1. API presentation
The age of structural adjustments:
1988 onwards
Team members:
M.Shehmir Usman Azam
Aun Rizvi Mujtaba Safri
Updesh Thakwani

2. Aim of Structural Adjustment
Programme (SAP):
 Liberalizing the economy
 Promoting competition
 Making private sector stronger
 Reducing the borrowing country's fiscal imbalance.
 Reducing poverty
 Increasing the exports of the country
 Making good use of loans granted to borrower
country
 Making the country capable of returning back the
loan

3. Controversial points of SAP
 De-regulating the business in Pakistan
 Reducing the level of protection to different
industries
 Reducing the list of restricted import items
 Increase in the level of indirect taxation
 Withdrawal of subsidies on gas, electricity, telephone
and fertilizers
 An increase in producer prices of major crops
 12.5% reduction in the public sector development
program
 Restriction on Govt. borrowing and credit allocation
to private sector

4. WORLD BANK’s REVIEW OF THE
PROGRAMME
• Industry has Responded well to the Policy Reforms
• Large Scale Manufacturing Sector had an impressive growth
rate of 7.4% in 1991/92
• Enhancement of Growth by encouraging Private Sector
• Liberalizing the Economy from Government Control
CONSEQUENCES OF THE POLICIES (According to Japanese
Institute of Developing Economies)
•Planning in Pakistan is an ex-post exercise
•In 1992, targets were re adjusted, in light of the data on actual
production as of that year.

5. CONSEQUENCES OF THE POLICIES (According to
the World Bank)
•Industrial Value grew by 6.3% p.a.
•Manufacturing, Electricity and Water Expanded by
5.9% and 11.3% p.a.
•Construction Activities Subdued to the Stagnation in
Public Investment
•Cotton industries dominated the sub-sector
•Strong Performance of Small Scale industries
• Focus on increasing Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
and Foreign Portfolio Investment

6. CREDIT ALLOCATION & NEW RULES OF THE
STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT PROGRAMMES (SAP)
• Debt financing played a significant role in industrial development because of two
reasons:
1) Cheaper on real post-tax basis
2) Avoids complications associated with equity financing
• Implementation of any industrial policy depends upon Credit cost & allocation to
industrial sector.
• Local machinery manufacturing industry & exports were heavily dependent upon
concessional funding.
• The policy of concessional funding couldn’t be compensated for
competitiveness, exchange rate policy, quality standards etc…..

7. • According to new policies, Targeted & concessional financing had to be replaced
by structural adjustments loans.
The new credit policy required to phase out concessional funding.
POLICY INITIATIVE FOR FOREIGN DIRECT
INVESTMENT (FDI)
Policy was started in late 1990
It aimed to improve business environment & attract FDI
The major initiatives include:
a) liberalization of foreign exchange regime
• permission to foreign investors to bring in, possess foreign currency.
• easy access to capital market

8. • flexible rules regarding foreign investment of State bank of
Pakistan.
b) Export incentives were introduced
• replacement of duty-draw-back system with new scheme
• Adjustments in the income-tax rebate on export earnings
c) Liberalization of import policy
• Average import duty on raw materials was lowered
• Removal of large number of quantitative restrictions & non-tariff
barriers

9. D) Introduction of the investment incentives
 Tax holidays for projects in rural areas.
 Exemption of import duties on imported machinery
 Other fiscal & monetary incentives offered in selected industries

10. Assessing the impact on industrial sector
Deteriorating condition of industry
• Growth rate of manufacturing falling from 8.21% in 1980s to 4.8% in
1990s
• Fixed investment, as a percentage of GDP in 2002/3 is only 13.1%,
down from 19% in 1992/3 falling each year
• The industrial sector after Structural Adjustment Program was
initiated in 1988 has suffered over the last decade and a half and
scholars show association and a clear link between the two.
• For example, cost of borrowing – the rate of interest – from an
average of 12% in 1990, the rate of interest for financing long term
industrial investment rose to an average of 20-23% by 1997
• Similarly, freeing up of the prices of utilities – forced prices up for
gas, electricity and petroleum inputs. Electricity prices rose by 14.7%
between 1991-2001, gas rose by 10% and price of petroleum above
Rs. 35 in 2003.

11. IMF Conditions derail Textile
Vision 2005
• First objective – Provide soft-term loans to the textile industry
but IMF wants elimination of all such credit
• With the advent of WTO Textile industry will face more
challenge in the global market due to unavailability of soft-term
loans.
• Second Objective – Enable the industry to acquire modern
technology, provide credit at exceptionally low mark-up and
fiscal incentives but domestic banking sector has refused to do
it.
• Central Board of Revenue has neither provided tax reliefs nor
has it paid billions of rupees in refund to the textile exporters.
• After approval of Stand-By Arrangements (SBA) by the IMF,
subsidies are phasing out to different sectors.

12. CHANGES IN THE NATURE OF
ENTREPRENEURS
 Significant transformation in the industrial elite as
a result of separation of East Pakistan and
nationalization policy of Bhutto.
 Industrial elite still includes giants of the pre-
nationalization phase.
 Some of the new groups are not listed so they’re
not considered a part of the industrial elite.

13.  Significant focus on aggressive marketing and
advertising strategies of the new entrepreneurs.
 Lifestyle of older entrepreneurs was much less
pretentious than the entrepreneurs of the 80s.
 Financial expertise now only limited to protecting
particulars of one’s financial worth.

14.  Labor laws changed the mode of operation of the
industrial sector of the 80s.
 It introduced ‘hiring on contract’ in order to accumulate
higher profits.
 Some of the new industries have distinguished
themselves by investing heavily in hotel business,
steel and light engineering.
 Industries of both the eras have been patronized by
the state despite their numerous illicit practices.