Final EU Chair Letter-Published

European Union Committee
IUMUN 2016
BACKGROUND GUIDE

2
Indiana University –Bloomington ▲ IUMUN 2016
A Letter from the Staff
Hello Delegates! My name is Ryan Van Slyke and I will be the Chair of the European Union
Committee. I am pleased to welcome you to the Second Indiana University Model United
Nations Conference! Originally from Syracuse, New York, I am a sophomore at Indiana
University-Bloomington studying Music and International Studies. I have participated in MUN
since my freshman year of high school, and this will be my fourth time chairing at a regional
conference. At IU, I am involved in organizations in the Jacobs School of Music, Kelley School
of Business, and in the Indiana University Marching Hundred.
My name is Maya Fews and I will by the Vice-Chair of the EU Committee! Originally from
Holt, Michigan, I am currently a junior at Indiana University Bloomington studying Law and
Public Policy in the School of Public and Environmental Affairs. This is my second year
involved in the IUMUN conference and my first time as a Vice-Chair. In addition to serving on
the Secretariat for the IUMUN Conference, I have participated in the IU Model UN team for the
past three years.
It has been our distinct pleasure to research the fascinating topics that we are going to tackle
within the European Union Committee. If you have any questions or concerns or simply want to
introduce yourself before the conference commences, do not hesitate to reach out to either one of
us. Let the countdown to February begin!
Sincerely,
Ryan Van Slyke & Maya Fews
Chair & Vice-Chair of European Union Committee

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Introduction to the Committee
The European Union (EU) was formed in 1992 with the Treaty of Maastricht, elevating the
European Economic Community (EEC), which had existed since 1960, to a full political union.
The European Union’s political structure is comprised of three main bodies: the European
Parliament, which includes 751 Members of the European Parliament (MEPs), which are directly
elected by EU voters, the European Commission, which includes one commissioner for each
member state, and the Council of the European Union, which is comprised of the foreign
ministers of each member state. The Council of the European Union is one of the main decision-
making bodies of the EU, in addition to the European Parliament. The Council works to adopt
and negotiate EU laws, coordinate policies of member states, and develop EU foreign and
security policy.
This committee at Indiana University Model United Nations Conference will be simulating the
Council of the European Union, where each delegate is acting as the foreign minister for his/her
country. Each action taken by the Council will need three-fourths support from the rest of the
committee. This committee will be run with IUMUNC Parliamentary Procedure, but with some
variations commonly found in crisis countries. Delegates will be able to develop and send, both
individually and collectively, press releases and government position papers. The committee will
also include crisis situations, since we could possibly be collaborating at times with the Eurozone
committee on our economic discussions. For these situations, and throughout the committee,
delegates will be able to get updates on a particular topic or development from our Crisis Staff.
In addition, delegates will have the ability to request the presence of pertinent leaders or parties
to dispute on each topic. Finally, the EU High Representative for Foreign Affairs will be chairing
this session of the Council of the European Union.
Topic A: Protection of Immigration and Refugee Rights
History of the Problem
From 1914 until 1918 the continent of Europe was engulfed in World War I, which had
devastating impacts for the continent and the global community. Even 21 years later, when
World War II broke out in 1939, the lessons of the atrocities of war had not set in. Both wars
forced millions of people to flee their homelands, becoming political refugees. Due to the
atrocities refugees faced in both World Wars, the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of
Refugees was held in Geneva, Switzerland. Using key principles from the Universal Declaration
of Human Rights, such as “Everyone has the right to seek and to enjoy in other countries asylum

