SIR EBENEZER HOWARD AND INTRODUCTION TO GARDEN CITY CONCEPTS.

1. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
PRESENTED BY-
SHAMALI KATHER
HARSHADA SASAWADE
IMRAN SAYYED

2. SIR EBENEZER HOWARD
• Sir Ebenezer Howard born as the son
of a shopkeeper in the City of London
on 29th
of January 1850.
• After schooling, he took on a number
of clerical posts.
• In 1871, he emigrated to the frontier country
of America to become a Farmer.
• He subsequently spent four years living in Chicago,
witnessing it’s rebuilding following the great fire.
• It was during this time, he began to contemplate
ways to improve cities.
• Sir Ebenezer Howard the English founder
of the garden city movement, is known for
his publication To-Morrow: A Peaceful Path to
Real Reform (1898), the description of a
utopian city in which people live
harmoniously together with nature.
• This book offered a vision of towns free of
slumps and enjoying the benefits of both
town (such as opportunity, amusement and
high wages) and country (such as beauty,
fresh air and low rents )
TO-MORROW

3. GARDEN CITY MOVEMENT: The Origin –
•Howard was heavily influenced by the utopian visions of
Edward Bellamy and his publication Looking Backward
(1888).
•Sir Ebenezer Howard is known for his publication Garden
Cities of To-morrow (1898), the description of a utopian city
in which people live harmoniously together with nature.
•The ideas put forth in To-morrow were a synthesis of his
personal experiences and the works of others.
•The publication resulted in the founding of the garden city
movement, that realized several Garden Cities in Great Britain
at the beginning of the 20th century.
•The first garden cities proposed were Letchworth and
Welwyn in 1903 and 1920 respectively.
• Strong community
• Ordered development
• Environmental quality
Core garden city principles

4. GARDEN CITIES OF TOMORROW : THE BOOK –
• This book offered a vision of towns free of
slums and enjoying the benefits of both
town (such as opportunity, amusement
and good wages) and country (such as
beauty, fresh air and low rents).
• He illustrated the idea with his famous
Three Magnets diagram which addressed
the question 'Where will the people go?',
the choices being 'Town', 'Country' or
'Town-Country'.
• It proposed the creation of new suburban
towns of limited size, planned in advance,
and surrounded by a permanent belt of
agricultural land.
•These Garden cities were used as the
model for many suburbs.
•Howard believed that such Garden Cities
were the perfect blend of city and nature.
•The towns would be largely independent,
managed by the citizens who had an
economic interest in them, and financed by
ground rents on the Georgist model.
•The land on which they were to be built
was to be owned by a group of trustees and
leased to the citizens.

5. the three magnets diagram (below) makes three points:
- town life has good and bad characteristics
- country life has good and bad characteristics
- town-country life can have all the good things about
life in towns and life in the country - without any of
the bad things.
POSITIVE
ASPECTS
NEGATIVE
ASPECTS
• Social
opportun
ity.
• Closing
out of
nature.
• Isolation
of
crowds.
• High rents
& prices.
• Places of
amuseme
nt.
• Foul air
and Murky
sky.
• Chances
of
employm
ent.
• Slums &
gin
palaces.
• High
money
wages.
• Costly
drainage.
• Well-lit
streets.
TOWN
POSITIVE
ASPECTS
NEGATIVE
ASPECTS
• Beauty of
nature.
• Lack of
society
• Land lying
idle.
• Hands out
of work.
• Wood,
meadow,
forest.
• Trespasser
s beware.
• Fresh air. • Low
wages.
• Low rents. • Lack of
drainage.
• Abundanc
e of water.
• Lack of
amuseme
nt.
• Bright
sunshine.
• No public
spirit.
• Need for
reform.
COUNTRY
THE THREE MAGNETS - The People,

6. COMBINATION OF BOTH ASPECTS
Beauty of nature- peace all-over the places.
Social opportunity- cumulative growth.
Fields and parks of easy access- equal chances.
Low rents- high wages.
Low rates- plenty to do.
Low prices- no sweating.
Field for enterprise- flow of capital.
Pure air and water- good drainage.
Bright homes & gardens- no smoke, no slums.
Freedom- Co-operation.
TOWN-COUNTRY

7. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE
GARDEN CITY DATAS
• Central City:
Area: 12000 acres.
Population : 58000 people
• Agglomeration Cities:
Area: 9000 acres
Population: 32000 people
• Distance between central main
city
and the agglomeration: ~10km
.
Assumed data-
•A total of 6000 acre estate
•1000 acres, purely for the central
garden city as a home for 30000
people.
•Surrounding the central city 5000
Acres of land is retained for
agriculture and home for 2000
people, with cow pastures, farmlands,
and welfare services.
The original Garden City concept
by Ebenezer Howard, 1902.

