Solar Irradiance

Develop an Application to
COMPUTE GLOBAL
SOLAR IRRADIANCE
Remote Sensing Applications Center,U.P.
Lucknow,U.P.
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
RAJAT KHEMKA
Persuing Bachelor In Technology In
Information Technology from
Kamla Nehru Institute Of Technology, Sultanpur
Under Guidance Of
Mr. SUSHIL CHANDRA
Head C.I.P. & D.M. Division
Remote Sensing Applications Center U.P. ,Lucknow

INTRODUCTION
KEY CONCEPTS
 The angle at which solar radiation strikes a surface
dramatically effects the amount of energy received by the
surface.
 Climate zones, seasonal temperature changes & daily
temperature changes are largely controlled by changes in
the amount of energy received by the sun due to changes
in the angle at which solar radiation strikes the surface.
 Solar Declination angle ( ) the angle between a plane
perpendicular to incoming solar radiation and the
rotational axis of the earth. The earths’ axis is tilted
~23.5o . The solar declination angle varies from +23.5o on
June 21/22 when the earths’ axis is tilted toward the sun,
to -23.5o on December 21/22 when the earths’ axis is tilted
away from the sun. The solar declination angle is 0o on
equinox dates. Changes in the solar declination angle as
the earth revolves around the sun creates cyclic changes in
solar radiation. These radiation changes contribute to

cyclic weather changes that we call seasons.
Dec. 21/22 Jun. 21/22
 The earth is a sphere (360o) that rotates 15o with respect to
the sun each hour. During the day rotation causes the sun
to rise and set in the sky. Each hour the angle (H) that the
solar radiation is striking the surface changes. These
changes in solar radiation contribute to cyclic daily
changes in weather. The hour angle (H) is the angle that
the earth has rotated since solar noon. At solar noon the
hour angle = 0o.

The Zenith Angle (Z) is the angle from the observers
zenith point to the suns’ position in the sky. In order to

calculate the zenith angle latitude, solar declination angle
and hour angle must be considered.

The solar constant is the average amount of energy striking
one square meter (perpendicular to the suns’ rays) each
second at the top of the earths’ atmosphere. The satellite
measured solar constant is 1366 W/m2. Of this energy
reaching the top of the atmosphere as much as 70% can be
absorbed & reflected by the atmosphere. Solar insolation is
the amount of energy received by the sun at the earths’
surface. On a clear day ~1000 W/m2 reaches a surface
perpendicular to the incoming radiation. This energy
varies due to the angle of the incoming radiation and again
cloud cover.
ABOUT REMOTE SENSING
APPLICATIONS CENTER
Realizing the potential of remote sensing techniques, the
Govt. of Uttar Pradesh, India took the lead in establishing
the first state level Remote Sensing Applications Centre,
U.P. at Lucknow. Remote Sensing Applications Centre,
Uttar Pradesh was formally established by the Government
of Uttar Pradesh as an autonomous organization in May,
1982, registered under the Societies. Registration Act,
1960, for the purpose of utilizing the newly developing

technology of remote sensing in better management of the
entire gamut of natural resources. The fundamental aim of
establishing the Centre was to use the emerging
technology of aerial and satellite remote sensing in
conjunction with conventional methodologies in different
natural resources management programmes. This Centre
was also aimed to act as an interface between the high
technology of remote sensing and the actual end user.
Ever since it's inception, this Centre has been generating
natural resource related data through utilization of aerial
and satellite remote sensing technique and providing the
data thus generated to the numerous State Government
User Departments. The activities have ever since the
beginning been diversified in multidisciplinary mode. A
team of scientists specializing in Earth Sciences, Water
Resources, Forestry, Agriculture, Soil Sciences,
Geography, Urban Surveys and Planning etc. and all
having been trained in application of remote sensing
techniques in their respective domains of specialization
contributed towards the implementation of
multidisciplinary projects either at the behest of the User
Departments or as in-house programmes.
The Centre is undertaking specific investigations on
behalf of the user departments by integrating remote
sensing technology with other conventional techniques for
efficient exploitation and management of the natural
resources. In order to accrue maximum benefits out of the
efforts of the Centre, it is necessary that a regular
institutional interaction with the User Departments for
utilization of sector-wise potentialities of remote sensing
technology be attempted and suitable mechanism
established. Several major projects at the behest of Govt.
of Uttar Pradesh and other states have been completed and
vital information provided to the various user agencies.

GOALS AND OBJECTIVE
 OBJECTIVE OF THE PROJECT
o To Facilitate User to Calculate Solar
Irradiance on Earth Surface for
particular latitude, time and date.
o To Calculate Solar-Sunrise and Solar-
Sunset time for particular Location
and date.

