Markup Languages

Stein Markup 1.1
MMaarrkkuupp
LLaanngguuaaggeess
SSGG
WW
MMLL
VVOOXX
XX
HHTT
Yaakov J. Stein
Chief Scientist
DDSS
RAD Data Communications
SSS A
legal-X
CP
DDHHTT
GG
mmaatthh
C

I digest, edit and produce documents
Stein Markup 1.2
WWhhaatt ddoo II ddoo??
 business letters
 email
 meeting summaries
 proposals
 reports
 requirement specifications
 project plans
 web pages
 research articles
 review articles
 books

Stein Markup 1.3
WWhhaatt ddoo ootthheerrss ddoo??
Pretty much the same
US corporations produce >100 billion documents per year
90% of a modern institution’s information is in documents
>50% of typical corporation’s efforts involves documents
That’s why word processing SW
was expected to bring efficiency increases
But didn’t!

Stein Markup 1.4
WWoorrdd pprroocceessssiinngg??
PROs
 makes nicer looking documents
 expedites document sharing during creation
CONs
 typically 30% of effort on format and reformat
 doesn’t increase information accessibility
 doesn’t facilitate information mining

Stein Markup 1.5
DDaattaabbaasseess??
The natural alternative to documents are databases
PROs
 increase information accessibility
 facilitate information mining
CONs
 not human readable
 format inflexible

Stein Markup 1.6
TThhee ssoolluuttiioonn
What we really want is to write unconstrained text
but to have information retrieval as well !
 Method 1 Automatic text analysis
AI program analyzes text
Recognizes document structure, sentence syntax
Performs gisting, facilitates information mining
Complete solution equivalent to solving Turing test
 Method 2 Manual markup
Document author responsible for marking
Clarifies document structure
Enables automated retrieval of selected information
Suggests presentation format

Stein Markup 1.7
WWhhyy iiss tteexxtt aannaallyyssiiss hhaarrdd??
The man cried FIRE !
The man cried FIRE the gun !
The man cried FIRE the gun maker !

AArree MMLLss ccoommppuutteerr llaanngguuaaggeess??
There are many different types of computer languages:
procedural languages
Stein Markup 1.8
for (n=0;n<10;i++)
if (n>5) printf(“markup languages are fun!n”);
graphic languages
newpath
0 0 moveto 0 1 lineto 1 1 lineto 1 0 lineto
closepath fill
database languages
SELECT book FROM biblio WHERE subject=‘DSP’ AND author=‘STEIN’ ;
logical languages
useful(DSP), useful(hardware), fun(DSP), fun(web)
interesting(X) if useful(X) and fun(X)
?-interesting(X)

Stein Markup 1.9
TThheeyy aarree!!
Markup languages do not directly instruct computers
like procedural languages
rather indirectly instruct computer
like logical languages
They do this by using:
elements
attributes
entities
text
<BOOK SUBJECT=“dsp”>
<TITLE FORMAT=“short”>DSP-CSP</TITLE>
<AUTHOR>J. Stein</AUTHOR>
This is a great book!
&standard-disclaimer
</BOOK>
}(tags)

SSoommee mmaarrkkuupp eelleemmeenntt ffuunnccttiioonnss
 Structural
Stein Markup 1.10
– Clarifies document structure
– Delineates document parts
 Descriptive (informative)
– Indicates
– Facilitates information retrieval
 Presentational (display)
– Presents information in nice format
– Helps human readability
 Referential (links, applications)
– Provide hypertext links
– Launch applications

Stein Markup 1.11
SSttrruuccttuurraall MMaarrkkuupp
<HEADING>September 1, 2000</HEADING>
<GREETING>Dear Prof. Stein, </GREETING>
<BODY>
I would like to tell you how much I enjoyed reading your new text
“Digital Signal Processing, A Computer Science Perspective”.
I hope we will be able to meet at the next conference.
</BODY>
<SIGNATURE>
Sincerely,
Dee Espy
</SIGNATURE>

Stein Markup 1.12
DDeessccrriippttiivvee MMaarrkkuupp
<DATE>September 1, 2000</DATE>
Dear <PERSON>Prof. Stein,</PERSON>
<BOOK>
</BOOK>
I hope we will be able to meet at the next <EVENT>conference.</EVENT>
Sincerely,
<PERSON>Dee Espy</PERSON>

Stein Markup 1.13
PPrreesseennttaattiioonnaall MMaarrkkuupp
<RIGHT-JUSTIFY>September 1, 2000</RIGHT-JUSTIFY>
<BOLD>Dear Prof. Stein,</BOLD>
<UNDERLINE>
</UNDERLINE>
I hope we will be able to meet at the next
<BLINK>conference.</BLINK>
Sincerely,
<IMAGE SRC=“deesignature.jpg” ALIGN=“left”>
<FONT FACE=“Times-Roman”>Dee Espy</FONT>

