Testosterone is the primary sex hormone and anabolic steroid in males. In male humans, testosterone plays a key role in the development of male reproductive tissues such as testes and prostate, as well as promoting secondary sexual characteristics such as increased muscle and bone mass, and the growth of body hair. Testosterone is a sex hormone that plays important roles in the body. In men, it's thought to regulate sex drive (libido), bone mass, fat distribution, muscle mass and strength, and the production of red blood cells and sperm. A small amount of circulating testosterone is converted to estradiol, a form of estrogen. If a male has a low level of testosterone, the symptoms can include erectile dysfunction, and reduced bone mass and sex drive. The hormone has many important functions, including: the development of the bones and muscles. the deepening of the voice, hair growth, and other factors related to appearance. Men with high testosterone can experience a variety of troubling symptoms and possible health consequences. Excess testosterone can lead to more aggressive and irritable behavior, more acne and oily skin, even worse sleep apnea (if you already have it), and an increase in muscle mass.

1. TESTOSTERONE
(SEX HORMONE)
Presented By
Dr. R. N. CHAVHAN
Assistant Professor in Zoology,
Mahatma Gandhi Arts, science and
Late N. P
. Commerce College Armori, District Gadchiroli
Testosterone

2. AGENDA
1. WHAT IS HORMONE ?
2. WHAT IS SEX HORMONE ?
3. WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE ?
4. TESTOSTERONE STRUCTURE
5. TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS
6. NORMAL LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE
7. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
8. METABOLIC EFFECTS.
9. THERAPETIC USES OF TESTOSTERONE
10. CONTROL OF TESTOSTERONE
11. ABNORMALITIES (LOW/HIGH)
12. DOSE
13. THERAPY
14. ADVERSE EFFECTS
15. BEST SUPPLEMENTS TO BOOST
16. REGULAR YOGA
17. AVOIDS THE FOODS
18. WHO NEEDS DOSES
TESTOSTERONE (SEX HORMONE)
Testosterone

3. WHAT IS SEX HORMONE ?
Generally, HORMONES are substances that are secreted by the ductless
glands, and only minute amounts are necessary to produce the various
physiological reaction in the body.
Hormones are chemical messengers that trigger necessary changes in the body.
WHAT IS HORMONE ?
Sex-hormones belong to the steroid class of compounds and
are produced in the glands, i.e., testes in the male and ovaries in
the female. In fact, their activity seems to be controlled and
monitored by the hormones that are produced in the anterior
lobe of the pituitary glands. Perhaps because of this inherent
characteristics the sex hormones are invariably termed as the
secondary sex hormones and the hormones of the anterior lobe
of the pituitary are called the primary sex-hormones.
Testosterone

4. WHAT IS TESTOSTERONE ?
Testosterone is a Principle Male Sex Hormone and an anabolic steroid.
Testosterone is a STEROID HORMONE from the androgen group.
It is found in MAMMALS, REPTILES, BIRDS and other vertebrates.
In mammals, testosterone is primarily secreted in the TESTICLES of
males and the OVARIES of females although small amounts are also
secreted by the ADRENAL GLANDS.
TESTOSTERONE STRUCTURE
It is a type of androgen produced primarily by the testicles in cells called the Leydig cells.
Testosterone

5. TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS
The largest amounts of testosterone (> 95 %) are produced by the testes in
men, from the interstitial cells of LEYDIG between seminiferous tubules
“ about 20 % of testicular mass”.
The male generative glands also contain SERTOLI cells which require
testosterone for spermatogenesis.
It is also synthesized in far smaller quantities in women by the THECAL
CELLS of the ovaries, and by the placenta.
On an average, in adult males, levels of testosterone
are about 7-8 times as great as in adult females.
But as the metabolic consumption of testosterone in
males is greater, the daily production is about 20
times greater in men.
Females are also more sensitive to the hormone.
97 % bound to protein in Plasma
03 % free
Testosterone

