Presentation on WAP Keerti Sharma
This ppt contains the topic like,,
What is WAP ?
Limitations of Internet for wireless applications
WAP Architecture / protocol stack
WAP Components / WML
WAP brings Internet to hand-held devices
Conclusion
2. August 2002
Agenda…
What is WAP ?
Limitations of Internet for wireless applications
WAP Architecture / protocol stack
WAP Components / WML
WAP brings Internet to hand-held devices
Conclusion
3. What is WAP ?
WAP – The Wireless Application Protocol
– Makes it possible to access the Internet via wireless
devices such as mobile phones, PDAs etc.
– Set of rules governing transmission/reception of data
by wireless devices (e.g. mobile phones)
August 2002
4. Limitations of Internet for
Wireless Applications
Traditional Internet applications cannot run on mobile
devices because of the following limitations:
– Low bandwidth network
– High Latency network
– Limited connection stability
– Small display size
– Limited input facility
– Limited memory
– Limited processing power
August 2002
5. August 2002
Limitations of Internet (contd)…
Low bandwidth
– Size of an HTML page, including graphics … 20 KB
– Download time (56Kbps modem) … 3 s
– Bandwidth of wireless network … 9.6Kbps
– Download time for data on one page … 17 s
High latency
– At the expiry of retransmission timer value, the TCP layer resends the
packet of data
– An average latency in a wireless network is around ½ s but can be as high
as 10s
– This can cause a lot of retransmission causing severe congestion
6. Limitations of Internet (contd)…
Limited connection stability
Small display size
Limited input facility
Limited memory
Limited processing power
August 2002
8. August 2002
WAP Architecture (contd)…
.
Web Server
CGI
Scripts
etc.
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WAP Gateway
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP HTTP
9. WAP Architecture (contd)…
.
August 2002
WAP Application Server
Application
Logic
Content
WML Decks
with WML-Script
WML Encoder
WMLScript
Compiler
Protocol Adapters
Client
WML
WML-Script
WTAI
Etc.
WSP/WTP
10. August 2002
WAP Architecture (contd)…
WAE - holds the tools that wireless Internet content
developers use.
WSP - determines whether a session between the
device and the network will be connection-oriented or
connectionless.
WTP - acts like a traffic cop, keeping the data flowing
in a logical and smooth manner. It also determines how
to classify each transaction request:
– Reliable two way (WTP/C)
– Reliable one way (WTP/T)
– Unreliable one way (WTP/D)
WTLS - provides many of the same security features
found in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) part of
TCP/IP.
WDP - makes it easy to adapt the transport layer to a
variety of bearers because all that needs to change is
the information maintained at this level.
12. WAP Architecture (contd)…
In a real WAP solution, the main components include:
• WAP Device
• Bearer
• WAP Gateway
• Content
• Content Server
August 2002
13. WAP Components (contd)…
WAP Gateway
– Encoder: converts WML to binarized WML
– Adaptor: provides additional information through
HTTP header
• Translate HTTP requests to WSP.
• Convert between SSL and WTLS
• Convert transport protocols (TCP and WDP)
August 2002
14. WAP Components (contd)…
WML (Wireless Markup Language)
– An XML-based markup language that describes how WAP content is
presented on a wireless terminal
Differs from HTML in the following
– WML was specifically designed for wireless terminals with a target screen that
is only a few lines long and about an inch wide.
– WML is case sensitive, and all tags and attributes should be in lowercase.
– Unlike HTML, WML is unforgiving of incorrectly nested tags.
– WML doesn't assume that a keyboard or a mouse is available for user input.
Based on these differences, WML provides a smaller, telephony-aware
set of tags that make it more appropriate than HTML for
handheld wireless terminals.
August 2002
15. WAP Components (contd)…
WML Contd…
– Card metaphor
• User interactions are split into cards
• Navigation occurs between cards
– Explicit inter-card navigation model
• Hyperlinks
• History
– State management and variables
• Reduce network traffic
• Results in better caching
August 2002
16. Navigation
Variables
August 2002
Example of WML …
.
Card
Input
Elements
<WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“#eCard”/>
</DO
Welcome!