Stein Markup 1.14
RReellaattiioonnaall MMaarrkkuupp
<today xlink:form=“simple” href=“date” actuate=“auto”>
Dear Prof. Stein,
<A HREF=“www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ASIN/04712954”>
</A>
I hope we will be able to meet at the next
<A HREF=“conference”>conference.</A>
Sincerely,
<IMAGE SRC=“dee-signature.jpg” ALIGN=“left”>
<A HREF=“mailto:dee@dee-epsy.net”>Dee Espy</A>

GGeenneerraalliizzeedd MMaarrkkuupp LLaanngguuaaggee
Stein Markup 1.15
 William Tunnicliffe, Stanley Rice [1960s]
(independently) invent idea of structural markup language
Problem: need different ML for each type of document
(letter, report, article, book, etc)
 Charles Goldfarb, Edward Mosher, Raymond Lorie (IBM) [1973]
invent Generalized Markup Language (GML)
Solution: use metalanguage
Document Type Definition (DTD) defines tags
IBM marked up 90% of its documents with GML

WWiitthh GGMMLL ssttrruuccttuurree iiss eevviiddeenntt
Stein Markup 1.16
Library
Novels
Journals
Textbooks
Algebraic zoology
Botanical history
Computer poetry
DSP
DSP-CSP
DSP just for fun
Elementary QED
Title
Full: Digital Signal Processing
a Computer Science Perspective
Short: DSPCSP
Author
Name: Jonathan (Y) Stein
Association: RAD Data Comm.
Publication
Publisher: John Wiley
Year: 2000
Location: New York
ISBN: 04712954

SSttaannddaarrdd GGeenneerraalliizzeedd MMaarrkkuupp LLaanngguuaaggee
Problems with GML:
Stein Markup 1.17
– No validating parser
– Not portable (between computer systems)
Solution:
SGML
ANSI [1978]
ISO/IEC 8879 [1986] (Intl Org for Standardization / Intl Electrotechnical Commission)
JTC1/SC34/WG1 (WG 1 of SubCommittee 34 of Joint Technical Committee 1)
For presentation:
Document Style Semantics and Specification Language

Stein Markup 1.18
SSGGMMLL -- ccoonntt..
If SGML is so good why doesn’t anyone use it ?
 Complexity
– base standard >500 pages
– SGML is a metalanguage
– writing DTD is complex programming
– marked up text is hard to read
– DSSSL adds to complexity
 Inflexibility - requires absolute conformity
– assumes only one correct way to markup
– constrains author to dictated structure
– not good at capturing author’s structure

HHyyppeerrTTeexxtt MMaarrkkuupp LLaanngguuaaggee
CERN (particle physics institute in Switzerland) was an early Internet adopter
 Used extensively for collaboration (articles have long author lists)
 Major problems with format incompatibility
Stein Markup 1.19
– only straight ASCII worked reliably
Tim Berners-Lee (computer specialist) defined requirements
 simplicity (couldn’t expect physicists to use SGML)
 freedom (didn’t need validation, let browser ignore bad markup)
 needed hypertext links (including to documents over Internet)
 presentational markup (papers must look nice - authors used to TEX)
Solution: HTML - a specific application of SGML (not metalanguage)

Stein Markup 1.20
HHTTMMLL vveerrssiioonnss
HTML 1.0 (1989) Berners-Lee original CERN version
hypertext, images, head+body structure, presentational markup
HTML 2.0 (1994) IETF standard - RFC 1866
added lists, forms, etc.
HTML 3.2 (1997) W3C recommendation (incorporates Netscape extensions)
added tables, applets, super/sub-scripts
HTML 4.0 (1997) W3C recommendation (and similar ISO/IEC 15445)
minimizes presentational markup
XHTML 1.0 (2000) present W3C recommendation
reformulates HTML in XML

HHTTMMLL ddooccuummeenntt ssttrruuccttuurree
Stein Markup 1.21
<HTML>
<HEAD>
global definitions such as
<TITLE>Web page title</TITLE>
</HEAD>
<BODY>
marked-up text
</BODY>
</HTML>

SSoommee HHTTMMLL ((bbooddyy)) eelleemmeennttss
 <H1>Level 1 Heading</H1> Level 1 Heading
 <EM> emphasized </EM> emphasized
 <P> Paragraph </P> Paragraph
 <A HREF=url>link</A> link
 <UL>
Stein Markup 1.22
<LI> item 1 </LI> .item 1
<LI> item 2 </LI> . item 2
</UL>
 <OL>
<LI> item 1 </LI> 1 item 1
<LI> item 2 </LI> 2 item 2
</OL>
 <IMG SRC=url>

