4. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 4
“ Pray as if everything depended on
God, & work as if everything
Depended upon man”
- Cardinal Francis J. Spellman
Quotation
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
5. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 5
“Success follows doing what you want to do.
There is no other way to be successful”
-Malcolm Forbes
Quotation
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
7. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 7
PREVENT WORKPLACE ACCIDENTS!
PREVENT PERSONAL INJURIES
BETWEEN MOVING EQUIPMENT AND
THOSE WORKERS WHO ARE ON
FOOT.
YOU MUST SEE AND BE SEEN!!!
Goal and Objective
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
8. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 8
The Operation of Heavy Equipment in
the Presence of Personnel On the
Ground
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
9. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 9
BEING STRUCK BY, OR CAUGHT IN-
BETWEEN, TWO OF THE LEADING
CAUSE OF INJURIES AND FATALITIES
ON CONSTRUCTION SITES!
STRUCK BY (22%)
CAUGHT IN-BETWEEN (18%)
Unsafe Act
Unsafe Condition
Today’s Situation
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
10. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 10
Many Mobile Construction Equipment are
available for use.
Contractors doing a wide variety of work.
Operate within a close proximity to persons
on foot. Present similar types of known
hazards.
This training session is devoted to identify,
and better educate those who must work
around or operate these types of
equipment,
All possess the capability to cause serous
injury or death.
SITE SENARIO
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
11. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 11
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Management Commitment
Employee Involvement
Pre-construction Work-Site Analysis
Hazard Prevention and Controls
Equipment Maintenance
Employee Awareness Training
Periodically Review Procedures
Available Solutions
12. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 12
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Identify hazards
Communication
Engineering revision
Process change
Education and training
P.P.E
Enforcement
C.E.O. Responsibilities
(Chief Executive Officer)
13. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 13
PROBLEM:
YOU HAVE A CONGESTED
CONSTRUCTION SITE WITH
PERSONNEL ON FOOT, AND MOBILE
MACHINES WORKING IN THE SAME
AREA, AT THE SAME TIME!
CONCERNS FOR SAFETY
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
14. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 14
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
SECOND LARGEST EMPLOYER.
TURNOVER OF 4000BILLION.
WORKERS ARE MOST VULNERABLE
SEGMANTS OF UN ORGANISED
SECTOR.
15. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 15
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
HIGH RATE OF FATEL ACCIDENT
4 TO 5 TIMES OF MANUFACTURING
SECTOR
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
10 MILLION CONSTRUCTION
WORKERS
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS
16. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 16
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
RELATIONSHIP TO EMPLOYER.
UNCERTAN OF WORKING HOURS
LACK OF BASIC AMENTIES.
INADEQUACE OF WELFARE
FACILITIES.
INHERANT RISK TO LIFE
17. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 17
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
APPLICABLE CONSTRUCTION ACT.
PROVISION OF LABOUR LAWS.
MINIMUM WAGES ACT 1948
CONTRACT LABOUR ACT 1970.
INTER STATE MIGRANT WORKMEN
ACT1979
18. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 18
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
CENTRAL LEGISLATION.
1.THE BUILDING &OTHER
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS ACT-1996
2.THE BUILDING &OTHER
CONSTRUCTION WORKERS WELFARE
CESS ACT-1996
19. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 19
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
DIVEDED IN TO THREE SEGMENTS
1.GENERAL CONSRUCTION
2.HEAVY CIVIL ENGINEARING
3.SPECILISED CONSRTUCTION
20. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 20
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
THE LAW & REGULATION OBJECT TO
REGULATION OF EMPLOYMENT&
CODITION OF SERVICE OF WORKERS
WORKERS SAFETY ,HEALTH AND
WELFARE MEASURES
Contd:-
21. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 21
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
Factories act 1948 & Mines Act1952
CONSTRUCTION ACT 1966 PROVIDE
A.PROVISION OF ADV.COMMITTEE
(CENTRAL & STATE LEVEL)
B.REGISTRATION OF FIRM
C.REGISTRATION OF WORKERS
22. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 22
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
D.CONSTITUTION OF WORKERS
WELFARE BOARD
E.RELIEF TO ACCIDENT,OLDAGE
PENSION,GROUP
INSURANCE,MEDICAL ASSISTANCE.
ETC
F.HEALTH & SAFETY MEASURES
G.SAFETY COMMITTEE
H.PENALITIES & FINE
23. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 23
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY.
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE-
NBC2005.
MODEL CODE FOR
LOCAL BODIES
GOVT.DEPT
PVT.CONST.AGENCEY
24. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 24
Restrict entry onto site of non-essential
personnel.
Establish Controlled Entry Points to site.
Coordinate Operations of Various Trades
Working in the Same Areas.
Provide Fundamental Site Rules and
Training to all Persons at Risk.
Adequate Lay-Down Areas Established.
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Management Commitment
25. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 25
Identify Potential Known Hazards.
Job Conditions: Haul Roads, Access Points.
Lay down/Storage Areas.
Office, Tool, Storage and Change Trailers.
Methods of Construction, (increases Risk?)
Also Consider: Unwanted side effects of the
Job Schedule.
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Pre-Construction Work- Site Analysis
26. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 26
Types of hazards:
1. Electrical hazards
2. Hazards associated to vehicles
and equipment
3. Hazards in excavation
4. Hazards due to failure of
centering, shuttering and shoring
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
28. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 28
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
HAZARDS IN CONSTRUCTION
Overhead service
Underground service
Work Place
Falling loads
Equipment failure
29. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 29
Hazards in blasting
Welding hazards
Dust hazards
Noise hazards
Miscellaneous
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
30. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 30
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Hazards associated with vehicles and
equipment:
Large number of vehicles moving inside
construction sites
Equipment like cranes are moving there is
always possibility of collision of vehicles
and equipment
There should be warning signs on the
roads.
31. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 31
Types of accidents:
1. Fall from heights
2. Fall on the same level
3. Fall of objects
4. Stepping on objects
5. Striking against objects
6. Struck by moving objects
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
32. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 32
Hazards associated with vehicles and
equipment (contd..):
Displaying the various safety instructions and
the railway crossings.
The drivers should possess heavy duty
licenses. The vehicle should be periodically
tested and Maintained
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
34. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 34
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Front-end loaders; Rubber-tired and
tracked
Crawler tractors/bulldozers, skid steer
bobcats
Wheel tractor-scrapers, elevating scrapers,
tandem powered scrapers
Rubber-tired backhoes and tracked
hydraulic excavators
On and off-road haulage vehicles
35. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 35
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Asphalt Pavers and associated support
equipment - pavement rollers
Vibratory rollers and compactors
Motor graders, grade tractors, industrial
tractors
Concrete mixers and pump trucks
Special use construction equipment:
grinding,
Pulverizing, milling, water trucks, etc
36. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 36
No work under loads
Operators remain in cab
Malfunctions
Exposure to Falling Loads
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
37. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 37
Warning system
Barricades
Hand signals
Mechanical signals
Stop logs
Grade away from excavation
Mobile Equipment
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
38. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 38
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Materials and Equipment
Equipment used for
protective systems must
not have damage or
defects that impair
function.
