Resilience By Design: The Future of Coastal Cities

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Just as cities are hubs for innovations and investments that expand opportunities, they are also living laboratories confronting challenges of increasing complexity. They face a wide range of shocks and stresses ranging from natural hazards and climate change, to financial shocks and terrorism; slow-moving chronic stresses like poverty and violence and social conflict. As we consider how cities will adapt to the challenges of the 21st century – both known and unknown – the resilience agenda becomes increasingly important. This presentation highlights the Rockefeller Foundation’s understanding of city resilience, as informed by the RF-Arup City Resilience Framework, as well as its Resilience by Design portfolio, a series of place-based, landscape-scale interventions in U.S. coastal cities to show how we can build resilience with design while working with large federal institutions.

Design Technologie

Resilience
by
Design
The Future of Coastal Cities
Nancy Kete, PhD
The Rockefeller Foundation
3 May 2014

“Cities have the capability of providing
something for everybody, only because,
and only when, they are created by
everybody.”
Jane Jacobs
The Death and Life of Great American Cities
Photo Credit: Rockefeller Foundation

In order to get a grip on it, one
must be able to relate resilience
to other properties that one has
some means of ascertaining,
through observation.
Martin-Breen & Andries
Resilience: A literature review3

Reflective systems are accepting of the inherent and ever-increasing
uncertainty and change in today’s world.
Robust systems include well-conceived, constructed and managed physical
assets.
Redundancy refers to spare capacity purposely created within systems so
that they can accommodate disruption.
Flexibility implies that systems can change, evolve and adapt in response
to changing circumstances.
Resourcefulness implies that people and institutions are able to rapidly find
different ways to achieve their goals or meet their needs during a shock or
when under stress.
Inclusion emphasises the need for broad consultation and engagement of
communities, including the most vulnerable groups.
Integration and alignment between city systems promotes consistency in
decision-making and ensures that all investments are mutually supportive
to a common outcome.
Reflective
Robust
Redundant
Flexible
Resourceful
Inclusive
Integrated

Make no little plans. They have
no magic to stir [people]’s blood
and probably will not be realized.
Make big plans. Aim high in hope
and work.
Daniel Burnham,
Chicago Architect

Hurricane Katrina: Aug. 9, 2005 Hurricane Sandy: Oct. 28, 2012
Photo Credit: NOAA Satellite Images

Change Paradigms
Pave, pipe, pump and prevent
• Allowed urbanization of delta and
coastal cities
• Unintended consequences of
increased risks of devastating floods,
subsidence, climate change, social
isolation and inequality, ecological
damage
Living with Water
• Adopt multiple lines of defense
• Increase long term safety by making
room for water
• Create new economic and
development opportunities with safe,
attractive waterways and water
infrastructure
• Improve quality of life with water
through capture, re-use, and
retention to integrate healthy water
into public spaces

“Floods are ‘acts of god’ but
flood losses are largely acts
of man”
Gilbert F White, 1942
Photo Credit: Ken Abbott/UCB

Photo Credit: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Changing Course (Video):
http://changingcourse.us/changingcoursevideo/

The Rebuilders – Rebuild by Design (Video):
http://vimeo.com/90825595

We who live in the world’s deltas or on the edges of great oceans
are the most immediate laboratory for innovation and change,
and our success or failure will be the symbol for the world’s
ability to accomplish great things, or not.
But for all coastal cities our future is not just about survival. …
It’s about redemption.
It’s about getting this right, for now and for the generations to
come.
- Cedric Grant
Deputy Mayor, New Orleans

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Electricity is one of the most important drivers of socio-economic development, yet up to 250 million Indians are not connected to the national grid, and the majority of rural consumers have grossly unreliable power supply. More than solar lanterns and home systems that power a few lights and fans, among the most efficient ways to provide reliable electricity in remote areas is through local mini-grids. India has several run by energy service companies and usually funded by philanthropic capital. Most of these enterprises have not been able to scale-up their impact meaningfully because the risk of the national grid entering their markets can render their mini-grid unviable. Rather than seeing “grid versus mini-grid” as a policy choice, Beyond Off-Grid: Integrating Mini-Grids with India’s Evolving Electricity System explores ways we can encourage more of both: to have the grid operate in partnership with a network of distributed mini-grids to accelerate electrification. What does the roadmap for this ‘interconnection’ of our energy system look like? How can we leverage both government and private investment? What are the different interconnection models and their commercial, technical and regulatory implications? Where do mini-grids go from here? This timely report – commissioned by the Asha Impact Trust in collaboration with Shakti Foundation and Rockefeller Foundation – provides a multi-layered perspective to address these questions based on extensive research, wide-ranging policymaker interactions, and our investment experience evaluating mini-grid operators.

