History, Introduction & Scope Of Microbiology
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History, Introduction & Scope Of Microbiology
- 1. HISTORY, INTRODUCTION & SCOPE OF MICROBIOLOGY DISCOVERY OF MICROORGANISM
- 2. USMB-101 FUNDAMENTALS OF MICROBIOLOGY Unit I 1.1History, Introduction & Scope of Microbiology a. Discovery of Microorganisms b. Conflict over spontaneous generation c. Golden age of Microbiology-Koch Postulates, Medical Microbiology, Immunology d. Development of Industrial Microbiology and Microbial Ecology e. Scope and Relevance of Microbiology
- 3. f. Future of Microbiology 1.2 Procaryotic Cell Structure and Functions a. Cell wall b. Cell membrane c. Components external to cell wall-capsule, slime layer, S layer, flagella, pili, fimbriae d. Cytoplasmic matrix- inclusion bodies, magnetosome, ribosome, gas vesicle e. Nucleoid, plasmid f. Bacterial endospores and their function
- 11. FATHER OF MICROBIOLOGY • DUTCH MERCHANT • GREAT DICOVERIES • EDUCATED BUT NOT GONE TO ANY UNIVERSITY • LANGUAGE BARRIER • 50 YEARS OF WORK
- 17. THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF LONDON • An organization preserving and publishing scientific work • Leeuwenhoek observations were shown to the members • He wrote all his observations in Dutch • Translated in to English published in The Proceedings
- 18. MATERIALS OBSERVED • Seeds • Embryos • Teeth material • RBCs • Blood circulation • Higher plants, animals and so on……….. Animalcules
- 21. REFERENCES FOR UNIT I General Microbiology by Stanier. Ingraham et al , 5th edition
- 23. CONFLICT OVER SPONTANEOUS GENERATION • Greek belief- living things originated from inanimate objects • Aristotle(384-322BC)- Spontaneous generation of animals from soil, plants • Virgil(70-19BC)- propagation of bees • Maggots from meat when exposed to air
- 24. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS Francesco Redi (1626-1697)- believer of biogenesis Maggots from MEAT in presence of air ???????
- 26. Francesco Redi
- 30. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS John Needham- abiogenesis air essential 60-70 years gap
- 33. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS • FRANZ SCHULZE EXPERIMENT-used strong acids and strong alkali to treat air • THEODOR SCHWAAN- used cotton filter and passed air through it
- 35. THEODOR SCHWAAN
- 36. ABIOGENESIS Vs BIOGENESIS Louis Pasteur
- 37. Louis Pasteur Professor of Chemistry University of Lille, France Made a special flask- Goose necked flask or Swan necked flask
- 41. TYNDALL’S EXPERIMENT-1820-1893 DUST CARRIES GERMS(MICROORGANISMS)
- 42. Other Contribution of Pasteur Wine/ Beer industry Problems-bad wine- ropy, bitter etc. Loss of money Pasteur studied- methods and processes of wine production Objective- to produce good product
- 44. Pasteur’s observations Wine/beer production – microbiological process Raw materials- fruits and grains Process- fermentation Good wines-one type of M.O. predominated Bad wine- other types were also present Solutions- Select good MO Heating of finished product to destroy undesirable MO
- 47. • Heating should not hurt the flavour • Holding temperature and time-62.8 degree (145 deg faren)centigrade for an hour PASTEURIZATION Widely used in fermentation industry and Dairy
- 48. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE • Fracastoro of Verona-diseases due to invisible organisms • Transmitted from one person to other • Von Planciz 1762-Different germs for different diseases
- 49. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE • Oliver Wendell Holmes(1809-1894)- Physician- a disease of childbirth(puerperal fever), very contagious, many deaths after childbirth • THE CONTAGIOUSNESS OF PUERPERAL FEVER (1842) • Ignaz Phillip (Hungry)-use of antiseptics during obstetrical practice • Death rate decreased due to infections during child birth • The Cause, Concept & Prophylaxis of Childbed Fever in 1861- a book • Joseph Lister (England)- importance of antisepsis
- 50. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE • Pasteur’ role- found the parasite of a silkworm disease, Pebrine after a long struggle • Solution- use of healthy disease free caterpillars for breeding stock • Anthrax a disease of cattles- grew mo in the flasks from the blood sample of died animals
- 51. THE GERM THEORY OF DISEASE Father of Medical Microbiology • Robert Koch(1843-1910) • Germany- Anthrax problem
- 55. LABORATORY TECHNIQUES AND PURE CULTURES • Pure Culture • Joseph Lister- Dilution Technique (1878) • Sample – milk
- 57. • Koch- liquid medium Solid medium (gelatin, agar)
- 60. COLONIES
- 65. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION • Edward Jenner- used cow pox vaccine to protect people from small pox(1798) • Attenuated cultures- VACCINE • Vacca, a latin word- cow
- 67. PROTECTION AGAINST INFECTION • Pasteur prepared vaccine against anthrax • Was told to study about human diseases • Prepared vaccine for rabies
- 69. Honours for Pasteur and Koch 1888
- 71. Discovery of other diseases Edwin Kleb 1883 & Frederick Loeffler-1884 Diphtheria- Corynebacterium diphtheriae Toxin production- demonstrated
- 72. Discovery of other diseases Von Behring & Kitasato discovered tetanus Toxin (lock jaw), Clostridium tetani Antitoxin Serum therapy- Behring (nobel prize
- 74. Defense in the body • Cells- phagocytosis • Soluble substances in blood- Paul Ehrlich • Paul Ehrlich- chemotherapy- antibiotic (606th substance)-to treat syphilis (contained arsenic)- first chemotherapeutic substance) Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900
- 75. Golden period of Microbiology-1880-1900 date disease Causative agent discoverer 1876 anthrax Bacillus anthracis Koch 1880 typhoid Salmonella typhi Eberth 1880 Malaria Plasmodium Laveran 1882 tuberculosis Mycobacterium tuberculosis Koch 1885 tetanus Clostridium tetani Nicolaier 1894 plague Yersinia pestis Kitasato and Yersin 1898 dysentry Shigella dysenteriae Shiga 1905 syphilis Treponema pallidum Schaudin 1906 Whooping cough Bordella pertussis Bordet , Gengou
- 77. Development of Agricultural, Industrial, and Food Microbiology
- 78. Application of discoveries of Pasteur & Koch • Soil microbiology- Sergei Winogradsky- nitrogen fixing bacteria Symbiotic relations between leguminous plants and clover, alfa-alfa
- 79. Importance of Pure Culture • Dutch microbiologist Willeum Beijerinck (1901)- free living nitrogen bacterium • Azotobacter – very useful for soil fertlity • Hansen-industrial fermentation- yeast and bacteria for vinegar production • Adametz from Austria –cheese production • Conn &Weigmann from Germany- starter culture for butter production
- 80. Development of Plant Pathology • Burril – fire blight in pears • Mayer- mottling disease of tobacco plant • Iwanowsky- viruses • Hashimoto (farmer)- insects can transfer • Wendell- Tobacco Mosaic Virus- isolated (Nobel Prize- 1946)
- 83. REFERENCES 1. Prescott, Hurley, Klein, Microbiology 7th ed. 2. Kathleen Park Talaro & Arthur Talaro. Foundations in Microbiology, International ed.2002