If equipment is damaged,
the competent person
must examine it to see if
it is suitable for
continued use.
39. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 39
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Materials and
Equipment
• If not suitable,
remove it from
service until a
professional
engineer approves it
for use.
40. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 40
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
SPECIFIC:
The Most Dangerous Movement is Backing!
Know Where your Blind Spots Are.
Look For People on Foot Around You.
STOP! When Signaled; When Waived at
Violently; Or If You Are In Doubt….
Maintain a Safe Operating Speed.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITIES
41. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 41
Keep Machine Under Control at all
Times.
Take Machine “Out of Service”, if it is
Unsafe to Operate.
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITIES (contd…)
42. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 42
Make Sure You Are Familiar with the
Operating Characteristics of your
Machine.
Be On The Look-Out For Other Trades
Working in the Same Area.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITIES (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
43. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 43
Be Aware of Other Machines
Operating In the Area. Frequently
check for the Location of other
Machines. Keep Lights and Backup
Alarm in Operating Condition.
Allow NO ONE to Ride Outside the
Cab for Any Reason!
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITIES (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
44. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 44
Clean windows and Adjust mirrors.
Always inform Appropriate Personnel
of any Abnormal Conditions, Defects,
or Changes made in Machine and/or
Job Procedure or Conditions
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILIES (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
45. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 45
Report Unsafe Workers to Supervision.
Talk-up Safety with Those Who Work
with You. Maintain “Constant
Awareness”.
Do Not Attempt Repairs or Maintenance
that You Do Not Understand.
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILIES (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
46. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 46
Always Check the Mirror on the Blind
Side, making Sure of Your Clearance.
(Backing on the Blind Side should be
Avoided if at all Possible).
Learn and Follow Safe Work
Practices!
EQUIPMENT OPERATOR
RESPONSIBILITIES (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
47. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 47
• Install barricades
• Use hand / mechanical signals
• Grade soil away from excavation
• Fence or barricade trenches left
overnight
• Use a flagger when signs, signals and
barricades are not enough protection
Protection from Falls, Falling Loads, and
Mobile Equipment
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
49. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 49
Excavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or
depression formed by earth removal.
Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater
than the width, but not wider than 15 feet.
Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and
protect employees
Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an
excavation and protects against cave-ins
Sloping - a technique that employs a specific angle
of incline on the sides of the excavation. The angle
varies based on assessment of impacting site
factors.
Definitions
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
50. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 50
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Competent Person
Must have had specific training in and
be knowledgeable about:
• Soils classification
• The use of protective systems
• The requirements of the
standard
Must be capable of identifying hazards,
and authorized to immediately
eliminate hazards
51. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 51
All work on, or in, excavations must be
supervised by a competent person
Drawings of all services must be
obtained and a check instituted to
ensure that where necessary all services
have been exposed and marked.
Where electricity/gas high pressure
petroleum services are concerned, they
must be exposed by hand.
Excavations
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
53. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 53
Plan a safe method of operation to
ensure safety of timbermen and
workforce.
Trench frames, or other suitable
methods, must be used to ensure the
safety of timbermen where trenches are
in excess of 4ft. Deep.
All excavation in excess of 4ft. Must be
either be – properly supported –
benched – battered.
Excavation (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
54. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 54
Daily Inspections of ALL excavations by
Competent Person
Start of shift, as needed, following
rainstorms or other hazard-increasing
event
Possible cave-ins
Protective system failure
Water accumulation
Hazardous atmospheres
Excavation Inspections
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
55. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 55
Type A - 3/4:1
Type B - 1:1
Type C - 1½ :1
Simple Sloping
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
57. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 57
Employees should be protected from
cave-ins by using an adequately
designed
protective system
Protective systems must be able to
resist all expected loads to the system
Protection of Employees
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
58. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 58
A well-designed protective system
Correct design of sloping and benching
systems
Correct design of support systems, shield
systems, and other protective systems
Requirements for
Protective Systems
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
59. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 59
Plus
Appropriate handling of materials and
equipment
Plus
Attention to correct installation and removal
Equals Protection of employees at
excavations
Requirements for
Protective Systems (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
60. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 60
The employer shall select and construct :
slopes and configurations of sloping
and benching systems
support systems, shield systems, and
other protective systems
Design of Protective Systems
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
61. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 61
Shield - can be permanent or portable.
Also known as trench box or trench shield.
Shoring - such as metal hydraulic,
mechanical or timber shoring system that
supports the sides
Sloping - form sides of an excavation that
are inclined away from the excavation
Design of Protective Systems (contd…)
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
62. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 62
Cave-ins are the greatest risk
Other hazards include:
Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen
Inhalation of toxic materials
Fire
Moving machinery near the edge of the
excavation can cause a collapse
Accidental severing of underground
utility lines
Excavation Hazards
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
63. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 63
This excavation
has inadequate
support posts and
egress access
Inadequate protective system
Cave-in Hazard
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
64. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 64
This worker is in a
trench with no
protective system,
that is not sloped or
benched and has no
means of egress
Inadequate Protective System
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
65. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 65
Excavating is one of the
most hazardous
construction operations
Most accidents occur in
trenches 5-15 feet deep
There is usually no
warning before a
cave-in
Injury and Death
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
66. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 66
Soil classification
Depth of cut
Water content of soil
Changes due to
weather and climate
Other operations in
the vicinity
Factors Involved in Designing a Protective
System
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
67. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 67
General
Provides a framework to work in
Uses wales, cross braces and uprights
Supports excavation walls
OSHA tables provide shoring data
Must know soil type
Must know depth and width of excavation
Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables
Shoring
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
68. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 68
A competent person must
make daily inspections of
excavations, areas around
them and protective
systems:
• Before work starts and as
needed,
• After rainstorms, high winds
or other occurrence which
may increase hazards, and
• When you can reasonably
anticipate an employee will
be exposed to hazards.
Inspections of Excavations
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
69. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 69
If the competent person finds
evidence of a possible cave-in,
indications of failure of
protective systems, hazardous
atmospheres, or other
hazardous conditions:
• Exposed employees must
be removed from the
hazardous area
• Employees may not return
until the necessary
precautions have been
taken
Inspections of Excavations
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
70. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 70
Slope or bench the
sides of the
excavation,
Support the sides of
the excavation, or
Place a shield between
the side of the
excavation and the
work area
Protect Employees Exposed to Potential
Cave-ins
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
71. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 71
Protection from cave-in
requires a systematic
approach including:
Soil classification
Protective systems
Inspection
Employee training
An oh
sh_t!
Cave-in
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
74. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 74
Initial Size-up
Type of incident?
Cave-in, flooding, medical, fire,
spill
Injuries?
Number and type
Missing personnel?
Chemical (or sewage) exposures?