Stein Markup 1.23
PPrroobblleemmss wwiitthh HHTTMMLL
Presentational aspects have predominated
<B> bold text </B>
<BLINK> blinking text </BLINK>
<FONT COLOR=“red”> red text </FONT>
Practically no descriptive markup
Search engines are reduced to flat text search
Search by topic only through keywords or portals
Not extensible
Can’t add new tags
Unknown tags ignored
Links are relatively simple
Usually user action is required (except IMG)
Only full document (with offset) linkable
Link management is logistic nightmare

Stein Markup 1.24
NNoott eevveerryytthhiinngg iiss HHTTMMLL
Due to HTML limitations other tools are also used:
 Multimedia extensions
– (dynamic) gif, jpg, …
– streaming audio
 Common Gateway Interface
– generate HTML on-the-fly
– Perl, C, …
 Server Push - Server Pull
 Javascript
 Java

eeXXtteennssiibbllee MMaarrkkuupp LLaanngguuaaggee
 Simplified (best parts of) SGML (subset of features)
 Flexible content management tool
 W3C recommendation(s)
 Extensible - can add new elements (even without DTD)
 Easy to create special purpose languages (with DTD/SCHEMA)
 Includes HTML-like hypertext links
Stein Markup 1.25
– and extensions (XLINK, XPOINTER)
 The future of the web !

Stein Markup 1.26
XXMMLL -- aann EExxaammppllee
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="yes"?>
<bibliography>
<book isbn=04712954>
<title>Digital Signal Processing: a Computer Science Perspective</title>
<author>Jonathan (Y) Stein</author>
<publisher>John Wiley and Sons</publisher>
</book>
<article>
<title>False Alarm Reduction for ASR and OCR</title>
<author>Yaakov Stein</author>
<proceedings>Tenth AICVNN Symposium</proceedings>
<pages>195-200</pages>
</article>
...
</bibliography>

??WWhhaatt ccaann wwee ddoo wwiitthh aann XXMMLL ffiillee
 Check if well-formed
 Check if valid (against DTD or schema)
 Display “as-is” in browser
 Parse in special-purpose program (SAX, DOM)
 Process (XSL) to XML, HTML, etc.
 Display after processing
Stein Markup 1.27

WWiirreelleessss MMaarrkkuupp LLaanngguuaaggee
Markup language element of Wireless Application Protocol
WAP forum (1997)
– Ericsson, Motorola, Nokia, Unwired Planet (phone.com)
– bring Internet to cellular phone users
– re-use fundamental Internet concepts (TCP/IP, http, html, javascript)
Stein Markup 1.28
but adapted to lower bandwidth
smaller screen
limited input facilities
limited computational resources
– applications scale across transport options (GSM, TDMA, CDMA, 3G)
and device types (mobile phones, personal assistants)

Stein Markup 1.29
WWMMLL PPhhiilloossoopphhyy
Defined using XML
Transported in compressed binary (for BW reduction)
Applications are modeled as decks of cards
Features:
Actions (OK, navigation, help) can be performed
Hyperlinks (like in HTML)
String variables
Timers
wbmp images (B&W)
Select boxes, forms (for input)
wmlscript (like javascript)

Stein Markup 1.30
WWMMLL ssttrruuccttuurree
< ? xml version=“1.0” ? >
<!DOCTYPE wml …>
<wml>
<card>
<p>
text
</p>
<p>
text
</p>
</card>
.<.c.ard>
</card>
</wml>

Stein Markup 1.31
SSoommee WWMMLL eelleemmeennttss
 <p> </p> text
 <a href=...> </a> hyperlink (anchor)
 <do> </do> action
 <go href=.../> goto wml page
 <timer> trigger event (units = tenths of a second)
 <input/> input user text
 <prev/> return to previous page
 $(…) value of variable
 <img src=… /> display image
 <postfield name=… value=…/> set variable
 <select > <option> <option> </select> select box

SSoommee mmoorree mmaarrkkuupp llaanngguuaaggeess
Stein Markup 1.32
 VML = Vector (graphics) Markup Language
 VoiceXML
 SSML = Speech Synthesis Markup Language
 CPML = Call Policy Markup Language
 DSML = Directory Services Markup Language
 MathML = Mathematical Markup Language
 CML = Chemical Markup Language
 AML = Astronomical Markup Language
 LegalXML
 BSML = Bioinformatic Sequence Markup Language
 GedML = Genealogical Data Markup Language
 FinXML = Financial market Markup Language
 ChessML
 SDML = Signed Document Markup Language
 RELML = Real Estate Listing Markup Language
 etc. etc. etc. ...

Stein Markup 1.33
EExxaammpplleess
 HTML
– html examples
 XML
– xml-file xsl-file xml
 VML
–vml-file
 WML (get M3gate emulator)
– wml examples

Markup Languages

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