6.  The amount of testosterone produced by existing leydig cells is under the
control of LH which regulates the expression of 17-β hydroxysteroid
dehydrogenase (HSD).
REGULATION OF TESTOSTERONE BIOSYNTHESIS
 When testosterone levels are low, Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
is released by the hypothalamus which in turn stimulates the pituitary gland
to release FSH and LH. These later two hormones stimulate the testis to
synthesis testosterone.
Hypothalamus
ANT.PITUITARY
TESTIS
TESTOSTERON
E
 Testosterone is primarily synthesized in LEYDIG CELLS.
 The number of leydig cells in turn is regulated by (LH)
luteinizing hormone and (FSH) follicle stimulating hormone.
 Finally increasing levels of testosterone through a negative feedback
loop act on the hypothalamus and pituitary to inhibit the release of
GnRH and FSH/LH respectively.
Testosterone

7. Age Male (in ng/dl) Female (in ng/dl)
17 to 18 years 300-1,200 20-75
19 years and older 240-950 8-60
NORMAL LEVEL OF TESTOSTERONE
According to recent guidelines from the
American Urological Association (AUA),
a testosterone level of at least 300 (ng/dL)
nanograms per deciliter is normal for a man.
A man with a
testosterone level below 300 ng/dL
should be diagnosed with Low testosterone.
Typical testosterone levels
Testosterone

8. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
A) SEXUAL FUNCTION
 During intrauterine life: testosterone secreted from genital ridge.
 Help in formation of male sex characters as: Formation of PENIS, scrotum, seminal vesicles,
prostrate glands, male genital ducts.
 Influence the descent of testes into scrotum since Second month of pregnancy.
EARLY INFANCY: least understood, increases in first weeks the fats again helps in brain
development.
BEFORE AND AT PUBERTY: Appearance of male secondary sex characters:- Growth of
hair over pubis, Extension towards umbilicus, on face and chest, axillary, leg hair.
GROWTH OF SEX ORGANS: Testes, Scrotum, Testes, Penis, prostate.
Deepeness of voice due to hypertrophy of larynx.
MALE BODY TYPE: Narrow pelvis and wide shoulders.
 Males sexual behaviour associated with adulthood like
desire to apposite sex.
 Increase muscle strength.
 Appearance of Adam’s apple.
 Growth of jaw, braw, chin.
Testosterone

9. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
 SEX DRIVE (Libido & regulates Fertility)
 MALE SEXUAL DIFFERENTIATION.
 Maintains male secondary sexual characteristics.
 Normal male sexual function and behaviour.
 GROWTH OF PENIS.
In men, testosterone is thought to regulate a sperm production (Spermatogenesis).
IN ADULTS: Spermatogenesis
BALDNESS: Decrease hair growth at top of the head, provided genetic background.
The brain and pituitary gland control testosterone levels. Once
produced, the hormone moves through the blood to carry out its
various important functions.
Testosterone

10. FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
OVERALL HEALTH EFFECTS:
 In general, androgens promote protein synthesis and growth of those
tissues with androgen receptors.
 Testosterone effects can be classified as anabolic and virilising.
 Anabolic effects include growth of muscle mass and strength.
 Increased bone density and strength, and
 Stimulation of linear growth and bone maturation.
Androgenic effects include:
Maturation of the sex organs, particularly the penis and the
formation of the Scrotum in the foetus, and after birth (usually at
puberty) a deepening of the Voice, growth of the beard and axillary
hair. Many of these fall into the category of male secondary sex
characteristics.
 BONE MASS
 FAT DISTRIBUTION
 MUSCLE SIZE AND STRENGTH (muscle mass)
 RED BLOOD CELL PRODUCTION
Testosterone

11. Metabolic effects:
Increase metabolic rate.
Anabolic to Protein: Increases muscle bulk and strength.
On CHO: Increases Glycogenesis and Increase Glucose
uptake by cells.
Reduction of CO2 and PO4
Union of epiphysis
Stimulate erythropoiesis
Degraded by conjugation in liver to excrete in urine or
in bile salts.
FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
ANDROSTENEDIONE: Hormone that serves as a precursor to
testosterone and estrogens.
INHIBIN: Hormone that inhibits the release of FSH and is thought to be
involved in sperm cell development and regulation.
Testosterone

12. EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE  Converted to DHT in tissues (more active).
Testosterone is also converted to oestradiol in adipose tissue by aromatase enzyme.
Testosterone