Safety of excavation for
rescuers?
Excavation Rescue
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
75. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 75
Notify:
Field personnel
HSO = Emergency
Coordinator
Fire Department
Police Department
Emergency Medical Services
(EMS)/Hospital
Excavation Rescue
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
76. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 76
Stabilize cave-in
Control flooding
Hazardous Atmospheres?
Ventilate
Safety harness and
line
Basket stretcher
Excavation Rescue
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
77. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 77
The best rescue is the
one you never have to
make!
Practice proper
procedures
Make sure everything
is safe before
anybody goes in!
DON’T ROLL THE DICE!!!
Excavation Rescues
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
78. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 78
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Spoils
Don’t place spoils within
2 feet from edge of
excavation
Measure from nearest
part of the spoil to the
excavation edge
Place spoils so rainwater
runs away from the
excavation
Place spoil well away
from the excavation
79. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 79
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Water accumulation
Oxygen deficiency
Toxic fumes
Access/Egress
Falls
Mobile equipment
Other Excavation Hazards
80. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 80
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Means of Egress
A stairway,
ladder, or ramp
must be present
in excavations
that are 4 or
more feet deep,
and within 25
feet of the
employees
This ladder does not meet the
requirements of the standard
The ladder should extend 3 feet
above the excavation
81. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 81
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
These two ladders
which are lashed
together are not an
adequate means of
egress
The ladder should
extend 3 feet above
the top of the
excavation
Access and Egress
82. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 82
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Excavations
Guard excavations
more than 6 feet deep
when they are not
readily seen because
of plant growth or
other visual barriers
In addition to needing
guarding, this
excavation is not
properly shored
83. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 83
Before beginning excavation:
Evaluate soil conditions
Construct protective
systems
Test for low oxygen,
hazardous fumes and
toxic gases
Fissure
Site Evaluation Planning
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
84. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 84
Before beginning excavation
(contd…):
Provide safe in and out
access
Contact utilities
Determine the safety
equipment needed Fissure
Site Evaluation Planning
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
85. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 85
• The greatest risk in an excavation is a
cave-in.
• Employees can be protected through
sloping, shielding, and shoring the
excavation.
• A competent person is responsible to
inspect the excavation.
• Other excavation hazards include water
accumulation, oxygen deficiency, toxic
fumes, falls, and mobile equipment.
Summary
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
87. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 87
Falls are the leading cause of deaths in the
construction industry.
Most fatalities occur when employees fall from open-
sided floors and through floor openings.
Falls from as little as 4 to 6 feet can cause serious
lost-time accidents and sometimes death.
Open-sided floors and platforms 6 feet or more in
height must be guarded.
Falls in Construction
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
89. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 89
This presentation will discuss:
•The working conditions that
prompt use of fall protection
•Options that are available to
protect workers from falls
Fall Protection
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
90. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 90
At the end of this topic, you will be able to:
•List at least four methods of fall
protection available for protecting workers
•State the main criteria that prompts use
of fall protection for construction workers
Fall Protection
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
92. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 92
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Personal Fall Arrest Systems
• You must be trained how to properly use PFAS.
• PFAS = anchorage, lifeline and body harness.
93. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 93
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Safety Line
Anchorages
Must be independent
of any platform
anchorage and
capable of supporting
at least 5,000 lbs. per
worker
94. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 94
Fall protection systems and work practices
must be in place before you start work.
Lanyards and PFAS in use
FallProtectionPlanning
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
95. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 95
Top rails between 39 and 45 inches tall
Toeboards at least 3 1/2 inches high
Top Rail
Mid- Rail
Toeboard
Guardrails
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
96. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 96
Place as close as possible, but no more than
30 feet below where employees work
SafetyNets
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
97. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 97
Walkways &
ramps
Open sides &
edges
Holes
Concrete forms &
rebar
Excavations
Roofs
Wall openings
Bricklaying
Residential
Construction
When Fall Protection is Needed
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
98. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 98
Guard ramps, runways, and other walkways
WalkwaysandRamps MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
99. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 99
In residential construction, you must be
protected if you can fall more than 6 feet
Fall Protection -Residential Construction
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
101. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 101
Sides&Edges-
This 1/4" nylon rope alone is not a proper
way to guard this open floor
ImproperGuarding
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
102. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 102
• Holes more than 6 feet high must be protected
• This opening could be made safe by using a
guardrail, or strong cover
Sky Lights and Other Openings
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
103. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 103
• Cover completely and securely
• If no cover, can guard with a guardrail
FloorHoles
Improperly
Covered
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
104. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 104
• Use PFAS when working on formwork or rebar
• Cover or cap protruding rebar
Concrete
Formsand
Rebar
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
105. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 105
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
If you work on roofs and can fall
more than 6 feet, you must be protected
Roofs
106. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 106
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
If you work near wall openings 6 feet or more above
lower levels you must be protected from falling
WallOpenings
Wall opening
107. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 107
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
• Install barricades
• Use hand / mechanical signals
• Grade soil away from excavation
• Fence or barricade trenches left overnight
• Use a flagger when signs, signals and
barricades are not enough protection
Protection from Falls, Falling Loads, and
Mobile Equipment
108. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 108
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
The ends of this scaffold
are not properly guarded
Can use PFAS instead of
guardrails on some
scaffolds
Use PFAS & guardrails on
suspension scaffolds
Use PFAS on erectors and
dismantlers where
feasible
Fall Protection
Requirements
109. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 109
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Fall Object Protection
Wear hardhats
Barricade area below scaffold to
forbid entry into that area
Use panels or screens if material
is stacked higher than the
toeboard
Build a canopy or erect a net
below the scaffold that will
contain or deflect falling objects
110. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 110
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Fall Hazards
Fall may occur
While climbing on
or off the scaffold
Working on
unguarded scaffold
platforms
When scaffold
platforms or planks
fail
111. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 111
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Summary
If you can fall more than 6 feet, you
must be protected
Use fall protection on:
walkways & ramps, open sides &
edges, holes, concrete forms & rebar,
excavations, roofs, wall openings,
bricklaying, residential construction
Protective measures include guardrails,
covers, safety nets, and Personal Fall
Arrest Systems
113. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 113
Safety speed restrictions must be imposed.
The vehicles should not be overloaded
Speed restrictions should be imposed.
The ruling gradient which the vehicle can
negotiate should be known to the driver.
Near excavated trenches proper barricading
must be done to prevent vehicles going too
close.
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
114. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 114
Contd….
Collision of trucks with existing equipment
power lines and other line.
To effect perfect coordination the routes for
plying vehicle should be laid down and by joint
consultations could be get implemented
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
115. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 115
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Protection from Vehicles
• Install barricades
• Hand/mechanical signals
• Stop logs
• Grade soil away from
excavation
• Fence or barricade
trenches left overnight
116. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 116
A trench shield
was built around
this work area
Trench Shield
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
117. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 117
• Using hydraulic jacks the
operator can easily drop
the system into the hole
• Once in place, hydraulic
pressure is increased to
keep the forms in place
• Trench pins are installed
in case of hydraulic
failure
Hydraulic Trench Support
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
119. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 119
Hazardous
Conditions
The weight and
vibrations of the
crane make this a
very hazardous
condition.