4
from persecution,”1
the convention defined a “refugee” as “a person who is outside his or her
country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-founded fear of being persecuted because
of his or her race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail him or herself of the protection of that country, or to
return there, for fear of persecution.” 2
The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees
also highlighted the difference between a migrant and a refugee. Under the 1951 definition, a
migrant may leave their country for reasons other than persecution, and migrants also have the
rights of their home government abroad. The 1951 convention became the basis for the Common
European Asylum System, which now used in the European Union.
The Common European Asylum System originated from the desire in the 1980s for European
nations to eliminate national border security in order to have a single economic market. In 1985,
five countries, Germany, France, the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg, signed the
Schengen Agreement, which established a system for visa regulation, the right to asylum, and
checks at external borders. The agreement came into effect in 1995, and was instantly subjected
to refugees from Eastern Europe.3
This influx of refugees from communism pushed member
states to desire a more compressive plan for refugees and asylum seekers. The 1997 Dublin
Convention responded to this desire for a more comprehensive refugee plan by establishing the
Dublin Regulation, an EU law which determines the EU member state responsible to examine an
application for asylum seekers seeking international protection under the Geneva Convention
and the EU Qualification Directive. The Dublin Regulation of 1997 is the cornerstone of the
Dublin System, which is a Europe-wide database for unauthorized entrants into the EU.4
Finally,
in 1999, the Common European Asylum System was established in order to create a common
asylum system for Europe, in order to reduce differences in national asylum systems. The
Common European Asylum System is comprised of an open border system for the EU
(Schengen Agreement), a single asylum-seeker admission system, and the Dublin Regulation.5
In
the European Union, directives and laws passed by EU bodies trump national laws of member
states, so each member state has asylum laws that comply with the system. The United Kingdom
and Ireland have an opt-out clause for the Common European Asylum system, so all regulations
do not apply to the two countries; however, the countries can decide to opt-in to those
regulations.
Current Situation
1
"The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, UDHR, Declaration of Human Rights, Human Rights
Declaration, Human Rights Charter, The Un and Human Rights." UN News Center. Accessed October 23,
2015.
2
"The 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees and Its 1967 Protocol." UNHCR News.
Accessed October 23, 2015.
3
"History of CEAS - European Council on Refugees and Exiles." History of CEAS - European Council
on Refugees and Exiles. Accessed October 23, 2015.
4
Ibid.
5
Ibid.

5
In March 2011, pro-democracy Syrians began to protest the rule of President Bashar Al-Assad,
and by July, fighting had broken out between the Syrian government and pro-democracy Syrians.
Since 2011, over 11.6 million people have been displaced by the civil war, and 4 million people,
mostly women and children, have fled Syria. Syria’s neighbors, particularly Lebanon, Turkey,
and Jordan, have been “safe” destinations for many refugees. Due to the increased presence of
violent non-state actors in the region, including the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), more
refugees are seeking to leave the Middle East and flee to Europe. According to the British
Broadcasting Company (BBC), 350,000 migrants have come to Europe, compared to the 280,000
migrants who came to the EU in 2014. The refugee population in Europe is only expected to
increase as ISIS creates more political and economic stability in the region. In many cases, these
Syrian refugees are accompanied by other refugees from war-torn nations such as Afghanistan,
Pakistan, and Eritrea.6 7 8
The United Nations (UN) defines “refugee” as a migrant fleeing their
country because of war, even if they haven’t registered for asylum. However the UN states that
migrants still have the legal protection of their home government because migrants did not flee
their country out of fear of persecution; on the other hand, refugees have no protection from their
home government.9
It has been estimated that 230,000 migrants have arrived in Greece, 115,000
migrants in Italy, and 21,000 migrants in Spain10
. Once in the EU, many refugees look to travel
to Germany or Sweden, since refugees receive state aid ranging from €224 to €346 per month.11
Since the refugee crisis started, Germany and Sweden have received the most asylum
applications of any EU member state. This has created a major logistical and legal problem for
both nations, and as a result, Germany has suspended the Dublin Regulation in order to accept
more Syrian refugees. Greece, Italy, and Spain are also struggling with an abundance of asylum
applications due to the limitations of the Dublin Regulation. On the other hand, there are many
EU nations, like Austria, Croatia, and Hungary, which have tried to circumvent the Dublin
Regulation because it has been difficult to discern the purpose of migration: political asylum or
economic prosperity. Generally, these nations who circumvent the Dublin Regulation are more
likely to grant access to those coming for economic reasons than political.
6
"Alienation and Violence Impact of Syria Report 2014." UNRWA.org. March 1, 2015. Accessed
October 22, 2015.
7
"Migrant Crisis: Czechs Accused of Human Rights Abuses - BBC News." BBC News. Accessed
October 23, 2015.
8
Ibid
9
Edwards, Adrian. "UNHCR Viewpoint: 'Refugee' or 'migrant' - Which Is Right?" UNHCR News.
10
"Why Is EU Struggling with Migrants and Asylum? - BBC News." BBC News. September 21, 2015.
Accessed October 23, 2015.
11
Siciliano, Video. "Why Are so Many Migrants Heading to Germany and Sweden?" The Telegraph.
Accessed November 18, 2015