Integrating mini grids with india's evolving electricity system may 2017

The Rockefeller Foundation

We cannot achieve significant poverty reduction without stimulating electricity consumption, which fuels income-generating activities in the modern economy. In India, about 237 million people have little or no access to reliable electricity -- more than 90% of them live in rural areas. This severely constrains economic opportunities. Addressing this chronic problem requires going beyond simply expanding the government grid. Mini-grids have emerged as a viable solution to complement and integrate with the national grid, and can support the government in achieving its ‘Power for All’ vision. The Rockefeller Foundation’s Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) initiative is the first to pursue the creation of a mini-grid sector that is robust enough to fuel commercial enterprises and drive economic development beyond just one village. Smart Power India (SPI), which leads the SPRD initiative in India, has proven that mini-grids can be swiftly deployed to deliver reliable power, and has likewise demonstrated that mini-grids can spur economic activity needed to help people lift themselves out of poverty. This issue of Smart Power Connect, published after the hundredth village was connected to Smart Power, explores the efforts, success stories, and challenges faced in SPI’s mini-grid journey to date. With insights from government agencies, policy experts, energy service companies, investors and mini-grid customers themselves, this publication provides a glimpse into the potential of the mini-grids to transform the energy sector – and how rural communities are embracing and utilizing clean, reliable and adequate power to improve their lives.

Smart Power Connect May 2017

The Rockefeller Foundation

Today, nearly 240 million Indians lack access to reliable electricity, and 90 percent of them live in rural areas. Despite the government’s ambitious plans to accelerate universal electrification by 2018, challenges remain in providing reliable and sufficient energy to the last mile. Distributed renewable energy (DRE) solutions, and in particular mini-grids, have emerged as a reliable complement to the government’s electrification programs by providing rural areas with access to reliable and high-quality electricity at a much faster pace. The growth of the DRE sector will be an important fillip to the last-mile challenge. Smart Power India (SPI) is an organization that implements The Rockefeller Foundation’s Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) to build viable and commercially oriented mini-grid ecosystems in India. This report explains the Smart Power mini-grid model and explores the drivers of success. Analyzing early data from a cohort of the 106 Smart Power mini-grids operational as of 2017, SPI provides data on commercial performance as well as recommendations to further accelerate the rural mini-grid business. Encouragingly, the report reveals that the 23 top-cohort plants have an average unit-level profit margin of approximately 30% after the first year of operations. It also highlights that villages receiving electricity from SPRD mini-grids show early signs of social and economic impact (also see Understanding the Impact of Rural Electrification.) SPI has observed that site selection, a strong focus on operations, support for demand generation and marketing optimized for rural customers, are critical to the continued improvement of mini-grid operations. Finally, the report provides recommendations to address external challenges such as the need for increased financing, stronger policy support and further technological innovation.

Expanding Opportunities for Renewable Energy-Based Mini-Grids in Rural India

The Rockefeller Foundation

A successful philanthropic initiative depends not just on the strategy pursued – but also on how that strategy is implemented. Implementation considerations can vary significantly based on the shape of an initiative – starting a new organization can look very different than investing in a portfolio of existing organizations. This report looks at four “models” for implementing initiatives. These don’t represent an exhaustive set of potential models to pursue, or even the most high potential models. Rather, these are four examples of models, each of which has significant potential for impact when chosen wisely and executed well. The report outlines the considerations involved in choosing to pursue each of these models and findings on how to implement them, drawn from real-world experience.

Implementation Models - Synthesis of Findings

The Rockefeller Foundation

Globally, over 1 billion people still live without electricity. Roughly 237 million of these people are in India. Smart Power for Rural Development (SPRD) is a $75 million initiative aimed at accelerating development in India’s least electrified states. Through the deployment of decentralized renewable energy mini-grids, SPRD works to accelerate the growth of rural economies, while at the same time improving the lives and livelihoods of poor and marginalized families and communities. With access to energy, individuals, households, and communities can generate economic opportunities and enhance their quality of life. Understanding the Impact of Rural Electrification has generated significant insights on how SPRD is having an impact on the lives of villagers, and what more is needed to sustain, grow, and scale these gains. We’ve learned that households and businesses are slowly but surely moving up the energy ladder; enterprises are expanding and new ones are being created as a result of energy access, and women are feeling safer and more mobile after dark. In this report, we also introduce the innovative GDP+ approach which, which quantifies and measures the social, economic and environmental gains of access to electricity in GDP terms. The initial findings here show that SPRD villages experienced an $18.50 per capita increase in GDP+.

Smart Power Impact Report

The Rockefeller Foundation

The information in this brief is drawn from a case study of the JLN conducted by Mathematica Policy Research in consultation with the THS team and the Evaluation Office of The Rockefeller Foundation. The study, completed in 2016, was undertaken to assess the extent to which the JLN had achieved its goal of becoming a country-driven, sustainable network helping to advance progress toward universal health coverage in low- and middle-income countries.

