Suche senden
Hochladen
Ch02
•
Als PPT, PDF herunterladen
•
3 gefällt mir
•
1,401 views
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Folgen
Livro Prentice Hall
Weniger lesen
Mehr lesen
Melden
Teilen
Melden
Teilen
1 von 25
Jetzt herunterladen
Empfohlen
Ch09
Ch09
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch03
Ch03
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch01
Ch01
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch10
Ch10
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch07
Ch07
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch05
Ch05
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch14
Ch14
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch06
Ch06
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Empfohlen
Ch09
Ch09
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch03
Ch03
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch01
Ch01
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch10
Ch10
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch07
Ch07
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch05
Ch05
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch14
Ch14
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch06
Ch06
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch01lecture 150104195146-conversion-gate01
Ch01lecture 150104195146-conversion-gate01
Cleophas Rwemera
Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry
swapnil jadhav
Ch12
Ch12
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch05lecture 150104200520-conversion-gate02
Ch05lecture 150104200520-conversion-gate02
Cleophas Rwemera
Quantum chemistry ppt
Quantum chemistry ppt
PriyaGandhi35
Character tables
Character tables
Chris Sonntag
Introduction to DFT Part 2
Introduction to DFT Part 2
Mariana M. Odashima
Quantum course
Quantum course
FLI
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Gaurav Singh Gusain
Density Functional Theory
Density Functional Theory
Wesley Chen
Quantum Chemistry
Quantum Chemistry
Dr. Nandkishor Telkapalliwar
Lecture 7 8 statistical thermodynamics - introduction
Lecture 7 8 statistical thermodynamics - introduction
Viraj Dande
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
RaphaelZuela
Ch10lecture 150104202336-conversion-gate02
Ch10lecture 150104202336-conversion-gate02
Cleophas Rwemera
6563.nuclear models
6563.nuclear models
akshay garg
5 introduction to quantum mechanics
5 introduction to quantum mechanics
Solo Hermelin
Evidences for covalent bonding in complexes
Evidences for covalent bonding in complexes
Mithil Fal Desai
Ch04
Ch04
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Density functional theory (DFT) and the concepts of the augmented-plane-wave ...
Density functional theory (DFT) and the concepts of the augmented-plane-wave ...
ABDERRAHMANE REGGAD
Lecture7
Lecture7
Heather Kulik
Ma pradhanmantri bhayeko bhaye as pub nayapatrika म प्रम भएको भए
Ma pradhanmantri bhayeko bhaye as pub nayapatrika म प्रम भएको भए
Bhim Upadhyaya
Libro para Crear Paginas Web
Libro para Crear Paginas Web
Juanjo Bote
Weitere ähnliche Inhalte
Was ist angesagt?
Ch01lecture 150104195146-conversion-gate01
Ch01lecture 150104195146-conversion-gate01
Cleophas Rwemera
Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry
swapnil jadhav
Ch12
Ch12
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch05lecture 150104200520-conversion-gate02
Ch05lecture 150104200520-conversion-gate02
Cleophas Rwemera
Quantum chemistry ppt
Quantum chemistry ppt
PriyaGandhi35
Character tables
Character tables
Chris Sonntag
Introduction to DFT Part 2
Introduction to DFT Part 2
Mariana M. Odashima
Quantum course
Quantum course
FLI
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Gaurav Singh Gusain
Density Functional Theory
Density Functional Theory
Wesley Chen
Quantum Chemistry
Quantum Chemistry
Dr. Nandkishor Telkapalliwar
Lecture 7 8 statistical thermodynamics - introduction
Lecture 7 8 statistical thermodynamics - introduction
Viraj Dande
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
RaphaelZuela
Ch10lecture 150104202336-conversion-gate02
Ch10lecture 150104202336-conversion-gate02
Cleophas Rwemera
6563.nuclear models
6563.nuclear models
akshay garg
5 introduction to quantum mechanics
5 introduction to quantum mechanics
Solo Hermelin
Evidences for covalent bonding in complexes
Evidences for covalent bonding in complexes
Mithil Fal Desai
Ch04
Ch04
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Density functional theory (DFT) and the concepts of the augmented-plane-wave ...
