2. Delirium v. Dementia
Delirium- transient global cognitive
impairment. Consciousness fluctuates.
Reversible. Acute onset
Dementia- global impairment of cognitive
function, usually progressive, interferes
with normal social and occupation
function
-Ayd, Frank. Lexicon of Psychiatry, Neurology and the Neurosciences, 2000.
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
3. Mild Cognitive Impairment
Age related
May go on to become dementia
Amnestic or nonamnestic
No FDA approved tx, but Aricept is often
prescribed
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
4. Broad Classification by Brain
Area Affected
Cortical
Subcortical
A way to categorize and
understand.Could be viewed as
continuum.
Some disorders affect a variety of areas
in the brain, so don’t categorize neatly
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
5. Cortical Characteristics
Short-term memory problems. Encoding
and storage
Information is lost
Verbal ability declines-anomia
Aphasia, apraxia, agnosia
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
6. Subcortical Characteristics
Verbal comprehension is retained
Memory problems due to retrieval
Slowed mentation, but much remains
intact, including general IQ
Typically frontal sx: attention,
organization, judgment, disinhibited
behavior, apathy
Depression is very common
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
7. Classification by Possibility of
Recovery
“Pseudodementia”-cognitive impairment
caused by a psychiatric disorder. Most
often depression, but also NPH,
meningiomas, etc.
Toxic conditions
Alcohol or drug induced
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
8. Alzheimer’s spectrum
Early v. late onset. Early has greater
possibility of genetic etiology.
Hippocampus, amygdala
Treatments: Aricept,Reminyl, Exelon [Cognex
rarely used now]. acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
NMDA action: Namenda
Environmental stimulation and enrichment
Education of family caregivers
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
9. HIV (Aids Related Dementia
Complex)
Subcortical, frontal areas affected.
Motor sx possible.
Depression is common. Watch for suicidal behavior.
Rate initially declined as result of antiretroviral tx, but is
on the rise again.
ADC increases chances for more rapid progression,
early death
May distinguish “haves” from “have nots.”
HIV Dementia Scale (4 subtests) and Memorial Sloan
Kettering Rating Scale (research)
HAART can improve dementia sx.
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
10. Vascular
2nd most common cause of dementia
Mostly subcortical, but varies with brain
area affected.
Treatment designed to minimize causes
such as hypertension or treat depression
Possibility of physical limitations as well
such as hemiparesis and neglect.
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
11. Alcohol or other Substance
Induced
Korsakoff’s syndrome. Hippocampus.
Thiamine deficiency.
Alcohol dementia. Separate disorder?
Frontal, cerebellum
Some recovery is possible with
abstinence.
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
12. Parkinson’s & other typically
subcortical dementias
Parkinson’s disease: some genetic component for
specific phenotypes, but largely causes remain
idiopathic. Includes parkinson pugilistica.
Huntington’s disease: genetic. Midlife onset. Fully
penetrant, autosomal dominant. Course 15-20 years.
No treatment.
Spinal cerebellar ataxias: many are genetic, some are
dominant, some recessive.
Multiple sclerosis. Dementia more common in primary
progressive, but cognitive impairment is expected in
~50% of patients.
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008
13. Nonmedical Treatment Issues
Optimizing function
Assessing disability, if still employed
Driving
Competency
End of life decisions
Location of care
Family dysfunction/reorganization
Family education and caregiving
Randi Jones, Ph.D. copyright 4/11/2008