6
This image outlines the path by which
many migrants use the Mediterranean Sea
to get to Europe, as well as the path taken
through non-member state Turkey.12
Bloc Positions
Countries in favor of the expansion of migration
Germany is expected to take in 800,000 migrants this year;13
however Germany and Sweden are
calling upon other member nations, especially France and the United Kingdom, to accept more
migrants and refugees The Pro-Migration Block has also expressed interest and willingness to
completely reform the current Dublin Regulation/Common European Asylum System in order to
allow more refugees to enter the EU.
Countries opposed to the expansion of migration
Many migrants have used these countries as an entry point into the EU. Frequently, refugees will
travel from Turkey and Greece to Serbia and Macedonia, where they then can travel to Croatia
and Hungary. In response to the enormous influx of migrants, countries like Hungary have
produced blockades around their borders to prevent further migration. This type of action creates
more pressure and strain on the infrastructure of the other EU nations like Greece who are taking
in thousands of migrants and refugees.
12
"Mapping Mediterranean Migration - BBC News." BBC News. Accessed November 18, 2015.
13
Ibid.

7
Countries assigned to register asylum seekers: In 2012, 51% of migrants entering the EU came
through Greece and Italy using the central Mediterranean passage that connects Libya and
Italy.14
Countries in this block and geographic region, like Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Croatia,
and Slovenia are experiencing a significant strain on asylum and humanitarian resources because
they are responsible for taking care of the migrants when they initially enter Europe. Thus, these
nations are pushing for increased collective action by other EU members to help relieve them of
the majority of the burden of care.
Questions to Consider
1. What changes should be made to the Common European System in order to ensure fair
practices?
2. Should countries be required to take in fixed amount of migrants or face financial
repercussions?
3. What are solutions to combat the mistreatment of migrants once they arrive in host
countries?
4. Should the Dublin Regulation system be eliminated so that each EU nation bears an equal
responsibility to host asylum seekers?
Conclusion
Mass migration as a result of war is not an uncommon occurrence; however, major problems
occur when nations experience mass migration influxes and are unprepared and ill-equipped to
deal with the situation. The migration crisis that the European Union is currently experiencing
has caused two main problems: some nations are shouldering sole responsibility for the crisis,
like Greece, Italy, Germany, and Sweden while other nations have been trying to circumvent the
Common European Asylum System, like Hungary, Croatia, and Austria. This committee will
need to find solutions for this migration crisis so the rights of those seeking asylum are protected
and a common system is in place that can handle this crisis. The recent terrorist attacks in Paris,
France on November 13, 2015 have sparked new life in this discussion of asylum policy. While
France and President Francois Hollande have stated that France will not close its borders to
Syrian refugees, it remains to be seen what other nations will do in response to the crisis and the
events in Paris.
14
"Europe's Migration Crisis." Council on Foreign Relations. Accessed October 23, 2015.

8
Further Reading
● United Nations High Commissioner for the Status of Refugees. "Convention and Protocol
Relating to the Status of Refugees." Accessed November 18, 2015.
http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10.html.
This document contains the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the
1967 Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, and General Assembly Resolution
2198. This is a great starting point for researching and learning about international
migrant and refugee policy.
● Commission of the European Communities. "Policy Plan on Asylum: An Integrated
Approach to Protection Across the EU." Accessed November 18, 2015. http://eur-
lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=COM:2008:0360:FIN:EN:PDF.
This is a great document for understanding the basics of European asylum policy. It will
be a good reference for both position papers and committee debate.
● “Europe’s Migration Crisis,” Council on Foreign Relations, last modified September 23,
2015. http://www.cfr.org/migration/europes-migration-crisis/p32874.
This website from the Council on Foreign Relations is a terrific resource for
understanding the history of the crisis, the current challenges EU member states face, and
potential solutions to the crisis.