8. • Circular city growing in a radial manner or pattern.
• Divided into six equal wards, by six main Boulevards that
radiated from the central park/garden.
• Civic institutions (Town Hall, Library, Hospital, Theatre,
Museum etc. ) are placed around the central garden.
• The central park enclosed by a crystal palace acts as an arcade
for indoor shops and winter gardens.
• The streets for houses are formed by a series of concentric
ringed tree lined avenues.
• Distance between each ring vary between 3-5km .
• A 420 feet wide , 3 mile long, Grand avenue which run in the
center of concentric rings , houses the schools and churches and
acts as a continuous public park.
CONCEPTUAL LAYOUT
• All the industries,
factories and warehouses
were placed at the
periferal ring of the city.
• The municipal railway
was placed in another
ring closer to the
industrial ring , so that
the pressure of excess
transport on the city
streets are reduced and
the city is connected to
the rest of the nation.

9. GARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICEGARDEN CITY PRINCIPLE IN PRACTICE
• The first Garden City evolved out of
Howard’s principles is Letchworth
Garden City designed by Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker in 1903.
• The second one to evolve was
Welwyn Garden City designed by
Louis de Soissons and Frederic
Osborn in 1920.
• Another example was Radburn
City designed by Clarence Stein and
Henry Wright in 1928.

10. LATCHWORTHLATCHWORTH
• Letchworth, officially Letchworth
Garden City, is a town
in Hertfordshire, England, with a
population of 33,600
• It was designed by Raymond
Unwin and Barry Parker.
• Letch worth – 35 miles from
London
• Land of 3822 acres
• Reserved Green belt- 1300 acres
• Designed for a maximum of 35000
population
• In 30 years – developed with
15000 population & 150 shops,
industries.
An Analysis
Latchworth Garden City- Arrangement
from top.

11. Latchworth- A New Vision

12. WELWYNWELWYN
• Welwyn Garden City is a town
within the Borough of Welwyn
Hatfield in Hertfordshire,
England.
• It is located approximately 19
miles from Kings Cross and 24
miles from London.
• On 29 April 1920 a company,
Welwyn Garden City Limited,
was formed to plan and build
the garden city, chaired by Sir
Theodore Chambers. Louis de
Soissons was appointed as
architect and town planner
and Frederic Osborn as
secretary.
.
An Analysis
Welwyn Garden City- Arrangement
from top.
•Land of 2378 acres
•Designed for a maximum of
40000 population
•In 15 years – developed with
10000 population & 50 shops,
industries.

13. • Personalization of
Homes in Welwyn
with varying
roofline, texture and
composition for each
house.
• Streets are designed
so as to give the
concept of a
Neighborhood
unit.
• Separation of the
pedestrian
walkways from the
main roads gives a
sense of natural
beauty.
• Open and green spaces
are Given on a large
scale.

14. RADBURN, NEW JERSEYRADBURN, NEW JERSEY
• Radburn was planned by architects Clarence Stein and Henry
Wright in 1928.
• It is America’s first garden community, serving as a world wide
example of the harmonious blending of private space and open area.
• Radburn provided a prototype for the new towns to meet the
requirements for contemporary good living.
• Radburn was designed to occupy one square mile of land and
house some 25,000 residents.
• However, the Great Depression limited the development to only 149
acres.
• Radburn created a unique alternative to the conventional suburban
development through the use of cul-de-sacs, interior
parklands, and cluster housing.
RADBURN CONSISTS OF-
• Residential areas
• 149 acres of interior parks,
• Walkways.
• 2 swimming pools,
• 4 tennis courts,
• 2 playgrounds,
• Archery plaza and a school,
• 2 outdoor basketball courts
• A community center, which houses
administrative offices, library,
gymnasium, clubroom and service
and maintenance areas.

15. Housing blocks
Plaza building the shoping cent
•Ebenezer Howard’s Garden City concept shows us a place where
genuine urban activities are carried at human scale.
•The garden city introduced the use of greenbelts that have
served many uses including the preservation of agricultural and
rural life, nature and heritage conservation, recreation, pollution
minimization, and growth management.
•Garden city tradition endowed urban planning with a social and
community dimensions.
•The garden city idea however, showed how both industrial
estates and collective retailing spaces could be used within a
comprehensive planning approach to serve public purposes.
CONCLUSION:-