They should not
be working under
this crane.
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
120. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 120
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Note that these workers are not
wearing hardhats to protect them
from materials falling into the trench
Water is
Hazardous
When water is
present in an
excavation it is
extremely hazardous
to enter
121. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 121
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
These workers must be protected from cave-in. Note the water
in the bottom of the trench. This is a very hazardous condition!
Water = Cave-in
Hazard
122. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 122
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Test excavations more
than 4 feet before an
employee enters the
excavation for:
Oxygen deficiency
High combustible gas
concentration
High levels of other
hazardous substances
Hazardous Atmosphere
124. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 124
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Perimeter Fencing, Enclosures, signs.
Spotters Provided for in-the-blind,
backing machines and/or equipment.
Poor Planing Forces Workers to Commit
Unsafe Acts! (office trailers, change
trailers, haul roads, parking areas).
Be Alert; Stay Clear; Hear Warnings.
Temporary Barricades around Hazards.
HAZARD PREVENTION and
CONTROLS
125. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 125
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
DIRECT PARTICIPANTS: Need to be on site
Foremen, Supervisors and other related contractor staff.
Surveyors, Rodmen, Layout Crews.
Mechanics and oilers.
Any other Craft and/or Trade working
On the project, or passing through the work
areas.
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE
OPERATING.
126. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 126
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
DIRECT PARTICIPANTS: Need to be on site
Signal Persons, Observers, Flaggers, Grade Checkers,
Dump Persons.
Equipment Operators, Teamsters.
Laborers, Iron Workers and Carpenters.
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR, WHILE
OPERATING.
127. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 127
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR NEAR,
WHILE OPERATING.
PARTICIPANTS WHO NEED TO BE ON SITE: (On a
Periodic Basis)
Delivery Trucks, Service Providers,
Concrete Mixers, Pump Trucks.
Contracted Services; Crane Rental, Concrete Saw Cutting,
Port-to-let Service Persons,
Roach Coach Drivers, Trash Removal Vehicles..
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
128. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 128
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Architects and Engineers, Inspectors,
Client’s Staff/Owner’s Reps.
Engineering Service Providers: Concrete Testing,
Compaction Testing,
Vendor Sales Personnel or Product Installation
Specialist(s).
Other Utility Service Providers & Locators: Phone, Gas.
Electric, Water, Sewer, Cable, etc.
Transportation Industry; Trucking, Buses,
Taxicabs, First-Aider, Ambulance/Emergency Vehicle.
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
129. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 129
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
NON-PARTICIPANTS, NO DIRECT NEED TO BE ON
SITE:
Environmentalists independently reviewing compliance
with Laws/Restrictions..
Scavengers, Wood collectors, Junk Collectors, Dumpster
Divers.
Lawyers, Investigators, Thieves, Burglars and Law
Breakers.
The Media etc.
PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR
NEAR, WHILE OPERATING
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
130. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 130
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
NON-PARTICIPANTS, NO DIRECT NEED TO BE ON
SITE:
Pedestrians, Spectators, On-lookers, Sidewalk
Superintendents.
Children (of all ages).
Job Seekers, (all types).
Joggers, Bicycle Riders, Skate Boarders, Walkers.
PERSONS AT RISK AROUND, OR
NEAR, WHILE OPERATING
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
131. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 131
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
CATERPILLAR STATES:
Clear all Personnel from the Machine and the
Area.
The Operator Must be Satisfied that No One will
be Endangered Before Moving the Machine.
Look Behind Machine Before Backing.
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
RECOMMENDATIONS
132. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 132
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
HAZARD PREVENTION AND
CONTROLS (Continue)
Have a Signalman Present when Moving In
or Out of a Building (or structure).
Stop Machine Frequently at Night, Walk
Around and Inspect Machine, Stay Alert.
Clear All Obstacles from the Path of the
Machine, Beware of Hazards such as Wires,
Ditches, etc..
RECOMMENDATIONS
135. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 135
What Is A Scaffold?
An elevated, temporary work
platform
Three basic types:
Supported scaffolds -- platforms
supported by rigid, load bearing
members, such as poles, legs,
frames, & outriggers
Suspended scaffolds --
platforms suspended by ropes or
other non-rigid, overhead support
Aerial Lifts -- such as “cherry
pickers” or “boom trucks”
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
136. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 136
SCAFFOLDS HAZARDS
• Falls from elevation – caused
by slipping, unsafe access, and
the lack of fall protection
• Struck by falling tools / debris
• Electrocution – from overhead
power lines
• Scaffold collapse - caused by
instability or overloading
• Bad planking giving way
Employees working on scaffolds are
exposed to these hazards:
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
137. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 137
Scaffold Support Examples
Good support Inadequate support –
in danger of collapse?
Base
plate
Mud sills
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
138. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 138
Essential Elements of
Safe
Scaffold Construction
• Use appropriate
scaffold construction
methods
• Proper scaffold access
• Properly use a
competent person
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
139. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 139
Scaffold Platform Construction
Platforms must:
• be fully planked or
decked with no
more than 1 inch
gaps
• be able to support
its weight & 4
times maximum
load
• be at least 18
inches wide
This is not a properly
constructed scaffold
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
140. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 140
Each abutted end of
plank must rest on a
separate support
surface
No large gaps in front
edge of platforms
Overlap platforms at
least 12 inches over
supports, unless
restrained to prevent
movement
Scaffold Platform Construction
Planks not properly
overlapped
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
141. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 141
Scaffold Platform Construction
• No paint on wood platforms
• Use scaffold grade wood
• Fully planked between front
upright and guardrail support
• Component pieces used must
match and be of the same type
• Erect on stable and level ground
• Lock wheels and braces
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
142. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 142
Scaffold Height
The height of the
scaffold should
not be more than
four times its
minimum base
dimension
unless guys,
ties, or braces
are used
20’
5’
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
143. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 143
Supported Scaffolds
Platforms supported by legs,
outrigger beams, brackets,
poles, uprights, posts, &
frames
Restrain from tipping by
guys, ties, or braces
Scaffold poles, legs, posts,
frames, and uprights must be
on base plates and mud sills
or other firm foundation
This support is not adequate!
