in this slide i have been share the complete information about algae types, reproduction

1. ALGAE

2. ALGAE
• ALGAE ARE CHLOROPHYLL BEARING THALLOPHYTES IN WHICH THE SEX
ORGANS ARE WITHER UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR AND NOT
PRESENTED BY STERILE ENVELOP.
• ALGAE – DERIVED – ALGA: WASHED AWAY PLANTS ON SEA WEEDS
• CAN ABLE TO PRODUCE MANY CELLED SEX ORGANS.
• NO STERILE CELL IN SEX ORGANS EXCEPT CHARA.
• STUDY OF ALGAE – ALGOLOGY OR PHYCOLOGY.
• PHYCOLOGY – GREEK WORD PHYCOS – MEANING SEA WEEDS.
• FIRST INTRODUCED BY LINNAEUS IN 1754.

3. SALIENT FEATURES OF ALGAE
• LIVE IN MOIST AND AQUATIC HABITATS.
• UNICELLULAR OR MULTICELLULAR.
• PLANT BODY IS THALLOID.
• PRESENCE OF CHLOROPHYLL AND OTHER PHOTOSYNTHETIC PIGMENTS IN
CHROMATOPHORES.
• AUTOTROPHIC IN NUTRITION.
• CELLS MAY BE UNINUCLEATE OR MULTINUCLEATE.
• CELL WALL RICH IN CELLULOSE.
• CELLS MOTILE DUE TO THE PRESENCE OF FLAGELLA OR CILIA.

4. • RESERVE FOOD – STARCH
• REPRODUCTION –
- PRIMITIVE ALGAE – VEGETATIVE METHODS
- HIGHER FORMS – SEXUAL AND ASEXUAL
REPRODUCTION
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION – MOTILE ZOOSPORES
• IN UNICELLULAR – ENTIRE ORGANISMS ACTS AS A GAMETES
• IN MULTICELLULAR – GAMETE PRODUCED FROM UNICELLULAR AND
MULTICELLULAR GAMETANGUIM( NO STERILE JACKET)
• SEXUAL REPRODUCTION - ISOGAMOUS, ANISOGAMOUS AND
OOGAMOUS
• ZYGOTE FORM A THICK WALL TO FORM AN OOSPORES

5. HABITS AND HABITATS OF ALGAE
• ON THE BASIS OF HABITATS IN WHICH ALGAE ARE GROWING, THERE ARE SEVEN
GROUPS –
 AQUATIC ALGAE
 EDAPIHC ALGAE
 AERIAL ALGAE
 CRYOPHYTIC ALGAE
 SYMBIOTIC OR ENDOPHYTIC ALGAE
 ENDOZOIC ALGAE
 PARASITIC ALGAE

6. AQUATIC ALGAE
• ALSO CALLED AS HYDROPHILOUS ALGAE
• SUBMERGED OR FREE – FLOATING
• LIVING IN FRESH WATER – PONDS, RIVERS, SPRINGS ETC.
• SOME IN SALT WATER – SEAS AND OCEANS
• STILL WATER – PONDS, POOLS ETC EG: ZYGNEMA, OEDOGONIUM
ETC.
• RUNNING WATER – EG: VACHERIA AND CLADOPHORA

7. TYPES OF AQUATIC ALGAE
I. BENTHIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH ARE FOUND ATTACHED TO ANY SUBSTRATUM IN
THE BOTTOM OF WATER BODIES
• IT IS ALSO CALLED AS BENTHOPHYTES
• EG. CHARA, NITTELLA, CLADOPHORA ETC.

8. II) EPATIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH ARE FOUND ATTACHED TO THE SUBSTRATA ALONG
THE SHORE
• IT IS ALSO CALLED AS EPACTIPHYTES
• EG. OEDOGONIUM, SPIROGYRA ETC.
III) THERMOPHILIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH LIVES IN HOT SPRINGS AT AROUND 55 DEGREE C AND
ABOVE
• IT IS ALSO CALLED THERMOPHILIC ALGAE OR THERMOPHYTES
• EG. OSCILLATORIA SPS.

9. EDATHIC ALGAE
• ALGAE WHICH ARE LIVING IN OR ON THE MOIST SOILS
• ALSO CALLED EDAPHOPHYTIC OR TERRESTRIAL ALGAE
• SOME SPS. LIVE IN THE SURFACE OF SOILS WHERE ORGANIC
MATTER IS ABUNDANT – SPOROPHYTES EPITERRANEAN. EG.
VAUCHERIA
• ALGAE WHICH LIVE BELOW THE SOIL SURFACE – CRYOPHYTES EG.
ANABAENA NOSTOC ETC.