9
Topic B: EU-Russian Economic and Military Relations
One of the most pressing topics for the EU is its relationship with its neighbor and fellow
economic power, Russia. In this topic, we will specifically look at the economic and military
relations between the two powers, which will also include political and cultural relations and
dialogue.
Brief History of EU-Russian Relations
The EU, the successor to the European Economic Community (EEC), was formed after the fall
of the United Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) in Maastricht, the Netherlands in 1992. The fall
of the USSR led to the independence and creation of many new states, including the formation of
the Russian Federation (Russia) in 1991. Given the geographic proximity and long history of
interaction and engagement, Russia, led by President Boris Yeltsin, and the EU developed a new
system of relations in the Partnership and Cooperation Agreement of 1994. With this agreement,
the EU and Russia sought to provide a political, economic, and cultural framework for relations
between the two entities. Although the Partnership was wide-ranging, it was mainly concerned
with EU-Russian trade, investment, and the fostering of positive, peaceful relations. Vladimir
Putin later ascended to the Presidency of Russia in 1999, and the nature of relations between the
EU and Russia have been largely dependent on Putin during his six terms as President. Within
the first term, the EU and Russia had positive working relations, culminating with the creation of
four “common spaces” at the St. Petersburg Summit in 2003. These four “common spaces”
include the following:
1. Common Economic Space. Both the EU and Russia have close economic relations
with each other due to their mutual dependence on energy. Metals and energy make
up 20% of Russia’s economy, and the EU is one of the largest markets for these
goods. Additionally, oil consists of 54% of Russia’s exports, according to the World
Bank.15
The energy that the EU buys from Russia contributes greatly to the Russian
economy, which can help improve the lives of ordinary Russian citizens. On the other
hand, reliable and relatively inexpensive energy from Russia is key to sustaining
Europe’s economic growth.16
In addition, the EU consistently runs a trade deficit with
Russia in the trade of goods, importing about 1.75 times the amount of goods from
Russia that the EU exports.17
2. Common Freedom, Security, and Justice Space. The EU and Russia have established
a relationship centered on “building a new Europe without dividing lines and
15
World Bank Group. “Global Economic Prospects, June 2015: The Global Economy in Transition."
World Bank. Accessed October 11, 2015.
16
European Union External Action. "EU Relations with Russia." European External Action Service.
Accessed October 11, 2015. http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/about/index_en.htm.
17
European Commission. "EU-Russia Trade Indicators 2014." European Commission. Accessed October
11, 2015.

10
facilitating travel between all Europeans.”18
Three key areas of EU-Russian
cooperation within this common space include organized crime, terrorism, and human
rights. Since 2005, the EU and Russia have conducted semiannual human rights
consultations in order to discuss mutual respect for human rights and fundamental
freedoms, two issues that are at the heart of EU-Russian relations. However, no
nation is perfect, and the EU certainly has qualms with the Russian government about
human rights, including in Chechnya and the Northern Caucasus regions. The EU
also has consistently expressed concern for the lack of freedom of expression in
Russia, while supporting Russian civil societies and non-governmental organizations
(NGOs). Currently, the European Commission sponsors the European Initiative for
Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR), which seeks to promote human rights and
democracy initiatives throughout the world and in specific geographic regions, such
as Eastern Europe and Russia.
3. External Security Space. The EU and Russia cooperate extensively on four key areas
of security, including fighting against terrorism, nonproliferation of weapons of mass
destruction, crisis management, and civil protection. Since its founding in 1991, the
EU has sought to engage Russia on the stability of the European continent. For
example, the EU has been a firm supporter of citizens’ rights in Moldova and in the
Southern Caucasus region (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), and democracy in
Belarus. Currently, the EU is seeking Russian cooperation to assist in resolving the
civil war and political instability in the Ukraine and to gather Russian support for the
EU Missile Technology Control Regime.
4. Research, Development, Education, and Culture Sphere. The EU and Russia have
mutual interests in economic development and modernization through research and
innovation. The EU also encourages integration and closer cooperation between
Russia and EU member states with the new European Higher Education Area, which
was created partially under the Bologna Process. Finally, the EU and Russia work
together to strengthen a common European identity and common values through
cultural cooperation, such as art, music, theatre, and literature.
Current Topics of Concern for EU-Russian Relations
Economics
In this committee, member states will be debating two key parts of EU-Russian economic
relations: economic sanctions on Russia due to the invasion of Crimea and relations between the
EU and the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU).
The EU imposed economic sanctions on Russia after the Russian invasion of Crimea, in Ukraine,
in late February 2014. The Crimeans later conducted a referendum, in which they declared their
18
European Union External Action, 2015.