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
144. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 144
Proper Scaffold Access
Provide access when scaffold
platforms are more than 2 feet
above or below a point of access
Permitted types of access:
Ladders, such as portable,
hook-on, attachable, stairway
type, and built-ins
Stair towers
Ramps and walkways
May use building stairs and come
out window
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
145. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 145
Scaffold Access
• No access by
crossbraces
• When using
ladders, bottom
rung no more than
24 inches high
• Can use some end
frames
• Can access from
another scaffold,
structure or hoist
End Frame
Do not access
by crossbraces
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
146. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 146
Suspension Scaffolds
Train employees to recognize
hazards
Secure/tie to prevent swaying
Support devices must rest on
surfaces that can support four
times the load
Platforms suspended by ropes or
wires. Rope must be capable of
supporting 6 times the load
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
147. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 147
Suspension Scaffolds (contd…)
Competent person:
evaluate connections to ensure
the supporting surfaces can
support load
inspect ropes for defects
before shift
PFAS must have anchors
independent of the scaffold
support system
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
148. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 148
Moving Scaffolds
Employees can’t be on a moving
scaffold unless:
• Surface is level
• Height to base ratio is 2 to 1
• Outriggers are installed on
both sides of scaffolds
Employees can’t be on scaffold
part beyond the wheels
Competent person must be on
site to supervise
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
149. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 149
Don’t use Shore or Lean-to Scaffolds
Shore scaffold
supported scaffold
which is placed
against a building
or structure and
held in place with
props
Lean-to scaffold
supported scaffold
which is kept erect
by tilting it toward
and resting it
against a building
or structure
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
150. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 150
Using Scaffolds
Don’t work on snow or
ice covered platforms or
during storms or high
winds
Use tag lines on
swinging loads
Protect suspension
ropes from heat & acid A covered scaffold has special
wind load considerations
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
151. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 151
Overhand Bricklaying
from Supported Scaffolds
A guardrail or personal
fall arrest system is
required on all sides
except the side
where the work is
being done
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
152. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 152
Competent Person
Person capable of identifying and
promptly correcting hazards
Determines if it’s safe to work on
a scaffold during storms or high
winds
Trains workers to recognize
hazards
Selects qualified workers to
conduct work
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
153. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 153
Scaffold Inspection
Competent person
inspects scaffolds for
visible defects before
each shift and after
any alterations
Defective parts must
be immediately
repaired Deformed bearer
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
154. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 154
Scaffold Erection
Scaffolds can only be
erected, moved,
dismantled or altered
under the supervision
of a competent
person
Competent person
selects & directs
these workers and
determines the
feasibility of fall
protection
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
155. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 155
Avoid the Main Hazards of Scaffolds
Falls from
elevation
Bad planking
Scaffold collapse
Getting struck by falling
tools or debris
Electrocution
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
156. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 156
Summary
Use appropriate scaffold construction
methods
Erect, move, or alter scaffold properly
Protect from falling objects or tools
Ensure stable access
Use a competent person
Train on scaffold construction and the hazards
involved with scaffolds
Inspect scaffold before each shift and after
alterations
Determine fall protection requirements
Remember to:
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
157. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 157
Install along open sides &
ends
Front edge of platforms not
more than 14 inches from
the work, unless using
guardrails and/or PFAS
Top rails - 38 to 45 inches
tall
Midrails halfway between
toprail and platform
Toeboards at least 3-1/2
inches high
Guardrails
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
158. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 158
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
The training is to teach you:
How to recognize hazards
How to minimize hazards
The training must cover:
Fall hazards
Fall protection systems
Use of fall protection devices
Training
Employers must provide fall protection training
159. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 159
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Training Requirement
Train employees on scaffold
hazards and procedures to
control the hazards
The training must include:
Nature of electrical, fall,
and falling object hazards
How to deal with electrical
hazards and fall protection
systems
Proper use of the scaffold
Scaffold load capacities
Retrain as necessary
160. 08/06/15
IIMSHE 160
MIS-004 PGDM 1st semester
SAFETY IN CONSTRUCTION
Training Erectors
Train employees involved in
erecting, disassembling,
moving, operating,
repairing, maintaining, or
inspecting a scaffold to
recognize its hazards and
the correct procedures to
use
Falls and Equipment
To protect employees from these hazards, OSHA requires the employer to take the following precautions:
• Keep materials or equipment that might fall or roll into an excavation at least 2 feet from the edge of excavations, or have retaining devices, or both.
• Provide warning systems such as mobile equipment, barricades, hand or mechanical signals, or stop logs, to alert operators of the edge of an excavation. If possible, keep the grade away from the excavation.
• Provide scaling to remove loose rock or soil or install protective barricades and other equivalent protection to protect employees against falling rock, soil, or materials.
• Prohibit employees from working on faces of sloped or benched excavations at levels above other employees unless employees at lower levels are adequately protected from the hazard of falling, rolling, or sliding material or equipment.
• Prohibit employees under loads that are handled by lifting or digging equipment. To avoid being struck by any spillage or falling materials, require employees to stand away from vehicles being loaded or unloaded. If cabs of vehicles provide adequate protection from falling loads during loading and unloading operations, the operators may remain in them.
Reference 1926.650
Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.
Shoring (shoring system) -- a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.
Reference 1926.650
Shield (shield system) -- a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect employees with the structure. Shields can be permanent structure or can be designed to be portable and moved along as work progresses. Also known as trench box or trench shield.
Shoring (shoring system) -- a structure such as a metal hydraulic, mechanical or timber shoring system that supports the sides of an excavation and which is designed to prevent cave-ins.
Sloping (sloping system) -- protects employees from cave-ins by excavating to form sides of an excavation that are inclined away from the excavation to prevent cave-ins. The angle of incline varies with differences in such factors as the soil type, environmental conditions of exposure, and application of surcharge loads.
Reference 1926.652(a)
Protective system – a method of protecting employees from cave-ins, from material that could fall or roll from an excavation face or into an excavation, or from the collapse of adjacent structures. Protective systems include support systems, sloping and benching systems, shield systems, and other systems that provide the necessary protection.
Several factors come into play when developing a total “protective system”. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.
Several factors come into play when developing a total “protective system”. The design of of the system itself, how materials and equipment are handled in and around the excavation, and installation and removal of protective system components.
Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)
Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.
Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic.
Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.
Reference 1926.652, 1926.652(b), 1926.652(c)
Benching -- excavating the sides of an excavation to form one or a series of horizontal levels or steps, usually with vertical or near-vertical surfaces between levels.
Shoring or shielding is used when the location or depth of the cut makes sloping back to the maximum allowable slope impractical. There are two basic types of shoring, timber and aluminum hydraulic.
Trench boxes (shielding) are different from shoring because instead of supporting the trench face, they are mostly serve to protect workers from cave-ins. The excavated area between the outside of the trench box and the face of the trench should be as small as possible. The space between the trench box and the excavation side may be backfilled (or other means may be used) to prevent lateral movement of the box. Shields may not be subjected to loads exceeding those which the system was designed to withstand. Trench boxes may be used in combination with sloping and benching.
Instructor note: OSHA Standard Exemptions:
House foundation/basement excavations (including those that become trenches by definition when formwork, foundations, or walls are constructed) are exempt from the OSHA standard. The specific information regarding the interpretation of this exemption may be found on the OSHA public web site. Reference 29 CFR 1926.652.
The exemption specifies height and width for the excavation, impact of water and environmental conditions, soil and equipment factors, and operation of heavy equipment in the vicinity.
