Introduction of civil engineering and specialization of civil engineering

1. DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
SPECIALIZATION OF CIVIL
ENGINEERING
Er. RAMPRASAD KUMAWAT
(M.Tech)

2. Introduction
Civil Engineer
The term "civil engineer" was established
by John Smeaton in 1750 to contrast engineers
working on civil projects with the military
engineers who worked on armaments and
defenses. Over time, various sub-disciplines of
civil engineering have become recognized and
much of military engineering has been absorbed
by civil engineering.

3. Civil engineering is one of the oldest engineering
disciplines because it deals with constructed
environment including planning, designing, and
overseeing construction and maintenance of
building structures, and facilities, such as roads,
railroads, airports, bridges, harbors, channels,
dams, irrigation projects, pipelines, power plants,
and water and sewage systems.

4. Civil engineering is one of the oldest branches
of engineering and is further divided into
numerous other sub-disciplines:
• Geotechnical engineering.
• Environmental engineering.
• Transportation Engineering.
• Urban Engineering.
• Materials Engineering.
• Coastal Engineering.
• Construction Engineering.
• Structural Engineering.

5. Areas of specialization within civil
engineering are as follows:
• There are many areas within civil engineering you
could specialize in:
• Coastal - Protect costal areas against erosion and
flooding.
• Earthquake - Test structures to ensure they are
earthquake-resistant.
• Environmental - Find new ways to protect our
environment; create wind farms, work on water
purification, waste water treatment and solid waste
treatment, etc.

6. • Structural - Design and build bridges, towers,
flyovers, tunnels, and off-shore structures like oil
and gas fields in the sea.
• Transport - Work on building and maintaining
roads, canals, highways, rail systems, airports,
and ports.
• Urban - Primarily focus on designing,
constructing, and maintaining the roads, water
supply networks, sewers, municipal solid waste
management and disposal, public parks, etc.
• Water resources - Design and construct water
resources such as pipelines, drainage facilities
(including dams, channels, culverts, storm
sewers), and canals.

7. In addition to the areas of
specialization listed below
• Environmental Engineering
• Geotechnical Engineering
• Hydraulic and Water Resources
Engineering
• Structural Engineering
• Transportation Engineering

8. Environmental Engineering
• The goal of environmental engineering is
to ensure that societal development and
the use of water, land and air resources
are sustainable. This goal is achieved by
managing these resources so that
environmental pollution and degradation
is minimized.

9. • Environmental engineers study water, soil and
air pollution problems, and develop technical
solutions needed to solve, attenuate or control
these problems in a manner that is compatible
with legislative, economic, social and political
concerns. Civil engineers are particularly
involved in such activities as water supply and
sewerage, management of surface water and
groundwater quality, remediation of
contaminated sites and solid waste
management.

10. Consulting firms, municipalities, government agencies,
industries and non-governmental organizations and
specialized contractors are potential employers for civil
engineers with a specialization in environmental
engineering.

11. Geotechnical Engineering
• Geotechnical engineering is the study of the
behavior of soils under the influence of loading
forces and soil-water interactions. This
knowledge is applied to the design of foundations,
retaining walls, earth dams, clay liners, and
geosynthetics for waste containment. The goals of
geotechnical engineers could range from the
design of foundations and temporary excavation
support, through route selection for railways and
highways, to the increasingly important areas of
landfill disposal of wastes and groundwater
contamination.

12. Employment opportunities include geotechnical
and engineering consultants, public utilities,
governmental agencies, environmental agencies,
specialized contractors and resource industry
companies

13. Hydraulic and Water Resources
Engineering
• Water resources engineering is the quantitative
study of the hydrologic cycle -- the distribution
and circulation of water linking the earth's
atmosphere, land and oceans. Surface runoff is
measured as the difference between precipitation
and abstractions, such as infiltration (which
replenishes groundwater flow), surface storage
and evaporation. Applications include the
management of the urban water supply, the design
of urban storm-sewer systems, and flood
forecasting.

14. • Hydraulic engineering consists of the
application of fluid mechanics to water
flowing in an isolated environment (pipe,
pump) or in an open channel (river, lake,
ocean). Civil engineers are primarily
concerned with open channel flow, which is
governed by the interdependent interaction
between the water and the channel.

15. Positions are available in large and small consulting
firms, and at all levels of government (municipal,
provincial and federal). Particularly in Quebec, due
to its abundant water resources, hydrology has played
an important role in the social and economic
development of the province.

16. Structural Engineering
• Structural engineers are concerned with the
conception, analysis, design and construction
of components or assemblies to resist loads
arising from internal and external forces. Solid
mechanics is the study of the distribution of
stresses that a given load produces when
applied to a solid element, and the calculation
of the resulting strains, given the
characteristics of the materials that make up
that element.

17. • In addition to steel and concrete, new materials
that are being developed and used in structural
engineering include reinforced plastics and
polymers. The rehabilitation of existing
structures weakened by corrosion continues to
be an important task.

18. Employment opportunities include work with
consulting structural engineers, construction
companies, building development companies,
engineering departments of private corporations,
aircraft and aerospace related companies, public
utilities, and government agencies.

19. Transportation Engineering
• Transportation has always played an essential role
in the development of society, originally with
regard to trade routes and harbors, but more
recently with regard to land- and air-based
systems as well. It is the transportation engineer's
responsibility to plan, design, build, operate and
maintain these systems of transport, in such a way
as to provide for the safe, efficient and convenient
movement of people and goods.

20. • Automobile infrastructures can be split into the
traditional area of highway design and
planning, and the rapidly growing area of
traffic control systems. The transportation
engineer faces the challenge of developing
both network links and major terminals to
satisfy transportation demands, with due
regard for the resultant land-use,
environmental and other impacts of these
facilities.

21. • Employment opportunities are available both
in the public sector (e.g., federal and provincial
government transportation ministries, regional
and municipal roads, traffic and transit
agencies) and the private sector (e.g.,
engineering consultants, trucking, railroad and
airline companies, vehicle manufacturing). The
undergraduate core and technical
complementary program provide for a solid
grounding in transportation engineering
sufficient for related professional employment.

23. Thanks.
• Email ID : ramkumawat001@gmail.com