1. Computer
A computer is an electronic device that
manipulates information or data. It has the
ability to store, retrieve, and process data.
2. First mechanical computer or automatic
computing engine concept:
1. In 1822, Charles Babbage conceptualized and
began developing the Difference Engine,
considered to be the first automatic
computing machine.
2. In 1837, Charles Babbage proposed the first
general mechanical computer, the Analytical
Engine.
3.
4. The first digital computer
1. Short for Atanasoff-Berry Computer,
the ABC began development by
Professor John Vincent Atanasoff
2. Electronic Numerical Integrator and
Calculator, the ENIAC was the first electronic
computer used for general purposes, such as
solving numerical problems. It was invented
by J. Presper Eckert and John Mauchly
5. • many still consider the ENIAC to be the first
digital computer because it was fully
functional.
6. First Laptop
• The Osborne 1 is considered the first true
mobile computer by most historians.
• Adam Osborne founded Osborne Computer
and formed the Osborne 1 in 1981.
7.
8. Generations of Computer
• FIRST GENERATION: 1946-1959
1. Vacuum Tubes, for circuitry
2. Magnetic Drums, for Memory.
3. Input was based on Punched cards and
Punch tape, and output was displayed on
printouts.
4. Machine language
14. • Advantages:
1. It made use of vacuum tubes which are the
only electronic component available during
those days.
2. These computers could calculate in
milliseconds.
15. • Disadvantages:
1. These were very big in size, weight was about 30
tones.
2. These computers were very costly.
3. It could store only a small amount of information due
to the presence of magnetic drums.
4. Vacuum tubes require a large cooling system.
5. Very less work efficiency.
6. Limited programming capabilities as punch cards
were used to take inputs.
7. Large amount of energy consumption.
8. Not reliable and constant maintenance is required.
16. SECOND GENERATION:
1959-1965
• Based on Transistor instead of vacuum tubes.
• Second-generation computers still relied on punched
cards for input and printouts for output.
• Machine language to Assembly Language.
• Magnetic cores, Magnetic tape and Magnetic Disks
for Storage.
17.
18.
19.
20. • Few Examples are:
1. Honeywell 400
2. IBM 7094
3. CDC 1604
4. CDC 3600
5. UNIVAC 1108
6. … many more
21. • Advantages:
1. Transistors reducing the size of a computer as
compared to first generation computers.
2. Less energy and not produce as much heat as
the first generation.
3. Low cost than first generation computers.
4. Better speed, calculate data in microseconds.
5. Better portability as compared to first generation
22. Disadvantages:
1. A cooling system was required.
2. Constant maintenance was required.
3. Only used for specific purposes.
23. • Integrated Circuits (ICs) in place of transistors.
• A single IC (a silicon chip) has many
transistors, resistors, and capacitors along
with the associated circuitry.
• Instead of punch cards, mouse and keyboard
are used for input.
• They used an operating system for better
resource management.
• Languages: PASCAL, BASIC
THIRD GENERATION:
1965-1971
24.
25. • Few Examples are:
1. PDP-8
2. PDP-11
3. ICL 2900
4. IBM 360
5. IBM 370
6. … and many more
26. • Advantages:
1. These computers were cheaper , fast and reliable.
2. IC not only reduce the size of the computer but it
also improves the performance of the computer.
3. Big storage capacity.
4. These computers reduce the computational time
from microseconds to nanoseconds.
• Disadvantages:
1. The highly sophisticated technology required for the
manufacturing of IC chips.
2. Air conditioning is required.
27. FOURTH GENERATION
1971-1980
• Microprocessor is used- Thousands of ICs Built
upon it (Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI)
circuits).
• Introduction of :
Many new Operating Systems were
Introduced- MS-DOS, UNIX, WINDOWS etc..,
Graphics User Interface (GUI) technology ,
General Purpose computers, Semi Conductor
memory, High Level Languages.
28.
29. • Few Examples are:
1. IBM 4341
2. DEC 10
3. STAR 1000
4. PUP 11
5. … and many more
30. • Advantages:
1. Fastest in computation and size get reduced.
2. Heat generated is negligible.
3. Small in size, Less maintenance is required.
• Disadvantages:
1. The Microprocessor design and fabrication
are very complex.
2. Air conditioning is required in many cases
due to the presence of ICs.
31. FIFTH GENERATION
1980-onwards.
• This generation is based on Artificial Intelligence.
• The aim of the fifth generation is to make a
device which could respond to natural language
input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.
• This generation is based on ULSI(Ultra Large
Scale Integration) technology.
• Few Examples are: Desktop, Laptop, NoteBook,
UltraBook, Chromebook etc..
32.
33. • Advantages:
– It is more reliable and works faster.
– It is available in different sizes and unique
features.
– It provides computers with more user-friendly
interfaces with multimedia features.
• Disadvantages:
– They need very low-level languages.
– They may make the human brains dull and
doomed.