Reference 1926.652(a) and 1926.652(c)(1)
Designs for aluminum hydraulic shoring shall be in accordance with paragraph (c)(2), but if manufacturer's tabulated data cannot be utilized, designs shall be in accordance with appendix D.
Employees exposed to potential cave-ins must be protected by sloping or benching the sides of the excavation, by supporting the sides of the excavation, or by placing a shield between the side of the excavation and the work area.
1926 Subpart P Appendix D Aluminum Hydraulic Shoring for Trenches
Contains information that can be used when aluminum hydraulic shoring is provided as a method of protection against cave-ins in trenches that are not more than 20 feet deep.
Reference 1926.652(a) and (b) and (c)
1926.652(c)
The employer or his designee must select and construct designs of support systems, shield systems, and other protective systems
Trenches more than 5 feet require shoring or must have a stabilized slope
Trenches less than 5 feet - a competent person must inspect to determine that a protection system is not necessary in soils where there is no indication of a potential cave-in
In hazardous soil conditions trenches under 5 feet need protection
Reference 1926.651(k)
Daily inspections of excavations, the adjacent areas, and protective systems shall be made by a competent person for evidence of a situation that could result in possible cave-ins, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions. An inspection shall be conducted by the competent person prior to the start of work and as needed throughout the shift. Inspections shall also be made after every rainstorm or other hazard increasing occurrence. These inspections are only required when employee exposure can be reasonably anticipated.
Reference 1926.651(k)
(2) Where the competent person finds evidence of a situation that could result in a possible cave-in, indications of failure of protective systems, hazardous atmospheres, or other hazardous conditions, exposed employees shall be removed from the hazardous area until the necessary precautions have been taken to ensure their safety.
Reference 1926.652(a)
Each employee in an excavation shall be protected from cave-ins by an adequate protective system except when:
Excavations are made entirely in stable rock; or
Excavations are less than 5 feet in depth and examination of the ground by a competent person provides no indication of a potential cave-in.
Protective systems shall have the capacity to resist without failure all loads that are intended or could reasonably be expected to be applied or transmitted to the system.
Reference 1926.652(b) Design of sloping and benching systems.
The following concerns must be addressed by a competent person:
Evaluate soil conditions [1926 Subpart P Appendix A] and select appropriate protective systems [1926 Subpart P Appendix F].
Construct protective systems in accordance with the standard requirements [1926.652].
Preplan; contact utilities (gas, electric) to locate underground lines, plan for traffic control if necessary, determine proximity to structures that could affect choice of protective system.
Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases, especially when gasoline engine-driven equipment is running, or the dirt has been contaminated by leaking lines or storage tanks. Insure adequate ventilation or respiratory protection if necessary.
Provide safe access into and out of the excavation.
Provide appropriate protections if water accumulation is a problem.
Inspect the site daily at the start of each shift, following a rainstorm, or after any other hazard-increasing event.
Keep excavations open the minimum amount of time needed to complete operations.
Surface crossing of trenches should not be made unless absolutely necessary. However, if necessary, they are only permitted under the following conditions:
-- Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the supervision of a registered professional engineer.
-- Walkways or bridges must:
-- have a minimum clear width of 20 inches,
-- be fitted with standard rails, and
-- extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge of the trench.
The following concerns must be addressed by a competent person:
Evaluate soil conditions [1926 Subpart P Appendix A] and select appropriate protective systems [1926 Subpart P Appendix F].
Construct protective systems in accordance with the standard requirements [1926.652].
Preplan; contact utilities (gas, electric) to locate underground lines, plan for traffic control if necessary, determine proximity to structures that could affect choice of protective system.
Test for low oxygen, hazardous fumes and toxic gases, especially when gasoline engine-driven equipment is running, or the dirt has been contaminated by leaking lines or storage tanks. Insure adequate ventilation or respiratory protection if necessary.
Provide safe access into and out of the excavation.
Provide appropriate protections if water accumulation is a problem.
Inspect the site daily at the start of each shift, following a rainstorm, or after any other hazard-increasing event.
Keep excavations open the minimum amount of time needed to complete operations.
Surface crossing of trenches should not be made unless absolutely necessary. However, if necessary, they are only permitted under the following conditions:
-- Vehicle crossings must be designed by and installed under the supervision of a registered professional engineer.
-- Walkways or bridges must:
-- have a minimum clear width of 20 inches,
-- be fitted with standard rails, and
-- extend a minimum of 24 inches past the surface edge of the trench.
The issues of how to provide fall protection for employees at construction sites are difficult ones. There are so many different types of work and so many different kinds of fall hazards that it is not possible to organize fall protection into a neat set of rules that fit all situations. OSHA reflects this difficulty when it places its rules for fall protection in several different subparts in the Construction Standards, depending primarily on the nature of the work being undertaken. There are separate locations, for example, for fall protection during work on scaffolds, during work on certain cranes and derricks, during work in tunnels, during work on stairways and ladders, during steel erection, etc.
The issues of how to provide fall protection for employees at construction sites are difficult ones. There are so many different types of work and so many different kinds of fall hazards that it is not possible to organize fall protection into a neat set of rules that fit all situations. OSHA reflects this difficulty when it places its rules for fall protection in several different subparts in the Construction Standards, depending primarily on the nature of the work being undertaken. There are separate locations, for example, for fall protection during work on scaffolds, during work on certain cranes and derricks, during work in tunnels, during work on stairways and ladders, during steel erection, etc.
The issues of how to provide fall protection for employees at construction sites are difficult ones. There are so many different types of work and so many different kinds of fall hazards that it is not possible to organize fall protection into a neat set of rules that fit all situations. OSHA reflects this difficulty when it places its rules for fall protection in several different subparts in the Construction Standards, depending primarily on the nature of the work being undertaken. There are separate locations, for example, for fall protection during work on scaffolds, during work on certain cranes and derricks, during work in tunnels, during work on stairways and ladders, during steel erection, etc.
The issues of how to provide fall protection for employees at construction sites are difficult ones. There are so many different types of work and so many different kinds of fall hazards that it is not possible to organize fall protection into a neat set of rules that fit all situations. OSHA reflects this difficulty when it places its rules for fall protection in several different subparts in the Construction Standards, depending primarily on the nature of the work being undertaken. There are separate locations, for example, for fall protection during work on scaffolds, during work on certain cranes and derricks, during work in tunnels, during work on stairways and ladders, during steel erection, etc.
Reference 1926.501(b)(1)
General rule: If an employee can fall six feet or more onto a lower level, fall protection must be provided.
What type of fall protection will I need?
In most cases, a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system must be used. In some cases fences, barricades, covers, equipment guards or a controlled access zone may be used.
Employees must be protected not just from falling off a surface, but from falling through holes and from having objects fall on them from above.
Reference 1926.501(b)(1)
General rule: If an employee can fall six feet or more onto a lower level, fall protection must be provided.
What type of fall protection will I need?
