Fungal diseases of Plants: Rust, Smut, Wilt, Root rot.

1. FUNGAL DISEASES OF PLANTS
Presented By:
Hajira Bibi
Zeeshan
Aamir Mumtaz
Shams-ud-Duha Syed
Falak Naz Tariq
Usama
Hifza Bibi
Khizer Akhtar

2. Fungal Disease Rust
Presented By: Hajira Bibi

3. Introduction
 Rust is a fungal disease that attacks
on variety of plants.
 There are more than 500 species of
fungi which infects wheat, barley,
apples, tomatoes, coffee and many
other plants.
 Low light intensity, moisture and
humidity are favourable conditions
for this disease.

4. Wheat Rust
Causative agent
Wheat rust is caused by
fungus Puccinia .
It is a common disease
that can destroy the
crop yield .
It also causes a huge
economic loss.

5. Types Of Wheat Rust
Three
types.
Leaf rust Stem rust Stripe rust

6. Leaf rust
Causative Agent
 It is caused by fungus Puccinia recondita.
Symptoms
 It affects the leaves of wheat crop.
 First small circular oval yellow spots form on
leaves.
 The color of spot changes into orange and
finally black spores or lesions form on leaf.

7. StemRust
 Causative agent
 It is caused by Puccinia graminis.
 Symptoms
 It affects stem of wheat crop.
 Usually reddish brown lesions
appear on stem.
 At later stage stem is weakened and
black spores are produced.

8. Stripe Rust
 Causative agent
 It is caused by fungus Puccinia
striiformis.
 Symptoms
 It affects the stripes on leaves.
 Usually light yellow pustules are
formed.
 Finally the tissues around pustules
are turned brown and dry.

9. Prevention And Control
Use fungicide sprays.
Choose resistant seeds.
Remove all the infected parts and destroy them.
Clean away all the debris in between the plants
to prevent rust from spreading.
Avoid splashing water into leaves to avoid
spread of rust.

10. Cedar Apple Rust
Causative Agent
It is caused by fungus Gymniosporangium juniper viriginianae.
Symptoms
 On the leaves of apple rust appears as small pale yellow spots.
 The spots enlarge and causes defoliation .
 It also reduces fruit size and quality.
 Galls formation occur.

12. Prevention And Control
 Use resistant variety of crops .
 Apply disease fighting fungicides on on
apples.
 Remove infected plants.
 Rust can be controlled by applying copper
solution.
 Remove the galls from infected plant and
if required remove the entire plant.

13. Coffee Leaf Rust:
 Foliar disease of coffee plants.
Causative Agent:
 Hamileia vastatrix.
Presented By: Zeeshan

14. Symptoms:
 Spots Formation
 Pustules Formation
Powdery & orange
yellow pustules
(underleaf)
Pustules turn black Rusted leaves drop
Lower coffee yield
Death of coffee
tree
Small, Yellowish
oily spots on leaf
upper surface
Larger round
spots
Spots become
Orange to red
Finally become
brown with a
yellow border

15. Prevention And Control:
 Timely application of fungicide sprays.
 Plantation of lower regions should be moved to higher and
cooler latitudes.
 Resistant varieties should be used.

16. Wilt:
 Any number of diseases that affect the vascular system of plants.
 Attacks by fungi, bacteria, nematodes can cause rapid killing of plants,
large tree branches or entire trees.
 Pathogens that cause wilting disease invade the vascular vessels and
cause the xylem to fail to transport water to the foliage, thus causing the
wilting of the stems and leaves.
Presented By: Falak Naz Tariq

17. 1.VerticilliumWilt:
 Wilt disease affecting over 350 species of eudicot plants.
 Caused by Verticillium dahliae.
 Many economically important plants are susceptible: cotton, potatoes, tomatoes,
oilseed rape, eggplants, peppers, ornamentals.

18. Symptoms:
Wilting Stunting Chlorosis or yellowing
of leaves
Necrosis or Tissue
death
Defoliation Visible internal
vascular tissue
discoloration

20. Prevention andcontrol:
Crop rotation
Use of resistant
varieties
Deep plowing
Pre-plant soil
fumigation with
chloropicrin
Qualified
personnel for soil
fumigation

21. 2. OAK WILT:
 Occur in Eastern half of US.
 All oaks(Quercus) are susceptible.
Presented By: Usama Sadiq

22. SYMPTOMS:
 Affected parts loose turgidity and droop
 Leaves
Leaves turn
pale or dull
green
Looked
water-
Curl upward
Become
yellow from
margins
inward

23. PREVENTION ANDCONTROL:
Prompt removal of diseased trees
Injecting fungicide into the soil midway
Avoiding of injury or pruning of trees
Growing disease free and resistant plants
Rotating with highly resistant plants for five years
Fertilizing and watering to encourage vigour

24. ROOT ROT
Presented By: Hifza Bibi

25. INTRODUCTION
 Root rot is a disease that attacks the roots of plants growing in wet soil.
 When plants start showing symptoms of root rot, such as yellow leaves or stunted
growth, take action immediately to resolve the problem.

