Presented by: Lu Shihua, Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Sichuan Academy of Agricultural Sciences，Chengdu, CHINA

1. Integration and extension of a plastic-
mulching/water-saving technique for rice
production with higher yield and better
resource use in southwestern China
Lu Shihua
Soil and Fertilizer Institute,
Sichuan Academy of Agricultural
Sciences ， Chengdu, CHINA

2. Outline
□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况
□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成
□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广

3. Outline
□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况
□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成
□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广

4. Sichuan
Location of Sichuan in China

5. Engineering works of Dujiangyan irrigation system,
Sichuan Province
Irrigated area: 200, 000 ha in 1949,
expanded to 670, 000 ha by 1998
Heaven on Earth
天府之国

6. 四川省丘陵区流进长江的泥沙量为 6 亿多吨 / 年
Runoff from red soils in Sichuan province to the
Yangtze River can be up to 600 million t/yr

7. 2007年末四川省稻田和旱坡地的相对面积
Lowland paddy
soils
2.08 M ha
Upland soils
1.96 M ha 52.9%47.1%
2007年末四川省大于25度坡地占旱坡地的比例
19.1% = 0.36 M ha
Relative area of upland and paddy soils in
Sichuan by the year 2007
Proportion of upland soils with slope > 25 o
in
Sichuan by the year 2007

8. Village
2002 2003
Area
(Mu)
Grain
yield
(kg/Mu)
Production
(t/yr)
Area
(Mu)
Grain yield
(kg/Mu)
Production
(t/yr)
Xinsheng
新胜
620 480 298 583 350 204
Yanggon
g 阳公
414 400 166 414 268 111
Wangu
万古
485 450 218 490 350 172
Sum
合计
1519 448 682 1487 328 487
Area and yield in three villages of
Jianyang City, Sichuan
Note: 1 Mu = 1/15 ha; 1 ha = 15 Mu

10. Heaven on Earth?
天府之国？

11. 地下水硝酸 含量随 的 化盐 时间 变
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
7003月5日
5月5日
7月5日
9月5日
11月5日
1月5日
3月5日
5月5日
7月5日
9月5日
11月5日
1月5日
3月5日
5月5日
7月5日
9月5日
11月5日
时 间
硝酸盐含量(mgkg-1
)
刘文忠
张九成
何志金
罗国红
罗国昌
余昌林
李登贵
成都市温江区天府镇 (1999-
2001)
Threshold
concentration
by WHO
Dynamics of nitrate concentration in shallow
groundwater in Tianhu Town, Wenjiang, Sichuan
Date

12. 1. Shortage of labor 劳动力短缺乏
2 ． Low-temperature stress 低温冷浸
3 ． Shortage of irrigation water 灌溉水无保
障
4 ． Degradation of soil fertility 土壤肥力退
化
5 ． Overuse and misuse of fertilizer 施肥盲
目
6 ． Damage by pests and weeds 病虫草害
7 ． Irrational cultivation techniques
栽培技术落后
8 ． Other problems 其它问题

13. Sichuan labor ‘army’ in countryside
川军： 389,961 部队
Children
Women
The elderly

15. Lodging of paddy rice due to overuse of N fertilizer

16. Fushun 2002 (waiting for water
before transplanting)
Zhongjiang 2001 (irrigating
by hand before transplanting)
Seasonal water shortages
in Sichuan

17. 0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Dr y year Nor mal year Wet year
Yield(kg/mu)
Relationship between yield and precipitation in Ziyang
City, Sichuan province

19. • Higher crop yield and more efficient resource use are crucial
to Sichuan sustainable agriculture 作物生产实现高产高效是
四川农业可持续发展的必由之路；
• Integrated management of soil-plant systems is the main
way to realize higher yield and more efficient resource use
对土壤 - 作物体系的综合管理是实现高产高效的根本途径。
How to solve the agricultural problems in Sichuan?
How to manage soil-plant systems in integrated way?
如何进行土壤 - 作物体系的综合管理？