THS Joint Learning Network Case Study Brief

The Rockefeller Foundation

The Joint Learning Network (JLN) is a key innovation and central part of The Rockefeller Foundation’s efforts to promote universal health coverage (UHC) in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) under its Transforming Health Systems (THS) initiative (2009-2017). Launched in 2010, the JLN is a country-led, global learning network that connects practitioners around the globe, in order to advance knowledge and learning about approaches to accelerate country progress toward UHC. The JLN currently includes 27 member countries across Africa, Asia, Europe, and Latin America that engage in multilateral workshops, country learning exchanges, and virtual dialogues to share experiences and develop tools to support the design and implementation of UHC-oriented reforms. The core vehicles for shared learning and resource development under the JLN are technical initiatives, which are managed by several technical partners and organized around key levers for reaching UHC objectives.

THS Joint Learning Network Case Study

The Rockefeller Foundation

With 62.5 million tons of food wasted in the United States each year, there is much work to be done to bring about substantial changes in the food industry that will create a more efficient food system and help preserve the environment. This guide describes promising opportunities to reduce food waste in three areas—packaging, food retail, and home kitchens—and discusses a number of solutions that could be piloted, validated, and scaled to significantly reduce food waste in America.

Reducing food waste by changing the way consumers interact with food

The Rockefeller Foundation

Impact hiring survey results

The Rockefeller Foundation

In 2015 The Rockefeller Foundation partnered with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) to launch the National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC) Resilience Academies. Recognizing the salient need to infuse resilience thinking into HUD’s NDRC, these Academies were established to expose state and local governments to new approaches for protecting and promoting the long-term well-being and safety of their communities. A recent independent evaluation of the Academies has provided instructive insights about what works in efforts to build innovative resilience capacity.

National Disaster Resilience Competition's Resilience Academies - Emerging In...

The Rockefeller Foundation

Following its successful partnership with the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development’s (HUD) post–Hurricane Sandy Rebuild by Design competition, The Rockefeller Foundation launched the Resilience Academies and Capacity-Building Initiative. Designed to support HUD’s National Disaster Resilience Competition (NDRC), the Academies and the Initiative provide eligible state, county, and municipal governments with subject-matter expertise and lessons from the Foundation’s years of on-the-ground disaster recovery programming and mitigation planning. Further, the Foundation hoped to assist these key players in moving global knowledge and resources to meet homegrown needs.

NDRC Resilience Academies Evaluation Report 2016

The Rockefeller Foundation

Launched in 2008, the Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network (ACCCRN) Initiative aimed to catalyze attention, funding, and action for building the climate change resilience of vulnerable cities and people in Asia. Given that current estimates forecast that about 55 percent of Asia’s population will be living in urban centers by 2030, the ACCCRN Initiative is built on the premise that cities can take actions to build climate resilience – including drainage and flood management, ecosystem strengthening, increasing awareness, and disease control – which can greatly improve the lives of poor and vulnerable people, not just in times of shock or stress, but every day. At the time the initiative was launched, the concept of urban resilience and models for implementing it were nascent and emergent. ACCCRN proved to be an important experiment and “learning lab” for the Foundation and its grantees and partners to build capacity in cities to better understand and implement resilience solutions to the often devastating shocks and stresses of climate change. The initiative was effective in the initial 10 ACCCRN cities and, later, in an additional 40 cities. As part of our Foundation-wide commitment to learning and accountability to our grantees, partners and stakeholders, we undertook an independent evaluation of the work of the initiative in 2014 to assess what worked well and not so well in ACCCRN. Conducted by Verulam Associates and ITAD, who also conducted a mid-term evaluation of the ACCCRN Initiative in 2011, this summative evaluation highlights successes, but also provides an important moment to reflect on the challenges we faced and on what we can do better or differently going forward.

Asian Cities Climate Change Resilience Network Initiative Final Evaluation

The Rockefeller Foundation

Inclusive Economy Indicators Full Report Dec 2016

The Rockefeller Foundation

As part of its overall mission of promoting the well-being of humanity throughout the world, The Rockefeller Foundation developed the goal of advancing inclusive economies. The framing of this goal is deliberate: the word inclusive stresses the need to overcome disadvantage while the choice of economies versus growth suggests the need to consider all dimensions of economic life. This executive summary outlines efforts to develop a framework to better understand and measure the characteristics of an inclusive economy. It includes: • The evolution of the concept of an inclusive economy • Key lessons learned from an analysis of indicator initiatives related to measuring an inclusive economy • A recommended indicator framework composed of 5 broad characteristics, 15 sub-categories, and 57 indicators • Implications for future work For more details, a full report is available at: inclusiveeconomies.org

Inclusive Economy Indicators Exec Summary

The Rockefeller Foundation

Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact Investing contends that measurement practices need to evolve by borrowing from the strengths of both private business and social sector evaluation. Suggesting that an impact thesis is a crucial anchor for impact measurement strategies, the paper offers several measurement approaches in use today. The ‘next generation’ of impact measurement and evaluation must stem from a commitment of impact investors to strengthen evidence for their social returns alongside the evidence for financial returns.