26. Causative agent
 Root rot are caused by fungi Rhizoctonia
and Armillaria.
 Rhizoctonia root rot is a frequent disease of
many crops such as bean, apple, tobacco,
blueberry, tomato and caused by R. solani.

27. Armillaria root rot is caused by Armillaria spp.
Armillaria root rot causes poor growth, yellow to brown foliage, and
eventual death of the tree.

28. Causedby
Over fertilization.
Overwatering.
Poor drained soil.
Root exposure to chilling
and freezing temperature

29.  World range host responsible loses on more than 500 cultivated
and wild plants species.
 In Pakistan it has been reported to cause diseases on 67 economic
host including pulses, field, crops, flowers and vegetables,
 It attack 400 plants such as soyabean, corn.
 Yield reduction upto 50%.

30. SYMPTOMS
Growth of
infected plants
slows as
compared to
healthy plants.
Older leaves
yellow and fall.
Stunted,pale
leaves.
Roots appear
dark brown or
black and few or
no white roots or
root tips can be
found when the
root ball is
washed free of
soil.

31. Treatment & prevention:
 Destruction of affected plants.
 Replace the surrounding soil.
 Treatment option depends on extent of root rot.
1. NON-CHEMICAL TREATMENT:
 Replant the affected plant in fresh soil with good drainage to avoid standing water
 Gently wash diseased roots & remove all brown, soft parts of the root
Presented By: Khizer Akhtar

32. CHEMICAL TREATMENT:
 Fungicides.
 Chloropicrin.
 Methyl bromide.
 Can be used to limit progression of disease.
 Cinnamon powder.
 Water the plants when the becomes dry.

33. 1.LooseSmutOf Barley:
 It is a disease that can destroy a large proportion of a barley crop.
 Caused by Ustilago nuda.
 Loose smut replaces grain heads with smut, or masses of spores which infect the
open flowers of healthy plants and grow into the seed, without showing any
symptoms.
Presented By: Aamir Mumtaz

34. SYMPTOMS:
"smutted" grain heads containing
masses of black or brown spores
No grain harvested
fungus causes infected plants to grow
slightly taller and mature slightly sooner

35. DISEASE CYCLE:
teliospores are
blown to open
flower
infect the ovary
give rise to
basidiospores
Germination of
basidiospores
fungal mycelia
invade the
developing embryo
in the seed
fungus stays
alive in the seed
until the next
growing season
the fungus grows
with developing
plant
Teliospores
production

36. ENVIRONMENT:
 It needs to infect the seed in the previous growing season
 The growing conditions are good for the plant, they will be good for the fungus
 In case of environmental stressors, the plant will be more susceptible to injury
because of the added stress from the fungal infection
 If dry, calm conditions persist for the entire time the flowers are open, the infection
rate will be low.
 Wind and moderate rain, as well as cool temperatures (16–22 °C) are ideal for the
dispersal of spores.

37. Control :
 Using treated seed.
 Barley varieties with resistance to loose smut are also commercially available.

39. Economic Importance Of Maize:
 In Pakistan, maize is being grown on an area of 1.016 million
hectares with annual production of 3.037 million tons and an
average grain yield of 2,864 kg/ha.
 In Pakistan after potato, the maize stands most profitable, stable
and dependable crop.

40. Causative Agent
 Ustilago maydis.
 Diploid teleospores.

41. Characteristics
The fungus infects all parts of the host plant by invading the ovaries
of its host.
The infection causes the corn kernels to swell up into tumor-like
galls, whose tissues, texture and developmental pattern are
mushroom-like.

42. These galls are made up of hypertrophied cells of the infected plant, along
with resulting fungal threads, and blue-black spores.
These dark-colored spores give the cob a burned, scorched
appearance.

43. Symptoms
Plant in the seedling stage show stunted growth and may
not produce inflorescences or ears.
On older plants, the infection results in the formation of
galls full of black smut on ears. As they rupture they
show a powdery black content.
On leaves, the tumourous growth usually remains small and
dries out without rupturing

44. Environment
Can survive for several
years in the soil and in
corn debris.
Spores spread by – wind,
splashing water (rain and
irrigation) or manure of
animals that have eaten
corn with the fungus.
Favourable conditions
which facilitate spores
spread and make fungal
growth possible.
Both too much or too little
precipitation.
Rainy, wet weather.
Soils low in fertilizers or
contain excessive
nitrogen increase
vulnerability to fungus.
Poor pollination.

45. Prevention And Control
Bag or burn infected plants- do NOT compost
Use balanced organic fertilizers
Fungicides are not effective due to persistence in the soil
for years
Collect and destroy galls before release of spores
Reduce infection points by avoiding injury
Choose best resistant varieties like silver, king.