20. Outline
□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况
□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成
□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广

21. Upland soils
Paddy soils
Serious Mn deficiency in wheat has occurred
in soils with rice-wheat rotation, but no Mn
deficiency in wheat in upland soils nearby

22. Comparison of Mn contents in plough soil of
alluvial paddy soils with alluvial soils *
Soil Site pH Exc-
Mn
(ppm)
Active-
Mn
(ppm)
DTPA-
Mn
(ppm)
Total
Mn
(ppm)
Exc-
Mn
/Active-
Mn (%)
Actice-
Mn/Total
Mn (%)
Alluvial paddy
soil
Yuantong
崇州元通
8.42 1.08 2.96 0.59 211 36.5 1.4
Alluvial soil 8.37 3.07 69.9 4.08 381 4.4 18.8
Alluvial paddy
soil
Yuantong
崇州元通
8.40 1.12 3.11 0.69 217 36.0 1.4
Alluvial soil 8.35 1.18 69.1 4.84 395 2.7 17.5
Alluvial paddy
soil
Angu
乐山安谷
7.33 1.76 7.54 1.12 473 23.3 1.6
Alluvial soil 8.16 2.46 93.8 5.01 596 2.6 15.7
Alluvial paddy
soil
Angu
乐山安谷
8.00 1.44 8.42 1.68 455 17.1 1.8
Alluvial soil 8.17 2.70 96.7 6.74 569 2.8 17.0
* Each paired samples were collected from the same site: paddy soil vs. upland soil

23. 水
肥
状
况
对
锰
移
动
和
水
稻
吸
锰
影
响
的
模
拟
土
柱
试
验
Effects of water and fertilization status on
Mn movement and Mn uptake by rice using
soil column experiment

24. 理处
Treatment
淹水无肥
CK
淹水化肥
NPK
淹水有机无
机肥
NPKM
湿 有机无润
机肥
NPKM/WGray
alluvial soil
61.3
±25.6
31.8
±18.0
37.8
±10.7
5.9
±2.2
Gray-brown
alluvial soil
19.4
±10.4
11.4
±9.6
15.0
±5.3
0.7
±0.3
(Liu, Lu, Zhang et al., 1999)
Effects of water and fertilization status on Mn
leaching (mg/column) during rice season

25. Rice plastic-mulch water-saving techniques
consist of such techniques as:
□Plastic mulching for rice planting 水稻覆膜栽培技术
□Upland rice nursery 水稻旱育秧技术
□Early rice seedling transplanting 水稻小苗移栽技术
□Rice triangle cultivation technique 水稻三角形栽培技术
□Integrated nutrient management for rice 水稻推荐施肥技术
□Furrow irrigation for rice 水稻厢沟灌溉技术

26. Plastic mulching
(PM)
Straw mulching
(SM)
Traditional flooding
(TF)

27. PM TF SM

28. Soiltemperature(C0
)
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
Early tillering Middle tillering Late tillering
A: Soil surface (0 cm depth)
B: Soil subsurface (10 cm depth)
10:00
9:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00
9:00
10:00
11:00
12:00
14:00
16:00
18:00Time of day (hour:minute)
9:00
12:00
15:00
18:00
PM SM TF
Effect of cultivation systems on soil temperature

29. Plastic mulching can controlled weeds in paddy field

30. Plas-
tic
mulch
地膜
覆盖
Straw
mulching
秸秆覆盖
Results seen in
Jianyang 2006

31. 在不同覆盖方式下氮肥对水稻产量的影响
200. 0
300. 0
400. 0
500. 0
600. 0
700. 0
800. 0
0 4 8 12 16
施氮水平（kg/ mu)
产量（kg/mu) 盖膜
盖草
裸地
PM
SM
Bare soil
Yield
(kg/mu)
N rate (kg N/mu)
Effect of N levels on rice yield under different mulching styles