Situating the Next Generation of Impact Measurement and Evaluation for Impact...

The Rockefeller Foundation

100x25 CEO & Gender Media Audit Infographic

The Rockefeller Foundation

Equity and Inclusive Growth from a Development Perspective is essential reading for development and evaluation practitioners. It provides a concise history and critical examination of the concepts related to growth, poverty, and equity. These three foundational elements of contemporary development theory and practice are at the root of The Rockefeller Foundation’s movement toward advancing inclusive economies and building resilience. The paper offers many insights about the measurement and evaluation of programs. It illuminates the debate surrounding ways to assess well-being beyond GDP. It covers the many ways to approach the measurement of poverty and the most commonly used indexes. Finally, it examines the important distinction between equity and equality and the policy implications of pursuing equity.

Equity and inclusive growth background paper - sept 2016

The Rockefeller Foundation

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Resilience By Design: The Future of Coastal Cities

1. Resilience by Design The Future of Coastal Cities Nancy Kete, PhD The Rockefeller Foundation 3 May 2014

2. “Cities have the capability of providing something for everybody, only because, and only when, they are created by everybody.” Jane Jacobs The Death and Life of Great American Cities Photo Credit: Rockefeller Foundation

3. In order to get a grip on it, one must be able to relate resilience to other properties that one has some means of ascertaining, through observation. Martin-Breen & Andries Resilience: A literature review3

4. 4

5. 5

6. 6

7. Reflective systems are accepting of the inherent and ever-increasing uncertainty and change in today’s world. Robust systems include well-conceived, constructed and managed physical assets. Redundancy refers to spare capacity purposely created within systems so that they can accommodate disruption. Flexibility implies that systems can change, evolve and adapt in response to changing circumstances. Resourcefulness implies that people and institutions are able to rapidly find different ways to achieve their goals or meet their needs during a shock or when under stress. Inclusion emphasises the need for broad consultation and engagement of communities, including the most vulnerable groups. Integration and alignment between city systems promotes consistency in decision-making and ensures that all investments are mutually supportive to a common outcome. Reflective Robust Redundant Flexible Resourceful Inclusive Integrated

9. Make no little plans. They have no magic to stir [people]’s blood and probably will not be realized. Make big plans. Aim high in hope and work. Daniel Burnham, Chicago Architect

10. Resilience by Design

11. Hurricane Katrina: Aug. 9, 2005 Hurricane Sandy: Oct. 28, 2012 Photo Credit: NOAA Satellite Images

12. Change Paradigms Pave, pipe, pump and prevent • Allowed urbanization of delta and coastal cities • Unintended consequences of increased risks of devastating floods, subsidence, climate change, social isolation and inequality, ecological damage Living with Water • Adopt multiple lines of defense • Increase long term safety by making room for water • Create new economic and development opportunities with safe, attractive waterways and water infrastructure • Improve quality of life with water through capture, re-use, and retention to integrate healthy water into public spaces

13. 13it: Rebuild by Design

14. 14dit: Rebuild by Design

15. 15Photo Credit: Rebuild by Design

16. Photo Credit: Rebuild by Design

18. “Floods are ‘acts of god’ but flood losses are largely acts of man” Gilbert F White, 1942 Photo Credit: Ken Abbott/UCB

19.

20. Photo Credit: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

21. Photo Credit: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

22.

23. Changing Course (Video): http://changingcourse.us/changingcoursevideo/

24.

25. The Rebuilders – Rebuild by Design (Video): http://vimeo.com/90825595

26. We who live in the world’s deltas or on the edges of great oceans are the most immediate laboratory for innovation and change, and our success or failure will be the symbol for the world’s ability to accomplish great things, or not. But for all coastal cities our future is not just about survival. … It’s about redemption. It’s about getting this right, for now and for the generations to come. - Cedric Grant Deputy Mayor, New Orleans

Hinweis der Redaktion

[add 16 cities]
HR&A Red Hook Credit: Rebuild By Design
HR&A Red Hook Credit: Rebuild By Design
Credit: BIG TEAM
Credit: NOAA Historical Hurricane Tracks website; Sandy track added by Bob Henson, UCAR, using NOAA data
Photo Credit: John Rae

Resilience By Design: The Future of Coastal Cities

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Hinweis der Redaktion