Integrated farming, Aquaculture, Integrated farm based Biorefinery, Climate smart Agriculture, Resource recycling, Sustainable Agriculture

1. Coming together is beginning,
Keeping together is Progress,
Working together is Success
-Henry Ford

2. Global level work on Climate Smart Integrated
Farming System
Presented by
Kharche Priyanka Pramod
Reg. No. 2018/03
Research Guide and Course Teacher
Dr. U. S. Surve
Professor of Agronomy,
Department of Agronomy,
PGI, MPKV, Rahuri

3. Introduction
'Farming' is a process of harnessing solar energy in the form of
economic plant and animal products.
'System' implies a set of interrelated practices and processes
organized into functional entity.
Climate-Smart Agriculture (CSA) is an approach to help the
people who manage agricultural systems respond effectively to
climate change .
The CSA approach pursues the triple objectives of sustainably
increasing productivity and incomes, adapting to climate change
and reducing greenhouse gas emissions where possible.

4. WHAT IS IFS?
Integrated farming is a whole farm
management system which aims to deliver
more sustainable agriculture
It refers to agricultural system that
integrate livestock and crop production.
Integrated farming system has
revolutionized conventional farming of
livestock, aquaculture,, horticulture, agro-
industry and allied activities.
It is also called as Integrated Production
System

5. The four primary goals of IFS are-
Maximization of yield of all component enterprises
to provide steady and stable income.
Rejuvenation/amelioration of system's productivity
and achieve agro-ecological equilibrium.
Avoid build-up of insect-pests, diseases and weed
population through natural cropping system
management and keep them at low level of intensity.
Reducing the use of chemicals (fertilizers and
pesticides) to provide chemical free healthy produce
and environment to the society.
Goals of Integrated Farming System
Manjunatha et al., 2014

6. Advantages of Integrated Farming
System
Increased Productivity
Improved Profitability
Sustainable Production
Recycling of Waste
Employment generation
Entrepreneurship
Reduced Cost of Production
Balanced food
Environment safety
Adoption of new technology
Meeting fodder crisis
Increasing input efficiency
Patra and Samal, 2018

7. Components in IFS
Agriculture
Horticulture
Forestry
Apiary
Sericulture
Dairy
Poultry
Goat keeping
Sheep rearing
Piggery
Rabbitory
Fish farming
Duck rearing
 Pigeon rearing
Mushroom cultivation
Azolla farming
Kitchen gardening
Fodder production
Nursery
Seed production
Vermiculture
Value addition
Manjunatha et al., 2014

8. Enterprises linked in different agro-
ecosystem
Dry land Garden land Wet land
Dairy Dairy Dairy
Poultry Poultry Poultry
Goat /Sheep Mushroom Mushroom
Agroforestry Apiary Apiary
Farm pond Piggery Fishery
- Sericulture Duckery

9. Elements of Integrated Farming System
•Watershed
•Farm ponds
•Bio-pesticides
•Bio-fertilizers
•Plant products such as
pesticides
•Bio-gas
•Solar energy
•Compost making
•Green manuring
•Rain water harvesting
Manjunatha et al., 2014

10. Principles of IFS
Crop rotation
Minimum soil cultivation
Use of improved cultivars
Modification in sowing time
Targeted application of nutrients
Rational use of agrochemicals
Management of field to make habitat for natural enemies
Use of tillage to control naturally pest, improve soil structure
Crop diversity
Promotion of biodiversity

11. Introduction to Asian Integrated Farming Systems
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector
in the World with annual growth in excess of 10 percent
over the last two decades.
Much of this development has occurred in Asia, which also
has the greatest variety of cultured species and systems.
Asia is also perceived as the ‘home’ of aquaculture, as
aquaculture has a long history in several areas of the region
and knowledge of traditional systems is most widespread.
Furthermore, the integration of livestock and fish
production is best established in Asia.