32.
N r at e( kg/ mu) 4 8 12 16
AE (kg/kg)
盖膜 PM 28. 7 23. 4 19. 4 15. 3
盖草 SM 9. 4 4. 4 10. 1 6. 0
裸地 Bar e soi l 5. 3 9. 6 6. 0 6. 1
Recovery rate (%)
盖膜 PM 32. 8 11. 6 17. 0 16. 1
盖草 SM - 1. 0 - 6. 3 1. 7 4. 4
裸地 Bar e soi l 3. 2 8. 3 5. 8 8. 7
Effect of mulching styles on nitrogen use efficiency
at various N rates
不同施氮水平下覆盖方式对水稻氮肥利用率的影响

33. 2001 年 SRI 进入四川
Norman Uphoff 教授
Yuan Longping 院士
SiChuan 四川
Ren Guanjun 副院
长
马达加斯加
水稻
21t/ha
SRI

34. What is SRI?
超稀植 Super-sparse cultivation with wide spacing
单苗 Single seedlings per hill (in original version;
this has been modified for Sichuan conditions)
幼苗早栽 Young seedling cultivation
摆栽 Careful planting cultivation
有机肥 Organic fertilization emphasized
中耕 Intercultivation (middle tillage) for weed control,
also for aerating the soil

35. 处理 糙米率(%) 精米率(%) 整精米率(%) 长宽比 垩白米率(%) 垩白度(级)
1苗 81.65 64.21 55.42 2.51 18.50 6.85
2苗 80.51 63.94 46.60 2.58 27.50 10.59
3苗 80.75 63.22 48.70 2.55 38.50 15.40
4苗 79.48 62.29 45.20 2.48 42.50 16.58
Effects of transplantion seedlings in single hole on rice quality of Xianyou 1
Effects of different transplantion densities on rice quality of Gangyou 22
处理 糙米率(%) 精米率(%) 整精米率(%) 长宽比 垩白米率(%) 垩白度(级)
20cm*20cm 81.12 66.36 56.30 2.26 83.83 39.11
30cm*30cm 79.88 65.91 57.13 2.24 79.67 38.11
40cm*40cm 79.47 65.58 56.72 2.22 78.00 36.93
50cm*50cm 79.96 66.71 58.79 2.25 70.00 30.17
Main results of 2001

36. Crop development with
transplanting at 6-leaf stage
Crop develop-
ment with
transplanting at
4-leaf stage

37. 不同移栽期对水稻氮肥效应的影响
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
0 4 8 12 16
施氮水平（kg/mu)
产量(kg/mu)
2叶期
4叶期
6叶期
Yield
(kg/mu)
N rate (kg N/mu)
Effect of N levels on rice yield under different transplanting
stages (at 2-leaf, 4-leaf, and 6-leaf stages)

38. Effects of transplanting stages on N use efficiency
by rice at different N applied rates
不同施氮水平下移栽期对水稻氮肥利用率的影响
N r at e( kg N/ mu) 4 8 12 16
Agronomic Efficiency (kg/kg)
2- l eaf st age 37. 0 19. 5 15. 6 12. 4
4- l eaf st age 30. 7 15. 1 15. 3 15. 7
6- l eaf st age 28. 7 12. 9 12. 7 15. 4
Recovery rate (%)
2- l eaf st age 65. 8 44. 5 27. 2 23. 8
4- l eaf st age 54. 4 34. 5 26. 4 29. 2
6- l eaf st age 38. 7 14. 2 21. 3 21. 8