13. GnRH:
LH secretion is stimulated by “GnRH” from hypothalamus to
the anterior Pituitary.
CONTROL
Other factors affects secretion:
Weight loss,
Zinc deficiency,
Aging dominance challenge,
Sleep, Training, Licorice, Antiandrogens.
LH- Luteinizing hormone:
The hormone secretion is stimulated by LH.
Negative feedback mechanism:
Mainly by the testosterone on the hypothalamus and
weaker effect on the anterior Pituitary gland.
Testosterone

14. Chronic, or ongoing, low
testosterone may lead to
Osteoporosis,
Mood swings,
Reduced energy, and
Testicular shrinkage.
Testosterone

15. Testosterone

16. Testosterone
ABNORMALITIES (LOW/HIGH) TESTOSTERONE IMBALANCE
LOW TESTOSTERONE: When a man has LOW testosterone, or hypogonadism, he may experience:
 REDUCED SEX DRIVE
 ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION (ED)
 LOW SPERM COUNT
 Enlarged or swollen breast tissue
Abnormalities: HYPOGONADISM in Male
During foetal life: When the testes are of
functioning, none of male characteristics appear,
instead female organs are formed.
 If boy loses his testes before puberty.
A state of eunichism: infantile sex organs and sex
characters.
 Slightly tall because of slower union of epiphysis
 If a man is castrated after puberty:
1) Secondary sexual characters aren’t affected.
2) Decreased sexual desire and sterility.
3) Accessory sexual organs are gradually dysfunctioned.
4) FSH & LH are increased due to –ve feedback
mechanism.

17. Testosterone
B-adiposogenital syndrome, Frolich’s syndrome, hypothalamic eunuchism
Hypogonadism due to genetic inability of hypothalamus to secrete
normal amount of GnRH & abnormality of feeding of centre of
hypothalamus leads to obesity with eunuchism

18. The following are symptoms of late-onset hypogonadism:
 Diminished erectile quality, particularly at night
 Decreased libido
 Mood changes
 Reduced cognitive function
 Fatigue, depression, and anger
 A decrease in muscle mass and strength
 Decreased body hair
 Skin changes
 Decreased bone mass and bone mineral density
 Increase in abdominal fat mass
Testosterone

19. As well as sexual dysfunction, late-onset hypogonadism has also been associated with
metabolic disease and cardiovascular disease.
The degree to which testosterone levels decline varies between men, but a growing number
of men experience the effects of reduced testosterone levels. Life expectancy has increased,
and many men now live beyond the age of 60 years.
As a result, a higher number of men see the effects of age-related testosterone depletion.
Treatment: Administering treatment for hypogonadism as the result of a disease differs from treating
late-onset hypogonadism in older men.
Testosterone

20. Testosterone levels and aging: - Testosterone levels naturally decrease as a
man ages. The effects of gradually lowering testosterone levels as men age
have received increasing attention in recent years. It is known as late-onset
hypogonadism.
After the age of 40, the concentration of circulating testosterone falls by
about 1.6 percent every year for most men. By the age of 60, the low levels of
testosterone would lead to a diagnosis of hypogonadism in younger men.
About 4 in 10 men have hypogonadism by the time they reach 45 years old. The number of cases in which
older men have been diagnosed as having low testosterone increased 170 percent since 2012.
Low testosterone has been associated with
increased mortality in male veterans.
Late-onset hypogonadism has become a
recognized medical condition, although
many of the symptoms are associated with
normal aging.

21. Testosterone

22. TESTOSTERONE IMBALANCE : High or low levels of testosterone can lead to dysfunction in the parts of the body
normally regulated by the hormone.
 LOSS OF BODY HAIR
 LOSS OF MUSCLE BULK
 LOSS OF STRENGTH
 INCREASED BODY FAT
Testosterone OVER time, these symptoms may develop in the following ways:

23. Testosterone
 GROWTH AND SWELLING OF THE CLITORIS
 CHANGES IN BODY SHAPE
 REDUCTION IN BREAST SIZE
 OILY SKIN
 ACNE
 FACIAL HAIR GROWTH AROUND THE BODY, LIPS, AND CHIN
Too much testosterone, on the other hand, can lead to the triggering of puberty before the age of 9 years. this
condition would mainly affect younger men and is much rarer.
IN WOMEN, HOWEVER, HIGH TESTOSTERONE LEVELS CAN LEAD TO MALE PATTERN
BALDNESS, A DEEP VOICE, AND MENSTRUAL IRREGULARITIES, AS WELLAS:
Testosterone imbalances can be detected with a blood test and treated accordingly.
Recent studies have also linked high testosterone
levels in women to the risk of uterine fibroids.

