1. ASSIGNMENT ON
SUBMITtED BY,
Rashmi Ranjan Moharana,
Adm. No.- 21B/10
SUBMITtED TO,
Dr. L. N. Mahapatra,
Dr. S. K. Nayak
Mr. U. K. Behera
(Dept. of Entomology)
2. TYPES OF DISEASES :
Protozoan -Nosema, Amoebic
Bacterial- American and
Europian Foul brood
Fungal -Chalk brood, Stone
brood
Viral -Thai sac brood, Acute
and Chronic bee paralysis
Diseases caused by Mites viz.
Acarosis (Tracheal mite) and
Varroasis (Varroa mite)
Disorder- Colony Collapse
Disorders (CCD)
4. ACAROSIS (The Honey Bee Tracheal Mite)
Also known as Acarine disease, Isle of
Wight ( because it was observed in Isle of
Wight in 1904).
CAUSAL AGENT- honey bee tracheal
mite, Acarapis woodi, a small parasitic
mite. It affects mostly the trachea and
body fluid.
Nature of damage:-
It infects worker, drone and queen honey
bees. mites live and reproduce in trachea.
They pierce the tracheal tube walls & feed
on the hemolymph of the bees.
feeding on blood & depositing their faeces
in the passage.
STAGE OF INFECTION:- adult
5. PLACE OF INFECTION: Trachea and body fluid
MANAGEMENT:-
Use of grease patties ( typically made from 1 part vegetable
shortenings mixed with 3-4 parts powdered sugar) placed
on top bars of the hive. Menthol allowed to vaporize from
crystal form or mixed into the grease patties.
Use of resistant hybrid bees known as Buckfast bee,
developed by Brother Adam at the Buckfast Abbey.
Cotton soaked in Methyl salcilate and placed under the hive
in flat perforated lid.
Destruction of affected colony.
Smoke fumigation with Chlorobenzilate
Time of Treatment: Spring and early summer
6. VARROASIS (The Varroa Mite)
CAUSAL AGENT: Asiatic varroa
mite, Varroa destructor.
Symptoms:
Varroa reproduce on honey bee
pupae and feed on bee hemolymph.
Varroa are also known to carry and
vector bee viruses that are
particularly damaging to the bees.
Varroa infestations can cause
irreversible damage to honey bees
that can lead to honey bee colony
losses.
STAGE OF INFECTION: Larval
7. PLACE OF INFECTION: Body and body fluid i.e.
haemolymph
MANAGEMENT:
Apivar: Apivar is effective against varroa mites, Apistan-resistant
varroa mites, and Checkmite+ resistant varroa
mites.
Using 65% formic acid
Mite Away Quick Strip (MAQS): MAQS is a 7-day, single
application mite control product registered for use against
varroa and tracheal mites.
Time of control: Spring and early summer
9. NOSEMOSIS (Nosema Disease)
CAUSAL AGENT: Nosema apis
and Nosema ceranae.
that infects the intestinal tract of
adult bees. It is a serious adult
disease.
SYMPTOMS:-
Bees become dysenteric with
distened abdomen with faeces,
shining and swollen abdomen.
Affected worker bees have
disjointed wings & are found
crawling near the hive entrance.
On dissection of the infested
bees, the mid intestine is seen
swollen & dull greyish-white in
colour as it is full of spores.
Many bees loose body hairs.
Hind gut is
inflamed
by protozoa
10. STAGE OF INFECTION: Adult
SITE OF INFECTION: Stomach
MANAGEMENT:-
Feed the affected colony with Entakon M @ 455mg/lt. Of
sugar syrup at weekly interval.
Sterilisation of brood boxes and frame hives with Glacial
acetic acid fumes (soaked in cotton or rag at 120ml/hive) or
40% formalin fumes only after the queen and the bees have
transferred to new foundation combs.
Time of Treatment: Spring & Winter
11. AMOEBIC DISEASE:
CAUSAL AGENT: Malpighamoeba mellifeicae
SITE OF INFECTION: malpighian tubules.
SYMPTOMS:
The bees get infected by ingesting the cysts
which accumulate in the posterior end of the
midgut or in the rectum.
The cysts get loose, swollen and enter the
glassy malpighian tubules entering intestine
and show faecal matter at that place.
Mostly dominant in April and May.
MANAGEMENT:
Only way to control is by proper hygiene and
by the disinfection of equipments by 2%
carbolic acid. Transferring of bees to a
fumigated box.