39. Three seedlings,
one at each angle
of a triangle
三苗三角
Three seedlings
planted together
三苗丛栽

40. Tool to dig holes for spacing the rice seedling transplanting

41. Rice seedling transplanting

42. Water management

44. Date Site Cultivar Yield
(kg/mu)
Persons to harvest and
identify yield
8 Sep.2003 Yanggong,
Jianyang
Chuanxiang-
you 2
507.7
(7.6 t/ha)
Ma Jun, Zhu Bo et al.
4 Sep. 2005 Guilin, Jianyang Chuanxiang-
you 9838
694.0
(10.5 t/ha)
Tian Yanhua, Tan
Zhonghe et al.
21 Aug 2006 Xiangshui,
Yanjiang
? 610.6
(9.2 t/ha)
Tian Yanhua, Tan
Zhonghe et al.
24 Aug 2007 Tangjiatian,
Lezhi
? 745.4
(11.2 t/ha)
Zhang Hongsun, Tan
Zhonghe et al.
13 Aug 2007 Machaocun,
Anju
? 661.3
(9.9 t/ha)
Tan Zhonghe, Hong
Yikui et al.
24 Aug 2007 Qingsan, Anzhu ? 607.1
(9.1 t/ha)
Zhang Hongsun, Tan
Zhonghe et al.
4 Sep. 2007 Fenghuang,
Jianyang
Chuanxiang-
you9838
780.7
(11.7 t/ha)
Tian Yanhua, Tan
Zhonghe et al.
Effect of rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques on rice
yield in Sichuan Hilly regions (2003-2007)

45. 2006年响水村采用和未采用农户水稻产量的差异
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
会员户 非会员户
产量(kg/mu)
Farmers using
our techniques
未采用户Farmers not using
our techniques
Yield
(kg/mu)
9 t/ha
5 t/ha
Yield differences between farmers adapting and
not adapting our technologies

46. Traditional
cultivation
Plastic mulching
cultivation
2006

47. Date Site Farmer Organized
Institute
Responsible
experts
Yield
(kg/mu)
08.8.03 大安区牛佛镇红旗村 曾元帅 四川省农科院 谭中和 , 徐富贤等 678.6
08.8.13 宜宾县厥溪镇大坪村 牟修言 宜宾市科技局 谭中和 , 樊雄伟等 564.3
08.8.14 内江市中区全安镇吼冲
村
陈大远 内江市科技局 谭中和 , 樊雄伟等 729.4
08.8.19 仁寿县珠家乡黑虎村 廖列兵 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 石勇等 760.3
08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村 李俊清 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 780.1
08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村 陈生富 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 767.7
08.9.01 雁江区雁江镇响水村村 杨 华 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 668.0
08.9.11 什邡市湔氐镇中和村 赵道华 四川省农科院 李跃建 , 陶龙兴等 640.0
08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村 刘子杰 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 787.7
08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村 李同映 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 694.9
08.9.19 简阳市东溪镇凤凰村 张兴福 四川省科技厅 谭中和 , 马均等 632.9
平均 700.4
Effect of rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques on
rice yields in Sichuan hilly regions (2008)
Average yield: 10.5 t/ha Yield range: 8.0-11.7 t/ha

48. Irrigation times and cost reduction by adapting the
rice plastic-mulching water-saving techniques
采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的灌水次数与灌水开支
Type of Farmer
Irrigation
no. of times
Irrigation cost
(Yuan/mu)
Farmers using the
techniques
(after adaptation)
0.31 3.85
Farmers using the
techniques
(before adaptation)
1.92 21.54
Farmers not using the
techniques
3.17 37.33

49. Nutrient input reduction by adapting the rice
plastic-mulching water-saving techniques
采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的养分投入量 (kg/mu)
Type of
Farmer
N P2O5 K2O
Farmers using the
techniques
(after adaptation)
7.07 3.70 1.22
Farmers using the
techniques
(before adaptation)
12.02 5.43 0.10
Farmers not using
the techniques 12.65 2.96 0.96

50. Reduction of labor numbers by adapting the rice
plastic-mulching water-saving techniques (days/mu)
采用与未采用覆膜技术农户的用工量 ( 个 /mu) 统计
Type of
Farmer
Trans-
planting
Manage-
ment
Weeding
Harvest-
ing
Total
Farmers using the
techniques
(after adaptation)
6.8 0.8 0.5 3.6 11.7
Farmers using the
techniques
(before adaptation)
6.2 4.5 4.5 3.6 18.8
Farmers not using
the techniques 6.2 5.2 7.7 4.2 23.2