</CARD>
<CARD NAME=“eCard”>
<DO TYPE=“ACCEPT”>
<GO URL=“/submit?N=$(N)&S=$(S)”/>
</DO>
Enter name: <INPUT KEY=“N”/>
Choose speed:
<SELECT KEY=“S”>
<OPTION VALUE=“0”>Fast</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE=“1”>Slow</OPTION>
<SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
17. August 2002
A Deck of Cards …
. <WML>
<CARD>
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT" LABEL="Next">
<GO URL="#card2"/>
</DO>
Acme Inc.<BR/>Directory
</CARD>
<CARD NAME="card2">
<DO TYPE="ACCEPT">
<GO URL="?send=$type"/>
</DO>
Services
<SELECT KEY="type">
<OPTION VALUE="em">Email</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="ph">Phone</OPTION>
<OPTION VALUE="fx">Fax</OPTION>
</SELECT>
</CARD>
</WML>
Acme Inc.
Directory
_____________
Next
Services
1>Email
2 Phone
____________
OK
18. WAP brings Internet to Hand-held
Devices
WAP handles limited bandwidth
– Minimizes traffic over wireless interface
– WSP layer, too, is binary encoded
– WTP is not only designed to minimize amount of data but also number of
transactions
WAP handles high latency
– WAE uses scripting to avoid round trip delays, e.g. by validating user input locally
– WTAI environment introduces a repository to hold services that should be
started in response to an event in mobile network, e.g. incoming call.
August 2002
19. WAP brings (contd)…
WAP handles less stable connections
– The sessions supported by WSP are assumed to be long-lived.
– WTP layer has been kept very simple compared to TCP
– WTP supports selective retransmission of data
WAP handles small displays
– WML structures its documents in ‘Decks & Cards’
– When an application is executed, user navigates through a series of cards
August 2002
20. WAP brings (contd)…
WAP handles limited input facilities
– The WML elements can be easily be implemented without much input required from
the key-board
– Deck & Cards model requires minimal navigation between pages
– Soft buttons or user-definable keys are also supported by WML
WAP handles limited memory and CPU
– Defining a light weight protocol stack
– Limited functionality provided by WML & WMLScript
– Binary encoding of WML & WMLScript
August 2002
21. Conclusion
WAP provides a “microbrowser” optimized for wireless
devices
– Requires minimal RAM, ROM, Display, CPU and keys
WAP Offers Bearer Independence
– Allows Applications developed once to work across all networks
– Protects the Carrier’s investment in wireless data as networks evolve
– Enables Mobile Device Manufacturers to use common code across products
WAP Offers Device Independence
– Allows applications developed once to work across devices from small
handsets to powerful PDAs
– Promotes consistent user experience across all of a carrier’s handset offerings
– Encourages a wealth of applications for handset manufacturers
August 2002
23. Some known WAP Services
123Jump (http://www.123jump.com)
A selection of stock data & news, all via WAP
Ajaxo (http://www.ajaxo.com)
A WAP service for wireless stock trading from any WAP enabled device
2PL WorldWide Hotel Guide (http://wap.2pl.com)
A hotel guide, accessible in multiple languages via WAP enabled device
Traffic Maps (http://www.webraska.com)
A French service that monitors and shows latest traffic news via maps
August 2002
27. References 2.
Professional WAP
WAP – A Beginner’s Guide by Dale Bulbrook
Wireless Crash Course by Bedell
Cracking the Code – WAP, Bluetooth & 3G
Programming
WAP Integration by Vujosevic & Laberge
WAP 2.0 Development by Tull
August 2002
Hinweis der Redaktion
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
WAP is a set of specifications that addresses the Wireless network characteristics by adapting existing network technologies (and introducing new ones where appropriate) to the special requirements of handheld wireless devices. Therefore, WAP intends to standardize the way wireless devices (mobile phones, PDAs, and so forth) access Internet data and services. WAP&apos;s reuse of existing Internet protocols will ease the development of WAP services for Java and other Web developers.
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
It introduces a new way of looking at the wireless phenomenon – letting the application follow their customers and provide them with innovative services.
As a matter of fact WAP is not one single protocol but a collection of protocols and specifications that cover everything from how the WAP device and the user agent should work to how the transport protocols interact within the bearers themselves.
So how is it any different from Internet ??
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combo of HTTP and HTML, except that it includes one vital feature : optimization of low-display capability , low memory etc.
There are lots of problems that need to be addressed before Internet and mobile devices can be brought together.
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
Internet as it is now, is not well suited to mobile phone.
Is complex.
