Learning 2030: Cognitive Tools for Success
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September is a time of the year when a lot of people return to education. For adults, returning to education is incredibly admirable but it's also quite challenging. I've created this short video to introduce three principles and three tactics of learning that if applied, will help people have a far more enjoyable and successful learning journey. I wish you success.
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Learning 2030: Cognitive Tools for Success
- 1. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning 2030: Cognitive tools for success
- 2. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Short term memory Long term memory Today’s objective: mine the science of learning to upgrade our learning potential
- 3. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning principle #1: Humans forget exponentially
- 4. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #1: Test yourself 1. Active spaced retrieval > Re-exposure 2. Consistency > intensity 3. Desirable difficulty: Harder learning = Stronger learning
- 5. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning principle 2: Understanding ≠ knowing 1. Beware the Illusion of Explanatory Depth aka “fluency illusion” 2. Acknowledge complexity 3. Recalibrate confidence
- 6. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #2: Teach somebody 1. Elaboration > Repetition 2. Identify gaps & repeat 3. Understanding as a consequence of explaining
- 7. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning principle #3: Mastery is not a function of genius 1. Intelligence = broad & malleable 2. IQ tests: Relative intelligence VS Ultimate intelligence 3. Mastery = Time * Focus
- 8. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #3: Time 1. Time to think 2. Time to sleep
- 9. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #3: Time 1. Time to think i. Focused (Conscious) i. Narrow concentration ii. Uses working memory iii. Limited ii. Diffuse (Unconscious) 2. Time to sleep
- 10. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #3: Time 1. Time to think i. Focused (Conscious) ii. Diffuse (Unconscious) i. Broad & conceptual ii. Meandering & creative iii. Uncovers meaning & connection 2. Time to sleep
- 11. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #3: Time 1. Time to think i. Focused i. Choose a task ii. Set time to 25 minutes iii. Work on only that task until the timer rings ii. Unconscious 2. Time to sleep
- 12. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #3: Time 1. Time to think i. Focused i. Choose a task ii. Set time to 25 minutes iii. Work on only that task until the timer rings ii. Unconscious i. Take a 5 minute break ii. Repeat 4 times iii. Take a 15-30 minute break 2. Time to sleep
- 13. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Learning tactic #3: Time 1. Time to think i. Focused ii. Unconscious 2. Time to sleep i. Sharpens skills ii. Consolidates memory iii. Improves comprehension & retention
- 14. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Transform
- 15. Say hello: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 ¦ https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ ¦ https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Thank You Web: https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Twitter: https://twitter.com/Seanog1982 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ Medium: https://medium.com/@Seanog1982 Email: sean.donnelly@econsultancy.com Twitter: @Seanog1982 LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/in/seanpdonnelly/ Econsultancy: https://econsultancy.com/sean-donnelly/ Seán Donnelly
Hinweis der Redaktion
- My name is Sean Donnelly. I have a background in education & I work at the forefront of marketing & innovation I spend a lot of my time identifying and analysing the skills modern professionals need to succeed One such skill is learning I’m going to talk about effective & durable learning Everything I’m about to discuss is backed up by empirically validated research
- Metaphorically speaking - your short term memory can hold the contents of a Post-it note – but your long term memory can hold information equivalent to a NASA supercomputer BUT: the path from short-term to long-term memory is a choke point in the brain, but ANYTHING you want to understand has to pass through it We might call this process – learning [Click] The goal of this presentation is to mine the science of learning and equip you with 3 important learning principles & 3 tactics that you will be able to use to optimise the transfer of learning from short term into long term memory
- #1 Human beings forget exponentially This is Hermann Ebbinghaus, a German psychologist who spent his time trying to memorise random syllables & then measuring how quickly he forgot them again And he observed that memory decays sharply within the FIRST hours after learning something He charted his findings in what’s now known as the “forgetting curve” This phenomenon poses a big challenge to learners
- Tactic #1: We can interrupt the forgetting curve (& move new knowledge from working memory into long term memory) by testing ourselves 1. The act of “retrieving” memories is far more effective in interrupting the forgetting curve & stabilising memory than re-exposing ourselves to the material again in the form of re-reading/re-watching/re-listening 2. Observe in the image here that it’s important to space out retrieval study/practice E.g., 5 hours study versus 5*1 hours Why is that? Well, there’s just no getting around it - Moving learning from working memory to long term memory takes time, and we’ll come back to the concept of time 3. We’ve got the concept of desirable difficulty: it seems counter intuitive but the harder you need to work to remember something, the bigger the spike in storage & retrieval capacity So while testing yourself rather than re-reading might seem harder, it leads to more durable learning And let’s not forget, it’s more uncomfortable than re-reading, but it’s also quicker than going back over all of those notes