10. AERIAL ALGAE
• ALGAE LIVING IN TERRESTRIAL PLANTS, ANIMALS, WALLS, FENCING
WIRE, AND ROCKS.
• EPIPHYLLOPHYTES – LIVE IN LEAVES EG. PHYLLOSIPHON
• EPIPHLOEOPHYTES – LIVE IN BARK EG. TRENTIPOHLIA
• EPIZOOPHYTES – LIVE IN TERRESTRIAL ANIMALS EG. CHAETOPHORA
• LITHOPHYTES – LIVE IN ROCKY SUBSTRATUM EG. SCYTONEMA

11. CRYOPHYTIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE IN ICE OR SNOW – FIELD
• IT IS ALSO CALLED CRYOPHYTES
• ICE FIELDS – ANCYCLOSTOMA
• ICE AND SNOW – CYLINDROCYSTIC AND TROCHISCIA
• ICE – TEMPORARILY - GLEOCAPSA AND PHORMIDIUM
• ALPINE SNOW FIELDS – RED COLOUR –
HAEMATOCOCCUS
• GREEN COLOUR – RAPHIDONEMA
• RED SNOW – SCOTIELLA
• YELLOW OR YELLOW GREEN SNOW – ULTHRIX AND
NOSTOC

12. SYMBIOTIC OR ENDOPHYTIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE IN SYMBIOTIC ASSOCIATION WITH OTHER
PLANTS
• IT IS CALLED AS SYMBIONTS AND ENDOPHYTES EG. LICHEN.
• SOME ALGAE SEEMS TO BE LICHEN EG. CHROCOCCUS,
MICROSYSTIS, CHLORELLA, CYTONEMA ETC.
• ANABAENA AZOLLAE – LEAF TISSUE OF AQUATIC FERN AZOLLA
[GYMNOSPERM]
• A. CYCADE – CORROLLOID ROOTS OF CYCAS [GYMNOSPERM]
• NOSTOC – CAVITIES IN THE THALLUS OF ANTHOCEROS
[BRYOPHYTES]
• CHLOROCHYTRIUM – INSIDE LEMNA [ANGIOSPERM]

13. ENDOZOIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE IN THE AQUATIC ANIMALS
• IT IS CALLED ENDOZOIC ALGAE OR
ENDOZOOPHYTES
• ZOOXANTHELLAE IS FOUND IN FRESH WATER
SPONGES
• ZOOCHLORELLA – INSIDE THE BODY OF HYDRA
• CHARACIUM – SEEN IN SOME BODY OF INSECTS
LARVAE

14. PARASITIC ALGAE
• ALGAE THAT LIVE AS PARASITE ON OTHER
PLANTS ARE CALLED PARASITIC ALGAE
• COUSES DISEASES IN SOME PLANTATION
CROPS
• EG. CAPHALEUROS VIRESCENS – PARASITIC
ALGAE OF TEA AND CAUSE RED RUST DISEASE

15. STRUCTURE OF ALGAE
• THE ALSO OCCUR IN A VARIETY OF FORMS AND SIZES. THEY CAN EXIST AS
SINGLE AND MICROSCOPIC CELLS, THEY CAN BE MICROSCOPIC AND
MULTICELLULAR.
• ALGAL BODY, ALSO KNOWN AS THALLUS, LACK TRUE ROOTS, STEMS AND
LEAVES, AND A VASCULAR SYSTEM TO CIRCULATE WATER AND NUTRIENT
THROUGHOUT THEIR BODIES.
• BROADLY DIVIDED INTO TWO MAIN CATEGORIES:-
a. UNICELLULAR
b. MULTICELLULAR

16. Range of thallus
structure in Algae
UNICELLULAR
MOTILE
Chlamydomonas
NON MOTILE
Chorella
MULTICELLULAR
NON MOTILE
COLONY
Pediastrum
MOTILE COLONY
Dinobryan
FILAMANTOUS
UNBRANCHED
Ulothrix
SIMPLE BRANCHED
Cladophora
PSEUDOBRANCHED
Scytonema
AMORPHUS COLONY
Microcystis
DENDROID COLONY
Dinobryan
SIPHONOUS
Vaucheria

17. REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE
(A) VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION
VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION IN ALGAE TAKES PLACE BY THE FOLLOWING METHODS
I. FRAGMENTATION
FRAGMENTATION IS THE MOST COMMON VEGETATIVE METHOD OF REPRODUCTION. THE FILAMENTOUS THALLUS BREAKS INTO
FRAGMENTS, AND EACH FRAGMENT IS CAPABLE OF FORMING NEW THALLUS. IT TAKES PLACE DUE TO MECHANICAL PRESSURE,
INSECT BITE ETC. THE COMMON EXAMPLE ARE ULOTHRIX, SPIROGYRA ETC.
II. FISSION
FISSION IS COMMON IN DESMIDS, DIATOMS, AND OTHER UNICELLULAR ALGAE. THE CELL DIVIDES MITOTICALLY INTO TWO THE
CELLS ARE SEPARATED BY SEPTUM FORMATION.
III. TUBERS
TUBERS ARE SPHERICAL OR GLOBULAR BODIES FORMED ON LOWER NODES IN CLIARA. TUBERS ARE FORMED DUE TO STORAGE
OF FOOD. IT DETACH FROM PARENT PLANT AND DEVELOP NEW PLANT.
IV. ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES
ADVENTITIOUS BRANCHES LIKE PROTONEMA DEVELOP ON RHIZOIDS OF CHARA. ON DETACHMENT THEY FORM NEW THALLI.
V. BUDDING
IN PROTOSIPHON BUDDING TAKES PLACE DUE TO PROLIFERATION OF VESICLES.THE BUDS DETACH TO MAKE NEW THALLI.

18. (B) ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION
ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE WITH THE HELP OF SPORES AND STRUCTURE. THE
REPRODUCTION TAKES PLACE ONLY BY PROTOPLASM OF THE CELLS.
DIFFERENT METHODS OF ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION ARE:
i. ZOOSPORES
THE ZOOSPORES ARE FLAGELLATED ASEXUAL STRUCTURE. THE ZOOSPORES ARE FORMED IN
REPRODUCTIVE BODY THE ZOOSPORANGIUM EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
ii. APLANOSPORES
ARE FORMED UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS. THESE ARE NON MOTILE STRUCTURE IN WHICH
PROTOPLASM GETS SURROUNDED BY THIN CELL WALL. EG. ULOTHRIX
iii. AKINETS
FORMED UNDER UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS AS METHOD OF PERENNATION. THESE ARE THICK WALLED,
NON MOTILE, STRUCTURE LIKE APLANOSPORES ON RELEASE, FORM NEW THALLI. EG ANABAENA
iv. HYPNOSPORES
THICK WALLED STRUCTURES. FORMED DURING UNFAVOURABLE CONDITIONS, PROTOPLASM OF
HUPNOSPORES DIVIDES TO MAKE CYSTS ARE CAPABLE OF FORMING NEW THALLUS. EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
NIVALIS
v. TETRASPORES
NON MOTILE SPORES FORMED IN SOME MEMBERS OF RHODOPHYCEAE AND PHAEOPHYCEAE. TETRASPORES
ARE FORMED IN TETRA SPORANGIA BY REDUCTION DIVISION ON SPECIAL TETRASPOROPHYTIC PLANTS.

19. (C) SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
TAKES PLACE BY FUSION OF GAMETES OF DIFFERENT SEXUALITY. THE GAMETES ARE FORMED IN
GAMETOGONIA BY SIMPLE MITOTIC DIVISION OR BY REDUCTION DIVISION.
DEPENDING UPON MORPHOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF GAMETES, SEXUAL
REPRODUCTION CAN BE OF FOLLOWING TYPES:
I. ISOGAMY
FUSION GAMETES ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY SIMILAR. PHYSIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT DUE TO DIFFERENT HORMONES. EG
CHLAMYDOMONAS, ULOTHRIX RTC.
II. ANISOGAMY
FUSING GAMETES ARE MORPHOLOGICALLY AS WELL AS PHYSIOLOGICALLY DIFFERENT. THE MALE GAMETES ARE SMALLER,
ACTIVE AND FORMED IN LARGE NUMBER. MACROGAMETE OR FEMALE GAMETE ARE LARGER, LESS ACTIVE RELATIVELY
SMALLER IN NUMBER. EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
III. OOGAMY
MOST ADVANCED TYPE OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION. MALE GAMETE FORMED IN ANTHERIDIA. FEMALE GAMETE ARE
FORMED IN OOGONIUM. DURING FERTILIZATION MALE GAMETE REACH OOGONIUM TO FERTILIZE EGG AND DIPLOID
ZYGOTE IS FORMED. EG CHLAMYDOMONAS
IV. HOLOGAMY
UNICELLUER THALLUS OF OPPOSITE STRAINS(-) AND (+) BEHAVE AS GAMETE DIRECTLY. THE THALLI FUSE TO MAKE
DIPLOID ZYGOTE. EG. CHLAMYDOMONAS
V. AUTOGAMY
TWO GAMETE OF SAME MOTHER CELL FUSES TO FORM DIPLOID ZYGOTE. SINCE BOTH GAMETE ARE FROM SAME CELL
THERE IS NO GENETIC RECOMBINATION. EG. DIATOMS