In most cases, a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system must be used. In some cases fences, barricades, covers, equipment guards or a controlled access zone may be used.
Employees must be protected not just from falling off a surface, but from falling through holes and from having objects fall on them from above.
Reference 1926.501(b)(1)
General rule: If an employee can fall six feet or more onto a lower level, fall protection must be provided.
What type of fall protection will I need?
In most cases, a guardrail system, a safety net system, or a personal fall arrest system must be used. In some cases fences, barricades, covers, equipment guards or a controlled access zone may be used.
Employees must be protected not just from falling off a surface, but from falling through holes and from having objects fall on them from above.
Reference 1926 Subpart M App C
An employer may use a variety of fall protection systems to protect employees. These systems must meet OSHA requirements. The competent person must make frequent and regular inspections, as required, to determine if these systems meet OSHA requirements before employees rely on these systems. More detail may be found in 29 CFR 1926.502.
Employers engaged in leading edge work, precast concrete erection work, or residential construction work who can demonstrate that it is infeasible or it creates a greater hazard to use conventional fall protection equipment may develop a fall protection plan that provides other measures to be taken to reduce or eliminate fall hazards for workers. Fall protection plans must conform to OSHA provisions and be prepared by a qualified person. Although a fall protection is required, it does not have to written, nor does it have to be site specific. Fall protection plans must identify locations where conventional fall protection methods cannot be used and set up controlled access zones and any necessary safety monitoring systems.
See STD 3-0.1A
Reference 1926.502(b) and 1926.502(j)
How do guardrail systems protect me from falling?
Guardrail systems provide a barrier to protect the employee from falling:
Top edge of the guardrail must be 39-45 inches above the walking/working level.
There must also be protection from falling between the top rail and the walking/working surface. Midrails, screens, mesh, or intermediate vertical members may be used for this protection. There are specific requirements for their installation.
The protective barriers must be strong enough to support a falling employee. Wood, chain and wire rope may be used for top rails and midrails.
Reference 1926.502(c)
How do safety net systems protect me?
Safety net systems catch the employee if he/she does fall. The safety nets:
Must be strong enough to support a falling employee;
Must have sufficiently small mesh openings so the employee cannot fall through the net;
Must be close enough to the surface of the walking/working surface so that the fall into the safety net will not still injure the employee (never more than 30 feet below the walking/working level);
Must be close enough to the edge of the working surface (the outer edge of the net between 8-13 feet from the edge of the walking/working surface, depending on the distance to the walking/working surface) so that the falling employee will not slip past the net.
Where should I expect fall protection to be provided?
When an employee is on a walking/working surface that has an unprotected edge.
When an employee is constructing a leading edge.
When an employee may fall through a hole in the walking/working surface.
When an employee is working on the face of formwork or reinforcing steel.
When employees are on ramps, runways and other walkways.
When employees are working at the edge of an excavation, well, pit, or shaft.
When employees are working above dangerous equipment (even employees working less than six feet over dangerous equipment must be protected).
When an employee is performing overhand bricklaying and related work.
When an employee is performing roofing work.
When an employee is engaging in precast concrete erection (with certain exceptions).
When an employee is engaged in residential construction (with certain exceptions).
Reference 1926.501(b)(6)
Ramps, runways, and other walkways must be protected by guardrail systems when employees can fall 6 feet or more.
The walking/working surface must be strong enough to support employees safely. If not, employees may not work on the surface. This knowledge will be gained during frequent and regular inspections made, as required, by competent persons designated by the employer.
Reference 1926.501(b)(13)
This is correct for activities not covered by STD 3-0.1A
All other activities – refer to STD 3-0.1A, Interim Fall Protection Guidelines for Residential Construction
Reference 1926.501(b)(1)
Reference 1926.502(b)
What’s wrong with this?
¼ inch rope is allowed, but it must meet the criteria of 1926.502(b)(3), etc.
no midrail
no toeboards
- sagging is not allowed
Reference 1926.501(b)(4)(i), 1926.501(b)(10), 1926.501(b)(11), and 1926.502(i)
Covers must be:
-- able to support at least twice the weight of employees, equipment, and materials that may be imposed on them at one time.
-- secured to prevent accidental displacement from wind, equipment, or workers’ activities.
-- color coded or bear the markings “HOLE” or “COVER.”
Holes - 1926.501(b)(4):
Personal fall arrest systems, covers, or guardrail systems shall be erected around holes (including skylights) that are more than 6 feet above lower levels.
NOTE – All floor holes must be protected against slips/trips – even if less than 6 feet
Reference 1926.501(b)(4)
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
Reference1926.452(g) and 1926.701(b)
Employees on a form scaffold can be exposed to falls of less than 10 feet.
1926.501, covers employees working on whalers.
In addition to the unprotected trench, a cave-in hazard is increased by machinery which gets too close.
Even normal vehicular traffic, such as that along an adjacent interstate or road through an industrial part may impact an excavation. The vibrations from continuous or heavy traffic may undermine the soil and cause a cave-in.
Reference 1926.651(j)(2)
Protect employees from materials or equipment that could fall or roll into excavations.
You may also use retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations
Reference 1926.651(j)(2)
Protect employees from materials or equipment that could fall or roll into excavations.
You may also use retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations
Reference 1926.651(j)(2)
Protect employees from materials or equipment that could fall or roll into excavations.
You may also use retaining devices that are sufficient to prevent materials or equipment from falling or rolling into excavations
Duty to have fall protection.
OSHA requires employees to provide fall protections systems that must meet certain criteria:
Walking and working surfaces must have sufficient strength and structural integrity to support employees safely.
Employers must provide protection to employees working in areas with unprotected sides or edges 6 feet or more above a lower level.
Specific types of protection are required in work areas with leading edges, in hoist areas, in work areas with holes, ramps, runways, and other walkways, in areas where excavations are being conducted, where dangerous equipment is being used, during overhand bricklaying, in roofing, in precast concrete erection, in residential construction, and in work areas with wall openings.
Hard hats are required when workers may be exposed to falling objects.
Other requirements include either
use of toeboards, screens or guardrail systems; or
use of a canopy structure; or
barricading area to which objects could fall and prohibiting employees from entrance.
1926 Subpart L - Scaffolding
This presentation is designed to assist trainers conducting OSHA 10-hour Construction Industry outreach training for workers. Since workers are the target audience, this presentation emphasizes hazard identification, avoidance, and control – not standards. No attempt has been made to treat the topic exhaustively. It is essential that trainers tailor their presentations to the needs and understanding of their audience.
This presentation is not a substitute for any of the provisions of the Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 or for any standards issued by the U.S. Department of Labor. Mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Department of Labor.
This standard applies to all construction employees and employers who work on, under, or in close proximity to scaffolding and aerial lifts. Employees erecting and dismantling scaffolds also are covered.
General References:
OSHA Publication 3150, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry:
www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf
OSHA Construction Scaffolding eCAT
www.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding_ecat/index.html
Supported scaffold - one or more platforms supported by outrigger beams, brackets, poles, legs, uprights, posts, frames, or similar rigid support.