51. 2009 年 8 月
被四川省科技 、 和粮食局厅 农业厅
定审 为
首批全省粮食丰产主体技术
2007 年 4 月
被四川省科技 、厅 农业厅
和水利厅
定审 为
首批全省现代农业
节水抗旱重点推广
技术One of the first ‘key’
extension techniques in
Sichuan province

52. Outline
□ Introduction on Sichuan and Sichuan agriculture
四川和四川农业的概况
□ Integration of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的集成
□ Extension of rice plastic-mulching/water-saving
techniques for high yield and efficient resource use
水稻覆膜节水高产高效技术的推广

53. The current situation of China agricultural extension
我国 推广的 状农业 现
• Imperfect agriculture promotion network
推广网络“线断、网破、人散”
• Research and extension services are isolated from each other
研究与推广相互脱离
• Agricultural extension is out of touch with farmers’ requirements
推广与农民的需求脱节
Misunderstandings about agricultural extension
我国 推广的 区农业 误
• Technology-oriented staff, lack of extension personnel in field
技术至上，见物不见人
• Government-led, ignoring the dominant position of farmers
政府主导，忽视农民的主体地位

54. Association
协 会
Farmer
农 民
Experts
专 家
technical guidance
guide
指
导
service
服
务
agricultural
technicians
from County 县乡农
技人员
村社能人
技术指
导
Membership fee
会费
effect影
响
cultivation
培
养
家、 技人 、 村能人、 民四位一体专 农 员 农 农
Experts + Farmers’ organization
(association/cooperative) + Farmer
“ 专家 + 农民组织（ 协会，合作社） + 农户”
intergrate various advantages of extension modes
集多种推广模式的优势于一体
“ 拉队伍”：整合力量，提高效
率

55. Experts: Best source of technology diffusion
专家：最佳的技术传播源
• Technology: solve the problem of technological discontinuity
in primary agricultural sector
技术性：解决了基层农技部门的技术断层问题
• Authority: easy to mobilize farmers, enhance the effect of
technical publicity
权威性：便于发动农民、增强技术宣传效果
• Security: make farmers to have safe feeling, then they would
like to accept new technology
安全感：可以使农民有安全感，能很快接受
• Inspiration: easy to change awareness and behavior of farmers
感染力：容易改变农民认识和行为

56. We love this game!

57. Technician: Essential bridge for
technology diffusion
农技员：不可或缺的传播桥梁
• Familiar with the situation of rural
people
熟悉下面情况
• Consolidate experts and farmers
连接中间力量
对接上面专家
• Understanding of local customs
了解风土人情
• With practical experience
具备实践经验

58. • Widest coverage
覆盖面最大
• Closest to farmers
离农民最近
• Most authority
带动性最强
• Lowest cost
成本也最低
Outstanding Villager: the only full-service person
村社能人：唯一的全程服务人选

59. Association (cooperative) :
a mandatory organization to improve efficiency
协会（合作社）：提高效率的必要组织
• Form farmers’ organizations
增强了农民组织化程度：由分到合，质的飞跃，有利
于许多工作的开展；
• Enhance farmers’ ability to undertake risks and pressure
承受风险、压力能力增强，并且组织规模越大，这种
能力越强。会员之间的正面作用，促进少部分会员甚
至其他农户转变，极大提高新技术推广效率；
• Provide a service platform for farmers
给农村带头人提供服务农民的平台和条件；
• Constraints of rules and regulations in the Association
协会章程、制度约束。

60. 优势互补，各得其所
Advantage between the two sides can make up
each other, and both sides can get what they want
Core Villager
核心农户
（村社能人）
Technician
农技员
Experts
专 家
Association
协会
（合作社）
“Dream team” for agricultural extension
农技推广“梦之队”

61. Innovation of methods and mechanisms
方法和机制的创新
• Restore the dominant position of farmers
还农民主体地位
• Integrated extension
综合推广
• Attention to the quality of farmers
重农民素质
• Develop their markets of agricultural products
开拓农产品市场