- Do you know how a bike works? If I asked, could you to draw the frame of a bike with the chain and the pedals? Well, researchers in University of Liverpool asked people to draw a bike Nearly half of the people drew bicycles that would be wouldn’t function [Click] Drawings show pedal and chain errors in A and B [Click] Frame & chain errors in C [Click] And the triple combination of frame, pedal, AND chain errors in D If you think artistic skill might be a factor, participants were asked to look at each others pictures to identify the ones that corresponded to a working bike The result? Over 40% of participants couldn’t do it! So what you might say? It’s a nice example that shows we need to be aware of the illusion of understanding, or to give it its technical name, Illusion of Explanatory Depth (IoED). It’s an illusion that plagues people into thinking they know things better than they do. And it can manifest itself in things like poor exam and work performance. You can overcome the Illusion of Explanatory Depth by acknowledging the complexity in something, and when you do that, you can recalibrate your confidence & open yourself up to RElearning
- Nobel prize-winning physicist Richard Feynman used dispel the Illusion of explanatory depth by teaching the topic using this little framework: 1. Choose a concept you want to learn about 2. Pretend you are teaching it to a 5-year-old This is where elaboration comes in. Elaboration is just teaching something in your own words. It’s WAY more effective than re-reading. Remember: You don’t know your subject, until you can explain it, succinctly. 3. Identify gaps in your explanation – Whoever you are teaching will soon let you know if they don’t understand. 4. If you can’t help them to understand, then you need to review the topic & find a better way to explain it. The best bit is you don’t need to have mastered the topic before you try to teach it. Teaching HELPS with learning. In fact, there’s loads of research that suggests that when people are teaching, that’s when the topic reveals itself to them because teaching really forces them to move past surface understanding.
- To become a master in your field, you need to be a born genius, right? Not quite. Intelligence is broader than it is currently defined because people can be intelligent in different ways and in different settings. Also, the only things that IQ tests reveal is relative intelligence at a moment in time. This is a static measure that doesn’t say much about our *potential* and so is not the same as ultimate intelligence. The lesson here is that to become a master is not a function of genius or innate talent. It is a function of FOCUS & TIME applied to a field of knowledge.
- Even with the best learning tactics, there’s a choke point moving learning from short term memory into long term memory Our final learning tactic is about learning how to use time effectively That is, time to think, and time to sleep
- We’ve got 2 modes of thinking – Focused and Diffuse which bring different insights to our learning Focused mode is simple: Concentrate & put in the effort! Testing and Teaching are both focused modes of thinking But … it uses your working memory which tires quickly Gym analogy - Think the focused mode as the intense effort you put in at the gym There’s only so many burpees you can do before your body gives up You need to follow intense effort with…………..intense recovery.
- You trigger the diffuse mode when you are NOT employing your focus via your working memory. This happens when you go for a walk, take a nap, meditate, take a shower, and the ultimate diffuse mode: SLEEPING Diffuse thinking is important as it is broader than the focused mode & so can be great at helping you connect new learning with existing knowledge When you have ideas in the shower, or when the answer to that pub question you pops into your head the day AFTER the quix….that’s your diffuse mode doing the work To go back to the gym analogy: you’ve done your burpees. But then rest. The next time you go back to the gym you’re a little bit stronger & can do more!
- You can use the two modes effectively but using the ‘Pomodoro’ technique. Choose your topic or task Focus for 25 minutes on ONLY that and then [Click] let your diffuse mode go to work by chilling out for 5 minutes.
- When you take your break, take a break. Have a Kit Kat. Make a cuppa. You won’t engage your diffuse mode if you spend your break scrolling Twitter. That’s still focus mode. You can only repeat that process 4 – 5 times and then you’ll need to take a longer break.
- The ultimate diffuse mode thinking happens when you sleep. Don’t believe me? Researchers in University of California found that people who study in the morning, have a 1 hour nap & then do an evening test, do about 30% better in the test than students who didn’t nap, all other things being equal! So yes, you can learn when you sleep! Don’t let anyone ever tell you otherwise.
- Your mission, should you choose to accept it is to get a good nights sleep and then tomorrow [Click] test yourself to see if you can remember the 3 principles & 3 tactics [Click] put this presentation into your own words & teach somebody how to learn [Click] And te next time you are studying, focus hard but take breaks because relaxed breaks Relaxed breaks SUPPORTS learning, not get in the way.
- Thank you. I look forward to hearing about your learning journey. Learning potential = earning potential