FLOWCHART (for Solar irradiance)
There are two method for calculation i) Direct inserting value ii) including csv file.
Start
Input latitude, date and
time by
i)inserting value
ii)including csv file
Calculate Solar
Irradiance(I)
Requested time not
falls in solar -day
Display solar
Irradiance
End
Check given
time lies in
solar day
Calculate Declination
Angle(D)
Calculate Solar-sunrise and
Solar-Sunset
Calculate Zenith
Angle(Z)
If csv
file
YES NO

FLOWCHART (for Solar-Sunrise and
Solar-Sunset time)
Start
Input latitude and date
Calculate Solar-sunrise and Solar-
sunset.
Requested latitude is
not valid
Display solar-sunrise
and solar-sunset
End
Check entered latitude
is valid
YES NO

CALCULATION
Declination Angle:-
D= Sin-1(Sin(23.5)Sin(360/365(n-81)))
Where,
n=number of days of year
Solar Day Time:-
Sunrise= 12-180/15π*Cos-1(tanD*tan(lat))
Sunset= 12+180/15π*Cos-1(tanD*tan(lat))
Where,
D=Declination Angle
Lat=Latitude in decimal-degree
Hour Angle:-
H=15(hour-12)
Where,
hour in 24 time format.
Zenith Angle:-
Z=Cos-1(sin(lat)sinD+cos(lat)cosDcosh)
Where,
D=Declination Angle
Lat=Latitude in decimal-degree
h=Hour Angle
Solar Irradiance:-
I=S*CosZ
Where,
Z=Zenith Angle
S=Solar Constant whose value is approx.. 1000W/m2 on Earth Surface in Clear Sky.

CODES
PROGRAM TO CALCULATE SOLAR IRRADIANCE
BY DIRECT INSERTING VALUES:-
<?php
$lat= $_POST['latitude'];
$mm= $_POST['month'];
$dd= $_POST['dd'];
$hour= $_POST['hour'];
if ($lat>=-90 && $lat<=90)
{
if($mm==1)
$n=$dd;
elseif($mm==2)
$n=31+$dd;
elseif($mm==3)
$n=59+$dd;
elseif($mm==4)
$n=90+$dd;
elseif($mm==5)
$n=120+$dd;
elseif($mm==6)
$n=151+$dd;
elseif($mm==7)
$n=181+$dd;
elseif($mm==8)
$n=212+$dd;
elseif($mm==9)
$n=243+$dd;
elseif($mm==10)
$n=283+$dd;
elseif($mm==11)
$n=314+$dd;
else
$n=334+$dd;
$hh=15*($hour-12);
$d=asin(sin(deg2rad(23.5))*sin(deg2rad(0.9863*($n-81))));
$sd1=12-180*acos(-tan(deg2rad($lat))*tan($d))/47;
$sd2=12+180*acos(-tan(deg2rad($lat))*tan($d))/47;
if ($hour>$sd1 && $hour<$sd2)
{
$z=sin(deg2rad($lat))*sin($d)+cos(deg2rad($lat))*cos($d)*cos(deg2rad($hh));
$i=1000*$z;
if($i<=0)
echo ("0");
else
echo round("$i",2);
echo " W/m2";
}

else
echo ("Time enter is not in solar day");
}
else
echo ("Latitude entered is not valid");
?>
PROGRAM TO CALCULATE SOLAR IRRADIANCE
BY INCLUDING CSV FILE:-
<?php
$loc= $_POST['csv'];
$row = 1;
if (($handle = fopen("$loc", "r")) !== FALSE) {
while (($data = fgetcsv($handle, 1000, ",")) !== FALSE) {
$num = count($data);
echo " $num fields in line $row: n";
$row++;
$lat=$data[0];
$dd=$data[1];
$mm=$data[2];
$hour=$data[3];
if($mm==1)
$n=$dd;
elseif($mm==2)
$n=31+$dd;
elseif($mm==3)
$n=59+$dd;
elseif($mm==4)
$n=90+$dd;
elseif($mm==5)
$n=120+$dd;
elseif($mm==6)
$n=151+$dd;
elseif($mm==7)
$n=181+$dd;
elseif($mm==8)
$n=212+$dd;
elseif($mm==9)
$n=243+$dd;
elseif($mm==10)
$n=283+$dd;
elseif($mm==11)
$n=314+$dd;
else
$n=334+$dd;
$hh=15*($hour-12);
if ($hour>$sd1 && $hour<$sd2)
{

$z=sin(deg2rad($lat))*sin($d)+cos(deg2rad($lat))*cos($d)*cos(deg2rad($hh));
$i=1000*$z;
if($i<=0)
echo ("0");
else
echo ($i);
}
else
echo ("Time enter is not in solar day");
}
fclose($handle);
}
?>
PROGRAM TO CALCULATE SUNRISE AND
SUNSET TIME:-
<?php
$lat= $_POST['latitude'];
$mm= $_POST['month'];
$dd= $_POST['dd'];
if($mm==1)
$n=$dd;
elseif($mm==2)
$n=31+$dd;
elseif($mm==3)
$n=59+$dd;
elseif($mm==4)
$n=90+$dd;
elseif($mm==5)
$n=120+$dd;
elseif($mm==6)
$n=151+$dd;
elseif($mm==7)
$n=181+$dd;
elseif($mm==8)
$n=212+$dd;
elseif($mm==9)
$n=243+$dd;
elseif($mm==10)
$n=283+$dd;
elseif($mm==11)
$n=314+$dd;
else
$n=334+$dd;
echo("Sunrise- $sd1");
echo("Sunset- $sd2");
?>

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT
Mandatory:-
 Internet Browser Supporting HTML 5.
 Notepad.
 Apache 2.4.9 Supported Server.
 Php 5.X or above Supported Server.
Optional:-
 Wamp Server supporting Apache 2.4.9 and php 5 to
create localhost on client system to run program.
 Google Chrome to enhance Viewing Experience.
 Notepad ++ v6.6.9.

REFERENCES
 Gregg A. Stickler Lee Kyle
NASA Teacher Ambassador NASA
Goddard Space Flight Center
GESSEP Program Distributive Active
Archive Center
Greenbelt MD
 Wikipedia
 education.gsfc.nasa.gov
 Google Map
 SolarGis
 www.pveducation.org

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