12. Production
technology
Social and
economic
aspects
Sustainable
Aquaculture
system
Environmental
aspects
The development of Sustainable Aquaculture System
involves considerations of Production technology , Social
and economic aspects and environmental aspects
Productive
Socially relevant
and Profitable
Environmentally
compatible
Source:AIT,1994

13. Integrated fish farming refers to the production, integrated
management and comprehensive use of aquaculture,
agriculture and livestock with an emphasis on aquaculture.
China has a long and rich history of integrated fish farming.
•Type of IFS Model
•Grass- fish
•Water hyacinth- Fish
•Pig- Grass- Fish
•Chinese embankment fish
culture
Integrated Farming System in China

14. A variety of aquatic plants can be used as supplemental feeds
in fish production; however, water hyacinth is the best.
An area approximately one-half the size of the fish pond is
needed to produce enough water hyacinth for supplemental
feeding. Water hyacinth can produce up to 300 T/ha (fresh
wt.).
Net fish yields can also reach 600 T/ha without
supplemental feeding or the use of additional manures. Pond
sizes and stocking rates are the same as the grass-fish
system.
Fish input costs using water hyacinth comprise less than
15% when compared to cereal grain (barley)-fed fish.
WATER HYACINTH FISH

15. PIG-GRASS-FISH Integrated Farming System

16. Fodder-fish integration practice in Malaysia
In Malaysia, integrated farming systems have been practiced
since the 1930s with the production of fish in paddy fields
and pig-fish in ponds. Although research shows that these
systems are technically feasible and economically viable,
socioeconomic factors such as consumer preference,
adoption by farmers, etc., need to be considered. Fodder-
fish integration is one widely accepted system.

17. The V.A.C. system in Northern Vietnam
The Vietnamese saying Nhat canh tri, cans vien says that
the first profitable activity is aquaculture and the
second is agriculture, horticulture or gardening.
Integrated farming is a traditional approach to family food
production in the poor, rural regions of Vietnam.
The integration of the home lot, garden, livestock
and fish pond is called the VAC system (VAC in
Vietnamese is Vuon, ao, chuong which means
garden/pond/livestock pen).

18. A picture depicting VAC System

19. Calendar of VAC System

20. …

21. North America

22. Integrated Farm-Based Biorefinery
Wei Liao and David Hodge, 2014
Michigan State University and
Montana State University

23. Integrated farm- based Bio refinery
Fossil fuel dependance has been increased since industrial
revolution.
This can be reduced by by accelerating the development of
renewable alternatives to stationary power and
transportation fuel, and the United States intends to displace
up to 30% of the nation’s gasoline consumption and 10% of
total industrial and electric generator energy demand by 2030.
An integrated farm-based bio-refining concept that combines
anaerobic digestion, algae cultivation, and bio-ethanol
production using lignocellulosic feedstock (animal manure and
corn stover), thereby making use of synergies between process
streams and producing multiple fuel and chemical products
(methane, ethanol, and algal biomass).

26. Benefits, Challenges and Opportunities of Integrated
Farming Systems and their Potential Application in the High
Rainfall Zone of Southern Australia: a Review
Nie et al., 2016
Department of Economic Development, Jobs, Transport &
Resources (DEDJTR) Hamilton centre, Victoria 3300,
Australia

27.  Crop-pasture rotation
 Crop-pasture intercropping
 Dual purpose crops: grazing at vegetative stage
 Alley cropping

28.  A complimentary system
 Nitrogen fixation and transfer
 Non-nitrogen resource capture and use
 Soil physical, chemical and biological
properties
 Control of weeds, pests and diseases
 Management and environmental benefits
 Economic returns

29.  Grain yield reduction in ICL systems
 Stubble management, grazing and
groundcover
 Pasture cropping in high rainfall zone
 Management decisions and modeling of the
ICL system
 Chemical resistant weeds and pests
 Constraints to crop production in the HRZ

30. Co-cultivation of microalgae in Aquaponic
systems
Addy et al., 2017
Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems
Engineering,
University of Minnesota, USA