Density functional theory (DFT) and the concepts of the augmented-plane-wave ...
ABDERRAHMANE REGGAD
Lecture7
Lecture7
Heather Kulik
Was ist angesagt?
(20)
Ch01lecture 150104195146-conversion-gate01
Ch01lecture 150104195146-conversion-gate01
Nuclear chemistry
Nuclear chemistry
Ch12
Ch12
Ch05lecture 150104200520-conversion-gate02
Ch05lecture 150104200520-conversion-gate02
Quantum chemistry ppt
Quantum chemistry ppt
Character tables
Character tables
Introduction to DFT Part 2
Introduction to DFT Part 2
Quantum course
Quantum course
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Introduction to quantum mechanics and schrodinger equation
Density Functional Theory
Density Functional Theory
Quantum Chemistry
Quantum Chemistry
Lecture 7 8 statistical thermodynamics - introduction
Lecture 7 8 statistical thermodynamics - introduction
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
Emission spectrum of hydrogen
Ch10lecture 150104202336-conversion-gate02
Ch10lecture 150104202336-conversion-gate02
6563.nuclear models
6563.nuclear models
5 introduction to quantum mechanics
5 introduction to quantum mechanics
Evidences for covalent bonding in complexes
Evidences for covalent bonding in complexes
Ch04
Ch04
Density functional theory (DFT) and the concepts of the augmented-plane-wave ...
Density functional theory (DFT) and the concepts of the augmented-plane-wave ...
Lecture7
Lecture7
Andere mochten auch
Ma pradhanmantri bhayeko bhaye as pub nayapatrika म प्रम भएको भए
Ma pradhanmantri bhayeko bhaye as pub nayapatrika म प्रम भएको भए
Bhim Upadhyaya
Libro para Crear Paginas Web
Libro para Crear Paginas Web
Juanjo Bote
Bos smk 2014
Bos smk 2014
SMK Negeri 2 Tamiang Layang
SharePoint User Group East Anglia - Jan 2012 - Using Innovation Games® to Und...
SharePoint User Group East Anglia - Jan 2012 - Using Innovation Games® to Und...
21apps
Socmedieriakadpraksis lonekoefoed
Socmedieriakadpraksis lonekoefoed
Jesper Mørch
Aggiungiamo Stile al Progetto con i CSS3
Aggiungiamo Stile al Progetto con i CSS3
SkillsAndMore
Lesson 2, Unit 3
Lesson 2, Unit 3
mrcaseysclass
The Constitution
The Constitution
mrcaseysclass
Nepal oxford poverty & human dev initiative-2013
Nepal oxford poverty & human dev initiative-2013
Bhim Upadhyaya
My life its legacy and message by pandit shreeram sharma acharya
My life its legacy and message by pandit shreeram sharma acharya
Bhim Upadhyaya
Constituency dev fund cdf study whats wrong
Constituency dev fund cdf study whats wrong
Bhim Upadhyaya
Building Brand Brilliance
Building Brand Brilliance
Josh Bennie
10 things you must know about 21st century jobs
10 things you must know about 21st century jobs
Bhim Upadhyaya
Theres nothing like a good book
Theres nothing like a good book
Molly Smart
Ocv nola may2012_final-pdf
Ocv nola may2012_final-pdf
Charles Figley
Company_Profile copy
Company_Profile copy
xhaytham
Creating Digital Content for Learning Purposes in Sciences using Project Base...
Creating Digital Content for Learning Purposes in Sciences using Project Base...