24. Sex verification in sports (also known as gender verification, or loosely as gender determination or a sex test)
Caster Semenya
In August 2009, South African athlete Caster Semenya was subjected to mandatory
sex verification testing at the request of the IAAF.
•On 6 July 2010, the IAAF confirmed that Semenya was cleared to continue competing as a woman.
•The results of the gender testing were never officially released for privacy reasons.
•In 2018, the IAAF announced new rules that once again prevented Semenya from running, rules that are thought to
have been designed specifically to target Semenya.
•South African middle-distance runner Caster Semenya won
the 800 meters at the 2009 World Championships in
Athletics in Berlin.
•After her victory at the 2009 World Championships, it was
announced that she had been subjected to gender testing.
•The IAAF confirmed that Semenya had agreed to a sex-testing
process that began in South Africa and would continue
in Germany.
Dutee Chand was born a woman, raised as a
woman and identifies as a woman. But winning a
gold medal led to a legal challenge over whether
she could compete as a woman – and humiliating
"gender verification" tests.

25.  Testicular injury, such as castration
 Infection of the testicles
 Medications, such as opiate analgesics
 Chronic diseases, including:- type 2 diabetes, kidney and liver disease, obesity, and HIV/AIDS.
CAUSES CAN INCLUDE:
GENETIC DISEASES, SUCH AS :-
 KLINEFELTER SYNDROME,
 PRADER-WILLI SYNDROME,
 HEMOCHROMATOSIS,
 KALLMAN SYNDROME, AND
 MYOTONIC DYSTROPHY
 Disorders that affect the hormones, such as pituitary tumors or high prolactin levels
Testosterone

26. Testosterone
 SKIN GELS AND PATCHES
 INJECTIONS
 TABLETS THAT ARE ABSORBED THROUGH THE GUMS
 INCREASED RED BLOOD CELL COUNT
 PROSTATE AND BREAST ENLARGEMENT
 ACNE
 IN RARE CASES,
 BREATHING DIFFICULTIES DURING SLEEP
 INCREASED RISK OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE,
ALTHOUGH THIS IS SUBJECT TO DEBATE
The treatment can be administered by:
These can, however, trigger side effects, including:

27. Testosterone Testosterone replacement therapy is used to help treat people with abnormally
low levels of testosterone. These abnormally low levels usually affect normal
body functions, which can contribute to decreased muscle mass and a lower
sex drive, among other effects. For this treatment, testosterone medication is
prescribed.
1. Exercise and Lift Weights.
2. Eat Protein, Fat and Carbs
3. Minimize Stress and Cortisol Levels.
4. Get Some Sun or Take a Vitamin D Supplement.
5. Take Vitamin and Mineral Supplements.
6. Get Plenty of Restful, High-Quality Sleep.
What is the best treatment for low testosterone?
Here are 8 evidence-based ways to increase testosterone levels
naturally.

29. Testosterone
The Endocrine Society recommends offering testosterone therapy to people with
symptoms of testosterone deficiency. In men over 65, treatment should only be
initiated on an individual basis and after consultation with the person regarding risks
and benefits.
People worried about their testosterone levels might choose to avoid the following foods.
 Soy products. Soy foods, such as tofu, edamame, and soy protein isolates, contain
phytoestrogens.
 Dairy products.
 Alcohol.
 Mint.
 Bread, pastries, and desserts.
 Licorice root.
 Certain fats.
Who needs testosterone?

30. Testosterone

31. Testosterone
Best Supplements to Boost Testosterone Levels:
1. D-Aspartic Acid.
2. Vitamin D.
3. Tribulus Terrestris.
4. Fenugreek.
5. Ginger.
6. DHEA.
7. Zinc.
8. Ashwagandha

32. Fast facts on testosterone
 Testosterone regulates a number of processes in the male body.
 Levels of testosterone tend to drop as men age.
 Prohormone supplements do not have any effect on testosterone
levels.
 Testosterone supplements are prescribed only for
specified conditions, and not to counteract the
natural, age-related drop in testosterone levels.
 Testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) is also
available. However, this can carry side effects and
risks.
Testosterone

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