Suspension scaffold - one or more platforms suspended by ropes or other non-rigid means from an overhead structure(s)
Aerial lifts – Vehicle-mounted devices used to get a worker to an elevated position, — referred to as “cherry pickers” or “boom trucks”
About 2 of every three construction workers (2.3 million) work on scaffolds frequently.
Protecting these workers from scaffold-related accidents would prevent 4,500 injuries and 50 deaths every year, at a savings of $90 million in workdays not lost.
See the Scaffolding Technical Links page - www.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding/index.html
Cinder blocks or other similar materials should not be used to support a scaffold because they could be crushed.
Any time there is inadequate support, improper construction or a shift in the components of the scaffold (including the base upon which the structure is built), there is danger of collapse.
Reference 1926.451(b) and (a)
How wide does the work area need to be on scaffolding?
Each scaffold platform and walkway must be at least 18 inches wide.
When the work area is less than 18 inches wide, guardrails and/or personal fall arrest systems must be used.
Employees on a walkway located within a scaffold must be protected by a guardrail system installed within 9 1/2 inches of and along at least one side of the walkway.
Planking should be graded and marked as scaffold planking.
Reference 1926.451(b)
Front edge of all platforms
- No more than 14" from the face of the work
- 3" from the face for outrigger scaffolds
- 18" from the face for plastering and lathing operations
Platforms 10' and less to extend at least 6" but not more than 12" past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly
Platforms greater than 10' no more than 18" past support unless designed and installed and/or guarded properly
Reference 1926.451(b)
Identification paint may be used on the edges of the wooden planks.
Do not use dissimilar metals in scaffold assembly
Reference 1926.451(c)
Framed squares made of metal or wood, usually assembled on site
The structural members: poles, legs, posts, frames, and uprights must be plumb and braced to prevent swaying and displacement.
Supported scaffolds with a height to base width ratio of more than 4:1 must be restrained by guying, tying, bracing, or an equivalent means.
How can one prevent supported scaffolding from tipping?
Either the manufacturers’ recommendation or the following placements must be used for guys, ties, and braces:
• Install guys, ties, or braces at the closest horizontal member to the 4:1 height and repeat vertically with the top restraint no further than the 4:1 height from the top.
• Vertically—every 20 feet or less for scaffolds less than three feet wide; every 26 feet or less for scaffolds more than three feet wide.
• Horizontally—at each end; at intervals not to exceed 30 feet from one end.
1926.451 (e)
Access requirements for employees erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds -- Must have a safe means of access provided when a competent person has determined the feasibility and analyzed the site conditions.
Direct access to or from another surface shall only be used when the scaffold is not more than 14 inches horizontally and 24 inches vertically from the other surface.
Portable, Hook-on, and Attachable Ladders - position to not tip the scaffold.
Hook-on and Attachable Ladders - must be specifically designed for the type of scaffold with which they are used.
Ramps and Walkways - must have guardrails which comply with [1926.502(b)] 1926 Subpart M if more than 6 feet above lower levels.
Stairway-type Ladders and Stair Towers - bottom step no more than 24 inches above the level on which the scaffold is supported.
Built-in Scaffold Ladders - must be specifically designed and constructed for use as ladder rungs.
Reference 1926.451(e)
1926.450(b), 1926.451(a), (d), and (g)
Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.
1926.450(b), 1926.451(a), (d), and (g)
Each suspension rope, including connecting hardware, used on non-adjustable suspension scaffolds shall be capable of supporting, without failure, at least 6 times the maximum intended load applied or transmitted to that rope.
1926.451(f)(5)
Scaffolds shall not be moved horizontally while employees are on them, unless they have been designed by a registered professional engineer specifically for such movement or, for mobile scaffolds, where the provisions of 1926.452(w) are followed.
1926.452(w)(6)
Employees cannot ride on scaffolds unless::
The surface on which the scaffold is being moved is within 3 degrees of level, and free of pits, holes, and obstructions;
The height to base width ratio of the scaffold during movement is two to one or less, unless the scaffold is designed and constructed to meet or exceed nationally recognized stability test requirements
Outrigger frames, when used, are installed on both sides of the scaffold;
When power systems are used, the propelling force is applied directly to the wheels, and does not produce a speed in excess of 1 foot per second;
No employee is on any part of the scaffold which extends outward beyond the wheels, casters, or other supports.
1926.451(f)
Shore scaffold - a supported scaffold which is placed against a building or structure and held in place with props
Lean-to scaffold - a supported scaffold which is kept erect by tilting it toward and resting it against a building or structure
Do not load scaffolds or scaffold components in excess of their maximum intended loads or rated capacities, whichever is less.
Reference 1926.451(f)
1926.451(g)(1)(vi)
1926.451(f)(3), 1926(f)(4)
A competent person must inspect scaffolds and scaffold components for visible defects before each work shift, and after any occurrence which could affect a scaffold's structural integrity.
Any part of a scaffold damaged or weakened such that its strength is less than that required shall be immediately repaired or replaced, braced to meet those provisions, or removed from service until repaired.
1926.451(f)(7)
Activities must be performed by experienced and trained employees selected by the competent person.
1926.451(e)(9) & (g)(2)
When erecting and dismantling supported scaffolds, the competent person must determine the feasibility of providing a safe means of access and fall protection for these operations.
1926.452(c)(6)
Scaffolds over 125 feet high above the base plates must be designed by a registered professional engineer and constructed and loaded per the design.
General References:
OSHA Publication 3150, A Guide to Scaffold Use in the Construction Industry:
www.osha.gov/Publications/osha3150.pdf
OSHA Construction Scaffolding eCAT
www.osha.gov/SLTC/scaffolding_ecat/index.html
Other standards that apply to scaffolds
-- the responsibility to initiate and maintain programs (1926.20(b)(1))
-- exposures to dusts and chemicals (1926.33,1926.55,1926.59,1926.62, & 1926.1101)
-- hand and power tools (1926.300 -.307)
-- electrical (1926.400 -.449)
-- personal fall arrest systems (1926.502)
-- ladders (1926.1050 -.1060)
Reference 1926.451(g)(1), (g)(4), (b)(3), and Appendix A, paragraph 1d.
38 inch minimum guardrail height where guardrail is primary fall protection.
36 inch minimum guardrail height where fall arrest systems are primary fall protection.
Protect from falling between the top rail and surface, by using midrails, screens or mesh.
Protective barriers must be strong enough to support a falling employee. Wood, chain and wire rope may be used for top rails and midrails.
Top rails - 36-48 inches tall when using the crossbracing as the top rail
When crossbracing is used as a midrail, it must be between 20 and 30 inches above the work platform.
Guardrails are not required:
• when the front end of all platforms is less than 14 inches from the face of the work
• when outrigger scaffolds are three inches or less from the front edge
• when employees are plastering and lathing 18 inches or less from the front edge