Chole Richard
Cloth lesson
Cloth lesson
Angêla Betancourt
After the silence a film
After the silence a film
Chole Richard
Everything changed - Lisbon Challenge
Everything changed - Lisbon Challenge
Nuno Machado Lopes
Andere mochten auch
(20)
Ma pradhanmantri bhayeko bhaye as pub nayapatrika म प्रम भएको भए
Ma pradhanmantri bhayeko bhaye as pub nayapatrika म प्रम भएको भए
Libro para Crear Paginas Web
Libro para Crear Paginas Web
Bos smk 2014
Bos smk 2014
SharePoint User Group East Anglia - Jan 2012 - Using Innovation Games® to Und...
SharePoint User Group East Anglia - Jan 2012 - Using Innovation Games® to Und...
Socmedieriakadpraksis lonekoefoed
Socmedieriakadpraksis lonekoefoed
Aggiungiamo Stile al Progetto con i CSS3
Aggiungiamo Stile al Progetto con i CSS3
Lesson 2, Unit 3
Lesson 2, Unit 3
The Constitution
The Constitution
Nepal oxford poverty & human dev initiative-2013
Nepal oxford poverty & human dev initiative-2013
My life its legacy and message by pandit shreeram sharma acharya
My life its legacy and message by pandit shreeram sharma acharya
Constituency dev fund cdf study whats wrong
Constituency dev fund cdf study whats wrong
Building Brand Brilliance
Building Brand Brilliance
10 things you must know about 21st century jobs
10 things you must know about 21st century jobs
Theres nothing like a good book
Theres nothing like a good book
Ocv nola may2012_final-pdf
Ocv nola may2012_final-pdf
Company_Profile copy
Company_Profile copy
Creating Digital Content for Learning Purposes in Sciences using Project Base...
Creating Digital Content for Learning Purposes in Sciences using Project Base...
Cloth lesson
Cloth lesson
After the silence a film
After the silence a film
Everything changed - Lisbon Challenge
Everything changed - Lisbon Challenge
Ähnlich wie Ch02
Ch02 121227103353-phpapp02
Ch02 121227103353-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
Ch02lecture 150104195955-conversion-gate01
Ch02lecture 150104195955-conversion-gate01
Cleophas Rwemera
CH2 (1).pdf
CH2 (1).pdf
AnnAnoosh
CH2.pdf
CH2.pdf
AnnAnoosh
Ch10 130105193129-phpapp01
Ch10 130105193129-phpapp01
Cleophas Rwemera
Ch09 121227103734-phpapp02
Ch09 121227103734-phpapp02
Cleophas Rwemera
Ch26 130105201508-phpapp01
Ch26 130105201508-phpapp01
Cleophas Rwemera
Ch25
Ch25
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
2745579
2745579
MehdiAsadi18
Ch01 130105191737-phpapp01
Ch01 130105191737-phpapp01
Cleophas Rwemera
general chemistry ch1
general chemistry ch1
Hülya Saraç
Lecture Notes for Inorganic Chemistry
Lecture Notes for Inorganic Chemistry
ASU-CHARRM
Ch03 121227103357-phpapp01
Ch03 121227103357-phpapp01
Cleophas Rwemera
Atoms molecules and ions chapter 2
Atoms molecules and ions chapter 2
jhelsin123
Atoms n elements
Atoms n elements
zonesid
Composition
Composition
Kristel Manuyag
Components of Matter
Components of Matter
tnecsenog
Ch09lecture 150104202016-conversion-gate01
Ch09lecture 150104202016-conversion-gate01
Cleophas Rwemera
Chapter12 chemical bonding
Chapter12 chemical bonding
Raghav Vasudeva
Unit 1 atoms
Unit 1 atoms
Gandaki Boarding School,Lamachaur-16 Pokhara, Nepal
Ähnlich wie Ch02
(20)
Ch02 121227103353-phpapp02
Ch02 121227103353-phpapp02
Ch02lecture 150104195955-conversion-gate01
Ch02lecture 150104195955-conversion-gate01
CH2 (1).pdf
CH2 (1).pdf
CH2.pdf
CH2.pdf
Ch10 130105193129-phpapp01
Ch10 130105193129-phpapp01
Ch09 121227103734-phpapp02
Ch09 121227103734-phpapp02
Ch26 130105201508-phpapp01
Ch26 130105201508-phpapp01
Ch25
Ch25
2745579
2745579
Ch01 130105191737-phpapp01
Ch01 130105191737-phpapp01
general chemistry ch1
general chemistry ch1
Lecture Notes for Inorganic Chemistry
Lecture Notes for Inorganic Chemistry
Ch03 121227103357-phpapp01
Ch03 121227103357-phpapp01
Atoms molecules and ions chapter 2
Atoms molecules and ions chapter 2
Atoms n elements
Atoms n elements