11
desire to secede from Ukraine and join Russia. These sanctions have included travel bans for
senior Russian government officials, bans on imports and exports from Crimea and Sevastopol,
and restrictions on access to foreign capital markets for major Russian companies.19
According
to an article published by the Institute of Modern Russia, the goal of these sanctions is to change
the Kremlin’s considerations in regards to its actions in Ukraine.20
However, another article from
the European Council on Foreign Relations proposes the question, “Can Europe define its
goals?” in regards to the sanctions.21
Thus, a key question for the Council of the European Union
will be to determine the political and economic goals and objectives of these sanctions, where
were extended to the end of March 2016. The sanctions have also been seen as ironic and
contradictory. If Europe’s long term political goals are to integrate Russia into the global
environment and bring it out of isolation, according to Krastev and Leonard at the European
Council on Foreign Relations, the EU sanctions are increasingly isolating Russia, which plays
into President Putin’s favor, since Putin has stated that he doesn’t want to be “European.” Thus,
the Council of the European Union will have to investigate how the sanctions can be crafted in
order to get the results the EU wants.
The second major economic topic for the Council to discuss is the Eurasian Economic Union
(EEU). The EEU is seen as one of President Putin’s major foreign policy projects, a Russian
attempt to create an economically-integrated partnership between members of the
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). Putin hopes that economic integration can lead to
security and political cooperation among the member nations, very similar to an EU model. The
EEU came into effect in January 2015, and already consists of Armenia, Belarus, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, and Russia. Moldova, Ukraine, and Georgia were offered membership in the EEU,
but ultimately decided to choose economic relations with the EU in March 2014. Krastev and
Leonard note that “The establishment of the EEU is a powerful manifestation of the EU’s soft
power – an attempt by Moscow to gain status and recognition by mimicking the institutions and
structure of the EU.”22
Thus, they suggest that the EU should support EEU because it would
signal to Moscow that the EU recognizes Moscow's right to have an integration project of its
own, and could possibly lead to cooperation and competition between the EU and EEU.
However, other nations within the EU could be afraid of Russian expansionism and might favor
a hardline “containment” approach to spreading Russian influence. Thus, the Council will have
to decide on what the best option is in regards to accepting/rejecting interaction with the EEU.
19
European Union Newsroom. "EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis." Accessed October 11,
2015.
20
Pfeifer, Ezekiel. "The Long Winter Ahead for EU-Russia Relations." Institute of Modern Russia.
Accessed October 11, 2015. http://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2214-the-long-winter-ahead-for-eu-
russia-relations.
21
Krastev, Ivan, and Mark Leonard. "The New European Disorder." European Council on Foreign
Relations. Accessed October 11, 2015.
22
Ibid, p. 7.

