Child and Adolescent

1. Factors Affecting Development
 Maternal Nutrition
 Avoiding Drugs and Other
Environment
 Other Maternal Factors
 Maternal Age and Previous Births
 Child Nutrition
 Researches related to child nutrition
 Micronutrient Deficiency

2. Maternal Nutrition
 Maternal weight gain – maternal
dietary intake, pregnancy weight and
height, length of gestation and size of
fetus.
Nutrient intake – calories and
nutrients such as protein, iron foliate,
and other vitamins B.

3. Avoiding Drugs and Other
Environment
Teratogens
Illegal drugs
Alcohol
Tobacco
Caffeine
Radiation
Environmental Pollution
Maternal Disease
Bacterial and Parasitic Disease

4. Other Maternal Factors
Exercise
Nutrition
Emotional Stress

5. Maternal Age and Previous
Births
Age of the mother at the time of
delivery.
 First birth women at age of 30’s.
Pregnant teenagers most low-
income background

6. Child Nutrition
Lactation – product of milk begins
about 3 days after childbirth.
Colostrum – contains antibodies
and help protect the newborn from
infectious diseases.
Yellowish milk – produces during
the first few days after birth which is
strong anti viral activity.

7. Mother’s milk perfectly suited to the
baby’s nutritional needs and
digestive capabilities and supplies
the baby with antibodies.
Breast feeding decreases the
incidence of infant ear infection,
allergies, diarrhea and bacterial
meningitis.

8. Researches Related to Child
Nutrition
Supplementary feeding during
pregnancy and the child’s first
months postnatal life enhanced
motor development among infants
(8-12 months) and toddler (12-24
months) also mental development
among toddlers.

9. Nutritional supplementation of
pregnant and lactating women and
their offspring for at least two years
of postnatal life, improve the later
performance, in adolescence,
reading, and general average.
Supplementary feeding also been
found to have long term effects in
cognitive development.

10. Micronutrient Deficiency
Iron – supplementation led to
significantly improved performance
on measures and overall intelligence
and on test of specific cognitive
process.
Iodine – maternal iodine deficiency
in early pregnancy and associated
with thyroxin deficiency.

11. Vitamin A – essential before the
protein can be synthesized,
development of normal bones.
Vitamin B – essential part of
enzyme system and to every cell in
the body.
Vitamin C – protects child from
anemia, allergies, and infections.

12.  Vitamin D – produced in the intestine
carries calcium in the blood, normal
development of the bones and well
decay-resistant teeth.
Vitamin E – essential fatty acid in
walls of red blood cells.
Vitamin K – prevents blood from
clotting and causes hemorrhage in
new born infants.