Composition
Composition
Components of Matter
Components of Matter
Ch09lecture 150104202016-conversion-gate01
Ch09lecture 150104202016-conversion-gate01
Chapter12 chemical bonding
Chapter12 chemical bonding
Unit 1 atoms
Unit 1 atoms
Mehr von Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch27
Ch27
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch24
Ch24
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch23
Ch23
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch22
Ch22
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch21
Ch21
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch20
Ch20
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch26
Ch26
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch19
Ch19
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch17
Ch17
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch16
Ch16
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch15
Ch15
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch13
Ch13
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch18
Ch18
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch11
Ch11
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch08
Ch08
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Ch28
Ch28
Universidade Federal de Alfenas
Mehr von Universidade Federal de Alfenas
(16)
Ch27
Ch27
Ch24
Ch24
Ch23
Ch23
Ch22
Ch22
Ch21
Ch21
Ch20
Ch20
Ch26
Ch26
Ch19
Ch19
Ch17
Ch17
Ch16
Ch16
Ch15
Ch15
Ch13
Ch13
Ch18
Ch18
Ch11
Ch11
Ch08
Ch08
Ch28
Ch28
Ch02
1.
General Chemistry Principles and
Modern Applications Petrucci • Harwood • Herring 8th Edition Chapter 2: Atoms and the Atomic Theory Philip Dutton University of Windsor, Canada Prentice-Hall © 2002 Slide 1 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
2.
Contents •
Early chemical discoveries • Electrons and the Nuclear Atom • Chemical Elements • Atomic Masses • The Mole Slide 2 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
3.
Early Discoveries Lavoisier
1774 Law of conservation of mass Proust 1799 Law of constant composition Dalton 1803-1888 Atomic Theory Slide 3 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
4.
Dalton’s Atomic Theory
Each element is composed of small particles called atoms. Atoms are neither created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. All atoms of a given element are identical Compounds are formed when atoms of more than one element combine Slide 4 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
5.
Consequences of Dalton’s
theory Law of Definite Proportions: combinations of elements are in ratios of small whole numbers. In forming carbon monoxide, 1.33 g of oxygen combines with 1.0 g of carbon. In the formation of hydrogen peroxide 2.66 g of oxygen combines with 1.0 g of hydrogen. Slide 5 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
6.
Behavior of charges Slide
6 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
7.
Cathode ray tube Slide
7 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
8.
Properties of cathode
rays Electron m/e = -5.6857 x 10-9 g coulomb-1 Slide 8 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
9.
Charge on the
electron From 1906-1914 Robert Millikan showed ionized oil drops can be balanced against the pull of gravity by an electric field. The charge is an integral multiple of the electronic charge, e. Slide 9 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
10.
Radioactivity Radioactivity
is the spontaneous emission of radiation from a substance. X-rays and γ-rays are high-energy light. α-particles are a stream of helium nuclei, He2+. β-particles are a stream of high speed electrons that originate in the nucleus. Slide 10 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
11.
The nuclear atom Geiger
and Rutherford 1909 Slide 11 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
12.