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Military
The third main area of focus for the Council of the European Union will be Russia’s military
presence in Europe. Since the beginning of 2015, Russia has been harassing many EU nations
with the threat of military intervention and action. As early as November 2014, the Washington
Post reported on Russian harassment of the Finnish military, guiding military planes into Finnish
airspace and deploying submarines and helicopters to chase after Finnish research vessels in
international waters.23
Denmark had a similar confrontation with Russia in March 2015, when
Russia threatened to aim nuclear missiles at Danish warships if Denmark joined the North
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)’s missile defense system24
. Five ministers of defense from
Norway, Sweden, Finland, Denmark, and Iceland wrote an editorial to the German newspaper
Aftenposten in April 2015 calling for increased security cooperation between the Nordic and
Baltic nations in the face of potential Russian aggression, partially in response to aforementioned
situations in Finland and Denmark. Sweden has also had major issues with Russian
encroachment on Swedish territorial waters within the last year, having to pursue Russian
submarines out of Swedish territory25
. The suspicion of Russian aggression in Europe has only
been strengthened by Russia’s involvement in the Ukrainian Civil War. As recently as October
10, 2015, Radio Free Europe reported that NATO was concerned about Russia building new
military bases on the Russian-Ukrainian border26
. As members of the Council of the European
Union, it will be your responsibility to discuss how to ensure the safety and security of all
member states in the event of potential Russian military aggression.
Questions to Consider
1. Should the EU continue sanctions on Russia past the expiration date of March 15, 2016?
2. What are the EU’s end goals with its sanctions on Russia?
3. Should the EU recognize the EEU? What should interactions between the two unions look
like?
4. How will the EU and NATO protect against any Russian military aggression?
5. What should be the EU’s policy response to Russian-funded rebel groups in Eastern
Ukraine?
23
Witte, Griff. "Finland feeling vulnerable amid Russian provocations." The Washington Post, November
23, 2014. Accessed October 11, 2015.
24
Jensen, Teis. "Russia threatens to aim nuclear missiles at Denmark ships if it joins NATO
shield." Reuters, March 23, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.
25
Bentzrød, Sveinung. "Russian aggression: Nordic states extend their military cooperation." Aftenposten,
April 9, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.
26
RFE/RL. "NATO Expresses Concern After Report Of New Russian Military Base Near
Ukraine." Radio Free Europe, October 10, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.

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Bloc Positions
1. Baltics (Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia), Nordics (Finland, Sweden, Denmark), and Poland
are most wary of Russia’s military behavior, given their close geographic proximity to
Russia. They are most likely to call for Russia’s full evacuation from Ukraine. Their
position is complicated, however, because many of these nations have large trade
relations with Russia and thus further economic sanctions on Russia could harm their
own national economies.
2. Germany, France, Italy, and Spain all have significant economic ties to Russia.
Therefore, they are more likely to take a moderate approach to the sanctions on Russia.
They might also be for expanding interaction between the EU and EEU in order to reach
more emerging markets. Like the Baltics and Nordic states, many of these nations like
Germany and France have large trading relations with Russia; thus, they will need to
determine a plan for the sanctions that will minimize harm to their own national
economies.
3. Greece, Hungary, and Cyprus see Russia as a potential economic and political ally,
especially as a source of external funding and investment. Thus, they are most likely to
apply the least amount of pressure on Russia in economic sanctions. On the other hand,
they are concerned with Russia’s actions in the Ukraine and Crimea, and fear that they
will also become a sphere of political or military influence for Russia.
Conclusion
The Council of the European Union is committed to providing and upholding the well-being and
safety of its member states. Russia poses the largest threat to economic and political harmony
within the EU given its illegal annexation of Crimea, funding rebel groups in Eastern Ukraine,
and their use of military force to harass Nordic nations such as Sweden, Denmark, and Finland.
But, there is also great potential for improvement of relations between the EU and Russia, such
as through economic trade and potential partnership with the Eurasian Economic Union (EEU).
The Council at IUMUNC 2016 will have to determine not only the goals of EU sanctions on
Russia, but also the most effective ways to engage with Russia on the political, military, and
economic fronts.
Further Reading
● EU Relations with Russia, European Union External Action.
http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/index_en.htm.
This website provides a great starting point for EU-Russian relations from the EU
External Action Office.
● Tremin, Dmitri, Maria Lipman, and Alexey Malashenko. "The End of an Era in EU-
Russia Relations." Carnegie Endowment for International Peace: Carnegie Moscow