13. AMERICAN FOUL BROOD(AFB)
(Dreadly disease)
CAUSAL AGENT- Paenibacillus
larvae larvae.
It is the most widespread and
destructive of the honey bee
brood diseases. It affEcts queen,
drone, and worker larvae alike.
PLACE OF INFECTION – Gut
SYMPTOMS-turn
dark brown and later
changes into sticky mass
producing foul smell (Infected
larvae darken and die)
Dead Pupae
Irregular and sunken brood
14. STAGE INFECTED – larvae
MANAGEMENT – Hive to completely Use of antibiotics
such as oxytetracycline hydrochloride (terramycin)
and tylosin tartrate Dusting the combs with
sulphathiazole powder Dipping the hive partsin hot
paraffin wax or a 3%sodium hypochlorite
solution(bleach)
Burning of infested comb
15. EUROPEAN FOUL BROOD :
CAUSAL ORGANISM-Melissococcus
plutonius, Bacillus pluton
(bacterium)
PLACE OF INFECTION-Mid-gut
SYMPTOMS –
The diseased larvae turns yellow
and then brown and the tracheal
system becomes visible.
Larvae dies in a coiled stage
causing foul smell. Cells are poorly
capped and mixed with normal
cells.
16. STAGE INFECTED-Larvae
MANAGEMENT-
Use of oxytetracycline hydrochloride
The ‘Shook Swarm technique of bee husbandry can
also be used to effectively control the disease
18. CHALK BROOD (Kalkbrut disease):
CAUSAL
ORGANISM:Ascosphaera apis
PLACE OF INFECTION:Gut
SYMPTOMS :The fungus will
consume the rest of the larva’s
body, causing it to appearwhite
and ‘chalky’.
STAGE INFECTED:larvae
MANAGEMENT:Prevent during
wet spring .Transfer of healthy
bees into another bee hive
.Increase the ventilation through
the hive.
19. STONE BROOD (Steinbrut disease):
CAUSAL ORGANISM- Aspergillus
fumigates, A. flavus and A. niger
PLACE OF INFECTION-Alimentary canal
SYMPTOMS –
Dead larvae turn black and become difficult
to crush, hence the name stone brood
Fungus erupts from the integument of the
larva and forms a false skin and larvae are
covered with powdery fungal spores
STAGE INFECTED-Larvae and adults
MANAGEMENT-Sterilization of the hive with
formaldehyde fumes
21. THAI SAC BROOD.
It is a serious brood disease of Apis
cerana indica caused by virus
Morator aetatulus (Thai strain)
during spring season.
SYMPTOMS:
Spotty brood appearance (pepper
box.)
capping tends to be darker,
concave & punctured frequently.
Dead larvae dry up in brood cell
forming loose scale or sac like
Brood die in pre pupal stage but in
unsealed stage
Dead larvae lie on their back, tip of
head capsule turned upward.
22. MANAGEMENT:
Destruction of frame
Maintenance of strong and vigorous colony
Sterilisation of beekeeping equipments with KMnO4
@ 50g/lit water followed by hot water dipping.
Fumigation of hive by formic acid (85%) @ 5ml/hive
Caging queen for 21 days for creating broodlessness
condition.
23. ACUTE BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by acute bee paralysis virus
(ABPV) and affects only the adults
which only show signs of trembling
,sprawled legs and wings .
Occasionally ,they also exhibit
partial hairlessness and in some
case a black shiny appearance.
The death rate may be high,but the
disease may be mild or transient at
times .Infected adults bees usally
show the first symptom of acute
paralysis in 2 to 4days and then die
within a day .
24. CHRONIC BEE PARALYSIS:
caused by the chronic bee paralysis
virus (CBPV) and the infected adult
may take many days to die .
Adult bees infected
SYMPTOMS:
the adults have a bloated abdomen,
which is caused by the distension of
the honey sac with liquid.
They do not fly, instead they crawl on
the ground, exhibiting an abnormal
trembling motion of the wings and
bodies.
They become almost hairless,
appearing dark or almost black and
shiny.
Uninfected bees nibble at them and
prevent their return to the colony.
25. COLONY COLLAPSE DISORDER
(CCD)
CAUSAL ORGANISM- stresses,
malnutrition, pathogens and
genetically modified (GM)crops
PLACE OF INFECTION - colony
SYMPTOM–worker bees from a
beehive colony abruptly disappear
STAGE INFECTED – worker
bees
MANAGEMENT – Exact causes
are not known so following
natural beekeeping practices.