Takes up too much bandwidth
Latency – Round trip delay between something being sent on the network and acknowledgement obtained that whatever was sent was received OK
The information coming from the Internet and going to mobile phones has to go thro’ various elements in the mobile network. Each one introducing a little delay.
Also, the air interface used to transmit data to mobile telephones has a very limited bandwidth (9.6Kbps compared to 56kbps on a wired network) Thus Internet protocols, which send many large messages result in large latency.
The Internet protocols (TCP/IP & HTTP) are far from being suitable for use with mobile phone communications. They introduce far too many overheads, requiring many messages bet. Clients and server just to set up a connection. These overheads call for a high processing power on the client device.
The Internet protocols (TCP/IP & HTTP) are far from being suitable for use with mobile phone communications. They introduce far too many overheads, requiring many messages bet. Clients and server just to set up a connection. These overheads call for a high processing power on the client device.
How Wireless Internet Works
To create wireless Internet content, a Web site creates special text only or low graphics versions of the site. The data is sent in HTTP form by a Web server to a WAP gateway. This system includes the WAP encoder, script compiler and protocol adapters to convert the HTTP information to WML. The gateway then sends the converted data to the WAP client on your wireless device.
What happens between the gateway and the client relies on features of different parts of the WAP protocol stack. Let&apos;s take a look at each part of the stack:
To minimize bandwidth requirements, and guarantee that a variety of wireless networks can run WAP applications, a new lightweight protocol stack called the WAP protocol stack was developed.
The application protocol is a communication protocol stack that is embedded in each WAP-enabled wireless device (also known as the user agent). The server side implements the other end of the protocol, which is capable of communicating with any WAP client. The server side is known as a WAP gateway and routes requests from the client to an HTTP (or Web) server.
WAE - The Wireless Application Environment holds the tools that wireless Internet content developers use. These include WML and WMLScript, which is a scripting language used in conjunction with WML. It functions much like Javascript.
WSP - The Wireless Session Protocol determines whether a session between the device and the network will be connection-oriented or connectionless. What this is basically talking about is whether or not the device needs to talk back and forth with the network during a session. A connection-oriented session means that data will be passed both ways between the device and the network. WSP would then send the packet to the Wireless Transaction Protocol layer. If the session is connectionless, commonly used when information is being broadcast or streamed from the network to the device, then WSP redirects the packet to the Wireless Datagram Protocol layer.
WTLS - Wireless Transport Layer Security provides many of the same security features found in the Transport Layer Security (TLS) part of TCP/IP. It checks data integrity, provides encryption and performs client and server authentication.
Network carriers, or bearers, can be any of the existing technologies that wireless providers use
The WSP and WTP layers correspond to HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) in the TCP/IP protocol suite.
Platforms Supported:
Win32
Solaris
HPUX
Linux
Windows CE
Palm OS
Additional platforms available upon request
How is WAP different from Internet?
WAP is a standardized technology for cross-platform, distributed computing, very similar to Internet’s combination of HTTP and HTML except that it includes one vital feature…
Optimization for low-display capability, low-memory and low bandwidth devices such as PDA, mobile phones etc.
In HTML, there are no functions to check the validity of user input or to generate messages and dialog boxes locally. To overcome this limitation, JavaScript was developed. Similarly, to overcome the same restrictions in WML, a new scripting language known as WMLScript has been developed.
Repository – Since the services in this repository are available immediately, no round trips to the server are needed.
Sessions by WSP – Sessions are assumed to be long-lived, so problem of lost connections is addressed by allowing lost sessions to be resumed even when dynamically assigned IP addresses are used
WTP…
Since no connection is set up, the effects of lost connections and other times of inactivity are minimized
The unpredictable nature of wireless connection means that small segments of message are often lost
Selective retransmission – meaning that only lost segments arev retransmitted and not the entire message as in TCP
CARDS & DECK
Card - is a single unit of interaction with the end-user, such as a text-screen, a selection list or a combo of these.
A card is typically small enuff to be displayed on a small screen
DECK – Series of cards used for making an application
Drawbacks of hand-held devices…
Small screen 2) Low memory 3) Low bandwidth ( restricted to 9.6kbps) 4)
The WAP programming code at the web site has to be explicitly designed and written for micro-browser used in the specific model of the WAP device.
The pages themselves have to be small because of the restriction on data speed.