14
Center. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://carnegie.ru/2013/05/30/end-of-era-in-eu-
russia-relations/g7fw.
One of the key analytical articles for this topic, Tremin, Lipman, and Malashenko look at
the challenges of current EU-Russian relations and provide some helpful policy
suggestions for improving relations.
● Krastev, Ivan, and Mark Leonard. "The New European Disorder." European Council on
Foreign Relations. Accessed October 11, 2015.
This article is valuable because it looks at the current political and economic landscape of
Europe, with specific focus on the EU-Russian confrontations in the Ukraine. This article
is key to thinking about how to set goals and objectives for the Crimea/Ukraine economic
sanctions on Russia.
● Pfeifer, Ezekiel. "The Long Winter Ahead for EU-Russia Relations." Institute of Modern
Russia. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2214-the-long-
winter-ahead-for-eu-russia-relations.
This article is also helpful in looking at the economic sanctions on Russia from a political
perspective, using the sanctions as an economic tool to cause regime change.
● Permanent Mission of the Russian Federation to the European Union. "Agreement on
Partnership and Cooperation." Accessed October 11, 2015.
http://www.russianmission.eu/userfiles/file/partnership_and_cooperation_agreement_199
7_english.pdf.
This article is helpful in looking at the formal basis of partnership between the EU and
Russia from the “Common Spaces” that were discussed earlier in this section. The
Russian Mission to the EU website is also helpful in learning more about the Russian
perspective on EU-Russia relations.

15
References
Benkovskis, Konstantins, Jūlija Pastušenko, and Julia Wörz. "Assessing the Full Extent of Trade
Integration between the EU and Russia – A Global Value Chain Perspective." Focus on
European Economic Integration 2014, no. 3 (2014): 31-47. Accessed October 13, 2015
Bentzrød, Sveinung. "Russian aggression: Nordic states extend their military
cooperation." Aftenposten, April 9, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.
British Broadcasting Company. “Migrant Crisis: Migration to Europe explained in graphics.”
BBC News, November 5, 2015. Accessed October 23, 2015.
British Broadcasting Company. “Why is EU struggling with migrants and asylum?” BBC News,
September 21, 2015. Accessed October 23, 2015.
European Commission. “Common European Asylum System.” European Commission,
Migration and Home Affairs. Accessed November 18, 2015.
European Commission. "EU-Russia Trade Indicators 2014." European Commission. Accessed
October 11, 2015.
European Commission. "Road Map for the Common Economic Space – Building Blocks for
Sustained Economic Growth." Accessed October 13, 2015.
European Commission. "The EU's Association Agreements with Georgia, the Republic of
Moldova and Ukraine." Accessed October 13, 2015. http://europa.eu/rapid/pressrelease_
MEMO14430_ en.htm.

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European Council on Refugees and Exiles. “From Schengen to Stockholm: A History of the
CEAS.” Accessed November 18, 2015. http://www.ecre.org/topics/areas-of-
work/introduction/194.html
European External Action Service. "Frequently asked questions about Ukraine, the EU's Eastern
Partnership and the EU-Ukraine Association Agreement." Accessed October 13, 2015.
European External Action Service. "In focus: EU restrictive measures in response to the crisis in
Ukraine (26/06/2015)." Accessed October 13, 2015.
European Parliament. "Russia is no longer a strategic partner of the EU, say MEPs." Accessed
October 13, 2015.
European Union External Action. "EU Relations with Russia." European External Action
Service. Accessed October 11, 2015. http://eeas.europa.eu/russia/about/index_en.htm.
European Union Newsroom. "EU sanctions against Russia over Ukraine crisis." Accessed
October 11, 2015.
Jensen, Teis. "Russia threatens to aim nuclear missiles at Denmark ships if it joins NATO
shield." Reuters, March 23, 2015. Accessed October 11, 2015.
Krastev, Ivan, and Mark Leonard. "The New European Disorder." European Council on Foreign
Relations. Accessed October 11, 2015.
Pfeifer, Ezekiel. "The Long Winter Ahead for EU-Russia Relations." Institute of Modern Russia.
Accessed October 11, 2015. http://imrussia.org/en/analysis/world/2214-the-long-winter-
ahead-for-eu-russia-relations.

17
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