31. Aquaponics, synergistically integrated aquaculture and hydroponics, is
considered as a sustainable system for the future urban farming. In an
aquaponic system, wastewater generated by fish is converted to high-value
vegetable products (Love et al., 2015)
Microalgae, as a naturally occurring microorganism in the aquaponic
system, are commonly considered a nuisance because they often plug the
water pipes, consume oxygen, attract insects and worsen the water
quality. The decomposition of accumulated algae leads to excessive
consumption of dissolved oxygen and results in a low level of dissolved
oxygen (DO) that is dangerous to fish life.
Algae could also cause diurnal pH swings and DO variation due to
photoautotrophic growth under daytime light and respiration during the
night (Storey, 2013) which shows algae have a great impact in an
ecological system.
Importance of Algae in Aquaponics

32. •Microalgae are known for high lipid content with enriched
omega-3 fatty acids which are uncommon in many aquaponics
vegetables.
•It was reported that many algal species contain about 20% of
lipids and among them many fatty acids were essential fatty acid
(Li et al., 2011; Zhou et al., 2012).
•Adding suitable algae to the fish feed could improve both fish
health and their nutritional value (Cheunbarn and Cheunbarn,
2015; Tocher, 2010).
•Furthermore, the algae production might add additional
economic value for the feed because the market values of algae
are high, e.g., Spirulina is about $10/Lb and Chlorella is
nearly $20/Lb which is more expensive than vegetable.
Why Microalgae ?

34. In the first study, a comparison experiment was set up to
evaluate the algae effect on the aquaponic system. In one
of the system, an algae section replaced one of the rafts.
I. System one (NP1) had 30 plants in two rafts and one
algae section
II. System two (NP2) had 45 plants in three rafts
without algae section.
Considering the summer weather condition, a heat resistant
plant Kale was selected for the first study.
First year Study

35. In the second study, difference made in NP2 system was that
the fish was removed, instead, digested swine manure
wastewater was used as the nutrient recourse since January
2017.
Half of the Swiss chard was replaced by Kale in both systems
due to quick growth and easy harvesting by cutting off the outer
leaves.
After cutting the big leaves, the rest would keep growing.
In both systems, an algae section was added during February
and March 2017 to evaluate the algal biomass productivity.
Without fish in NP2, a higher level of nutrient could be used
in the system; combined with the nitrification process, a
better algal growth was expecting in NP2.
Second year Study

36. The algae component has many proven positive impact in the
aquaponics system. In daily operations, algae can help balance pH
value, add oxygen, and control ammonia in the system.
Although algae have lower productivity comparable to vegetable and
economically unfavorable to grower, but algae can remove nitrogen
more efficiently than vegetable due to higher nitrogen content in
algae.
Moreover algae are unlikely to compete with vegetable for nitrate
nitrogen but compete for total nitrogen resource and growth space.
In term of water treatment, algae have a unique role in the aquaponic
system and could be placed at the final stage of the system for further
ammonia removal when situation allows.
Conclusions

37. Integrated culture of white shrimp
(Litopenaeus vannamei) and tomato
(Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) with low
salinity groundwater : Management and
production
Lagarda et al., 2012
Centro de Estudios Superiores del Estado
de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico

38. The optimal utilization of water in arid and semi arid
regions is pivotal for resource sustainability. T
he integration of aquaculture with traditional agriculture
may be a solution to achieve more efficient water use,
maximizing farm production without increasing water
consumption, avoiding disposition of aquaculture effluents
and supplementing additional fertilizer to the agricultural
crop.
The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of shrimp
tomato and evaluating the effects of the irrigation with
shrimp farm effluent on tomato yield and to describe
shrimp production.
Introduction

40. Production data mean±SD
Harvest size(g) 13.9±0.4
Yield (kg ha-1) 3932±204
Feed Conversion Ratio 1.61±0.03
Growth rate (g week-1) 0.73±0.04
Survival (%) 56.3±1.1
Water use (m3 kg-1
Shrimp)
4.7±0.3
Water use (m3 kg-1
Shrimp+ tomato)
2.1±0.1
Results:

41. Production
data
Plants
irrigated with
shrimp
effluent
Plants
irrigated with
nutritive
solution
Plants
irrigated with
ground water
No. of tomato
plant-1
7.0±1.0 7.5±0.9 6.0±1.5
Tomatoes kg
plant-1
0.7±0.2 0.8±0.1 0.6±0.2
Individual
weight (g)
110.6±22.5 105.1±27.7 94.8±25.8
yield (t ha-1) 36.1±2.3 38.7±1.9 27.6±2.6
Results:

43. Integrated crop-livestock systems in the Brazilian
Subtropics
Moraes et al., 2014
Federal University of Parana (UFPR) Agricultural
Science Sector, Crop Production and Crop Protection
Department, Brazil

44.  1. Irrigated rice cultivation and grazing
 2. Integrated system with soybean and corn
in the Brazilian subtropical plateau

45.  Effect of trampling on soil physical attributes
 Effects of animal on soil chemical attributes
 Effect of animals on soil biological attributes

46. Variables Behavior ICLS vs.
PC
Soil density increases
Soil porosity similar
Soil moisture decreases
Soil aggregation increases
Mechanical resistance increases
Soil carbon stocks increases
Soil phosphorous availability increases
Soil microbial biomass increases
Soil microbial diversity increases
grain yield increases
Profitability increases
Economic risk decreases
System sustainability increases
Synthesis of results obtained for selected variables indicating the effect
of employing an ICLS under no tillage conditions compared to using
pure cropping system (PC) in studies performed in the Brazilian
subtropics

48. Can Farmers mitigate environmental impacts through
combined production of food, fuel and food ? A consequential
life cycle assessment of integrated mixed crop-livestock
system with green biorefinery
Parajuli et al., 2018
Department of Agroecology,
Aarhus University, Denmark

49. System I- Feed crops & green biomass
System II- Green biorefinery
System III- Livestock (Pig + Suckler cow calves)
System IV- Biogas conversion and upgrading
Model has IV System they are as follows

52. Products Substitution factor Alternative products
LW-SCC - Assumed as the
main productLW-Pig -
Feed protein 1.58 Soymeal
Fodder silage 0.91 Ukranian barley
Biomethane 1 LNG
Electricity 1 Danish marginal
electricity mix
Heat 1 Natural gas fired
district heat
Recovered nutrients
(digestate)
NPK Marginal fertilizer
Basic assumptions considered for the substitutions
of the alternative products

53. Potential environmental impacts obtained per FU
Note:
FU: FUNCTIONAL UNIT -1kgLW-SCC + 1kgLW-Pigs
Contributions Carbon
footprint (kg
CO2 eq.)
EP
(kg PO4
eq.)
NRE use
(MJ eq.)
PFWTox
(CTUe)
Sys-I 7.38 1.2×10
-1
45 12
Sys-II 0.22 1.9×10
-4
3.1 0.4
Sys-III 16.73 2×10
-3
14 4
Sys-IV 2.52 8.8×10
-4
20 2
Gross impact 26.86 1.2×10
-1
82 18
Avoided impact -7.25 -9.8×10
-3
-211 -22
Net impact 19.6 1.1×10
-1
-129 -3.9
Net impact (with
iLUC)
26.24 - - -

55. Linking Farmers and Businesses in Integrated
Organic Rice and Shrimp Farming – The Best Way for
Enhancing Farmer’s Income and Sustainable
Agriculture Development
Nguyen Cong Tanh and Tran Thi Tuyet Van, 2019
University of Giang, An Giang, Vietnam

56. Introduction: The model of shrimp-rice rotation in coastal
provinces in Mekong Delta (MD), Vietnam, is a special farming
system and has become the cultivation practices for decades.
Material and Method: Integrated organic rice and shrimp farming
and value change linkage between farmers and companies into
consideration for research and development and suggesting
suitable solutions in organic agriculture (OA) development.
Result: Organic rice production increased profit from 6 to 10
million VND per ha compared to conventional inorganic rice
production. Organic products will maintain stable market
credibility in the country as well as export, creating mutual benefit
for both farmers and business in the value chain linkage.