The α-particle experiment
Most of the mass and all of the positive charge is concentrated in a small region called the nucleus . There are as many electrons outside the nucleus as there are units of positive charge on the nucleus Slide 12 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
13.
The nuclear atom
Rutherford protons 1919 James Chadwick neutrons 1932 Slide 13 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
14.
Nuclear Structure
Atomic Diameter 10-8 cm Nuclear diameter 10-13 cm 1Å Particle Mass Charge kg amu Coulombs (e) Electron 9.109 x 10-31 0.000548 –1.602 x 10-19 –1 Proton 1.673 x 10-27 1.00073 +1.602 x 10-19 +1 Neutron 1.675 x 10-27 1.00087 0 0 Slide 14 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
15.
Scale of Atoms
The heaviest atom has a mass of only 4.8 x 10-22 g and a diameter of only 5 x 10-10 m. Useful units: 1 amu (atomic mass unit) = 1.66054 x 10-24 kg 1 pm (picometer) = 1 x 10-12 m 1 Å (Angstrom) = 1 x 10-10 m = 100 pm = 1 x 10-8 cm Biggest atom is 240 amu and is 50 Å across. Typical C-C bond length 154 pm (1.54 Å) Molecular models are 1 Å /inch or about 0.4 Å /cm Slide 15 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
16.
Isotopes, atomic numbers
and mass numbers To represent a particular atom we use the symbolism: A= mass number Z = atomic number Slide 16 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
17.
Measuring atomic masses Slide
17 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
18.
Alkali Metals
The Periodic table Noble Gases Alkaline Earths Main Group Halogens Transition Metals Main Group Lanthanides and Actinides Slide 18 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
19.
The Periodic Table
• Read atomic masses. • Read the ions formed by main group elements. • Read the electron configuration. • Learn trends in physical and chemical properties. We will discuss these in detail in Chapter 10. Slide 19 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
20.
The Mole •
Physically counting atoms is impossible. • We must be able to relate measured mass to numbers of atoms. – buying nails by the pound. – using atoms by the gram Slide 20 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
21.
Avogadro’s number The
mole is an amount of substance that contains the same number of elementary entities as there are carbon-12 atoms in exactly 12 g of carbon-12. NA = 6.02214199 x 1023 mol-1 Slide 21 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
22.
Molar Mass • The
molar mass, M, is the mass of one mole of a substance. M (g/mol 12C) = A (g/atom 12C) x NA (atoms 12C /mol 12C) Slide 22 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
23.
Example 2-9 Combining Several
Factors in a Calculation—Molar Mass, the Avogadro Constant, Percent Abundance. Potassium-40 is one of the few naturally occurring radioactive isotopes of elements of low atomic number. Its percent natural abundance among K isotopes is 0.012%. How many 40K atoms do you ingest by drinking one cup of whole milk containing 371 mg of K? Want atoms of 40K, need atoms of K, Want atoms of K, need moles of K, Want moles of K, need mass and M(K). Slide 23 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
24.
Convert strategy to
plan and plan into action Convert mass of K(mg K) into moles of K (mol K) mK(mg) x (1g/1000mg) mK (g) x 1/MK (mol/g) nK(mol) nK = (371 mg K) x (10-3 g/mg) x (1 mol K) / (39.10 g K) = 9.49 x 10-3 mol K Convert moles of K into atoms of 40K nK(mol) x NA atoms K x 0.012% atoms 40K atoms 40K = (9.49 x 10-3 mol K) x (6.022 x 1023 atoms K/mol K) x (1.2 x 10-4 40K/K) = 6.9 x 1017 40K atoms Slide 24 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
25.
Chapter 2 Questions
3, 4, 11, 22, 33, 51, 55, 63, 83. Slide 25 of 25 General Chemistry: Prentice-Hall ©
Hinweis der Redaktion
Often do not specify Z when writing. For example 14 C, C specifies Z = 12. Special names for some isotopes. For example hydrogen, deuterium, tritium.
Jetzt herunterladen