvent. Usually hydrocarbon (alkyl/aryl) chain in aqueous solvents. Can be linear or branched. Head or hydrophilic group strong affinity for bulk solvent. Can be neutral or charged.
12. Based on permanent anions or pH-dependent anions . These are categorised as: 1. Sulfates: Alkyl sulfates, Alkyl ether sulfates 2. Sulfonates: Sulfonatefluorosurfactants, Alkyl benzene sulfonates 3. Phosphates: Alkyl aryl ether phosphate, Alkyl ether phosphate 4. Carboxylates: Alkyl carboxylates, Carboxylatefluorosurfactants (~ 60% of industrial surfactants) Anionic Surfactants
13. Based on pH-dependent primary, secondary or tertiary amines i.e. primary amines become positively charged at pH < 10, secondary amines become charged at pH < 4. Examples: Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) Polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA) Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) Benzethonium chloride (BZT) 5-Bromo-5-nitro-1,3-dioxane Dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride Cationic Surfactants
14. Amphoteric surfactants are characterized by the fact that these surfactants can carry a positive charge on a cationic site and a negative charge on an anionic site. The use of amphoteric terminology is still restrictive: The charge of the molecule must change with pH, showing a zwitterionic form at an intermediate pH Examples: Amino acids Imino acids Betaines lecithin Amphoteric or Zwitterionic
16. The hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) of a surfactant reflects its partitioning behavior between a polar and non-polar medium. HLB number, ranging from 0-40, can be assigned to a surfactant, based on emulsification data. Semi-empirical only. Whatis HLB Scale?
17. Cont.. No dispersibility in water 0 antifoaming agents 2 Water –in- oil emulsifier 6 Wetting agent 8 Milky dispersion 10 Oil-in-water emulsifier 12 Clear solution 14 Detergent 16 Solubilizer 18 A value of 10 represents a “mid-point” of HLB.
18. For non ionic surfactants HLB = E/5 HLB = 20(1-S/A) Where ; E= percentage by weight of ethyleneoxide S= saponification number of ester A= Acidnumber of the fattyacid Calculation of HLB ‘s
19. Micelles are lipid molecules that arrange themselves in a spherical form in aqueous solutions. The formation of a micelle is a response to the amphipathic nature of fatty acids, meaning that they contain both hydrophilic regions (polar head groups) as well as hydrophobic regions. Micelles contain polar head groups that usually form the outside as the surface of micelles. They face to the water because they are polar. The hydrophobic tails are inside and away from the water since they are nonpolar. Micelles Formation
20. Cont.. Micelles contain polar head groups that usually form the outside as the surface of micelles. They face to the water because they are polar. The hydrophobic tails are inside and away from the water since they are nonpolar. Micelles form spontaneously in water, as stated above this spontaneous arrangement is due to the amphipatic nature of the molecule. when the lipids form micelles the hydrophobic tails interact with each other, and this interaction releases water form the hydrophobic tail and this increases the disorder of the system, and this is increase in entropy is favorable.
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22. The polar heads out (oil in water) or with the polar head in (water in oil).
23. Micelles only form when the concentration of surfactant is greater than the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The CMC is the concentration above surfactant when micelles will form spontaneously. Micelle formation also depend on the Krafft temperature. This temperature is when surfactants will form micelles. As the temperature increases, the surfactant will turn into a soluble form and be able to form micelles from a crystalline state.
24. Detergents Fabric softeners Emulsifying agents in Emulsions Paints Adhesives Inks Anti-fogs Suspending agents in suspensions Laxatives Uses of Surface active agents