63. Farmer-centered
必须以农民为中心
Improve communications & interaction
加强交流互动
Farmers need to join in
the extension effort
参与式推广
Farmers are the subjects of
agriculture. Tey need advice, not
command like from patriarch
农民是农业的主体
农民不需要家长
只需要参谋

64. 这种开会形式很
好，多让大家参
加
这次会议是历史从来
未有过的明确、开朗
表达自己的意见
这次开会很好
，方式很民主
，合作社大有
希望
会议开得很好，
气氛热烈，效果
很好
这次会义开得好
，建义经后桶一
房治
We got very positive and valuable
feedback from farmers after the
meeting

65. Field trials of village experts
土专家的田间试验
receptive
容易接受
Drought-resistance,
water-saving
抗旱保湿
Keep soil warm,
increase tillers
增温促蘖
Weed suppression
抑制杂草

66. From single technology promotiom to
integrated extension
从单一技术推广到综合推广
• Synthesis of techniques: organic wholeness needs
integrated management
综合技术：有机整体需要综合技术、综合管
理，单一技术无法发挥最佳效果
• Comprehensive development ： farmer + rural
improvement + agricultural productivity
综合发展：把技术推广放到对农民、农村、
农业更有利的农村发展的事业中去做

67. Single-technology promotion PK
Comprehensive agriculture promotion
单一的技术推广 pk 综合的农业推广
• Single-technology promotion 单一的技术推广
Direct objective: Make farmers learn new technology and know how to use it
Indirect objective: Increase farmer's income. But this goal is constrained by
markets, resources and policies, so this method is high risky.
直接目标：让农民掌握技术 “授鱼” 外因 治标
间接目标：增加农民收入 市场、资源、政策制约 风险大
• Comprehensive agriculture promotion 综合的农业推广
Direct objective: Improve farmer's general knowledge substantially.
Indirect objective: Push forward agriculture development generally. In this
way, we can strengthen cohesiveness and have bigger space to improve.
直接目标：提高农民综合素质 “授渔” 内因 治本
间接目标：推动农村综合发展 增强凝聚力，空间大

68. Support education of children left
behind 支教留守儿童
Promote farmers' cooperation
推动农民合作
Concern about life for the elderly
关注留守老人
Aim to develop modern agriculture
发展现代农业
Comprehensive Development
综合发展

69. February 2011: creation of 4
interest-based research groups
1. 粮油小组 (grain and
oilseeds )
2. 蔬菜小组 (vegetables )
3. 果树小组 (fruit trees )
4. 养殖小组 (cultivation)

70. 合作社老年协
会和 女 会妇 协
展丰富多彩开
的文化活动
Elders’ Association
Association of Women

71. • Cultivating modern farmers
培养现代农民（农民问题、基础）：
农民是三农的主体，也是根基，没有现代农民做支撑的现
代农业只能是空中楼阁。
不能为了片面追求农业高效而只注重企业和资本，忽略了
农民，特别是留守的弱势农民
• Developing ecological agriculture
发展生态农业（农业问题、手段）：技术推 广、产业化、
生态农业
• Building rural happiness
建设幸福农村（农村问题、目的）：水到渠成，建设和谐
、文明、幸福的新农村
Promote integrated development of rural area
推 村 合 展动农 综 发
Larger goal: less difficulties, better results
目 更大、 度更小、效果更好标 难

72. Two local experts from
Xiangshui village who
worked in Zigong and
Neijiang in March 2008

73. Extension area in Yanjiang,
Ziyang City
2010: 10,700 ha (160,000
亩 )
2009: 10,000 ha (150,000
亩 )
2008: 7,000 ha (100,000
亩 )
2007: 4,000 ha (60,000
亩 )
2006: <20 ha (280
亩 )

74. Local meeting for
demonstration of
water-saving
technique for
Sichuan province

75. Thank you ！