57. •Taking advantage of residual organic matter after the shrimp
cultivation to supplement nutrition for the rice crops
• Shrimp/aquaculture raising after rice was used artificial and
natural feeds from plankton in the wetland environment and
developed well due to the decomposition of roots
• A rice-shrimp farming creates ecological balance and
environmental safety condition for crops and livestock (aquaculture)
• Limiting pests for both rice and livestock thank to the rotation to
cut the pest’s source
Increase resolution and leaching toxic elements by rotating modes of
ecosystems
• Reduce production costs by limiting the use of fertilizers due to
persistent organic material residues in the soil
Advantages of Rice-Shrimp System

58. Model Year Total cost
(m VND
ha-1)
Rice
yield
(t ha-1 )
Rice
price
(VND
kg-1)
Total
income
(m VND ha-1)
Profit
(m VND
ha-1)
MBCR
Organic
Rice
2015 13.3 4.29 8700 37.323 24.02 1.81
2016 13.3 4.50 9280 49.78 36.48 2.74
2017 13.3 4.70 10440 51.18 37.88 2.85
Average 13.3 4.50 9473 46.09 32.79 2.47
Inorganic
Rice
Average 14.4 5.40 6840 34.99 20.59 1.43
Economic Efficiency of organic rice model in Chau Tranh, Tra Vinh

59. Results of sowing research and Rice variety testing
Two types of sowing scattered and row sowing was practiced
Row sowing with different seed rates @ 60, 80 and 100 kg per
hectare were practiced.
Seed rate @ 80 kg per hectare in row sowing was found best
giving higher yield than scattered sowing.
Rice variety suitable in organic rice-shrimp model showed that
the yield of rice variety namely VTN 19 ( imported rice) was
highest 47.17 q per hectare next was variety ST 5 (45.20 q per
hectare) followed by OM 4900 (43.71 q per hectare) OM 6162
(41.90q per hectare) and OM 5451 (40.92 q per hectare)

60. Why Rice-Shrimp/ Crab farming models?
This Farming practice has given income of about 70
million VND ha-1, excluding cost, the benefit was 40
million VND ha-1.
In case of aquatic farming intercropped with rice, farmers
can increase revenue from 15 to 20 million VND
season-1 ha-1.
These is also effective in environmental safety, and
human and animals health.

61. Africa

62. Utilization of effluent fish farms in
tomato cultivation
Khater et al., 2015
Agriculture Engineering Department ,
Faculty of Agriculture, Benha University,
Egypt

63. Aquaponics
Population is increasing and there is necessity to find
out new techniques to reduce the gap between
population needs and agricultural production.
Aquaponics is the integration of aquaculture (fish
farming ) and hydroponics (growing plants without soil).
One of the new technique called Aqauponics is which
we can utilize the outputs of fish farming in growing
vegetables.

64. Successful Aquaponics
model in Cherai, a coastal
village situated in Kochi,
Kerala.

65. Aquaponics has several advantages over other aquaculture systems
and hydroponics system use inorganic nutrient solutions. the
hydroponic component acts as a bio-filter and therefore a separate
bio-filter is not needed as in other re-circulating systems.
It is one of the economic solutions for getting benefits from the water
waste from the fish farms as it saves nutrient and produce fresh
vegetables
With using the system successively its cost will be reduced and
become more economic
The produce plant via this system considered as an organic product
which is more safe for human consumption (Khater and Ali, 2015)
Why Aquaponics?

66. Small proportion of ammonia is toxic to fish. If nitrate
increased over a specific limit it will be toxic to fish eaters
and cause nitrate pollution and the eaters will suffer from
methamoglobinema disease
To avoid this problem in aquaculture, part of water should
be discharged daily and add fresh water instead another
solution to this problem is establishing hydroponic
system attached to the aquaculture and cultivates plant in
the hydroponics in order to save discharged water and gets
use of existing nitrate.
Advantage of Aquaponics

67. Effluent
flow rate L
hr-1
Fruit yield
kg plant-1
No. of fruits
plant-1
Water use
efficiency
kg m-3
4 1.06 14.12 5.54
6 1.37 16.85 7.16
Results were as follows:

68. A case study

69. Treatment Cost of culti-
vation
(× 103 Rs. ha-1)
Gross returns
(× 103 Rs. ha-1)
Net returns
(× 103 Rs. ha-1)
Research farm
IFS Model-I
361.7 561.5 199.8
On farm IFS
Model-II
95.7 144.2 48.4
Research farm
sequence
cropping
Model-III
53.5 86.1 32.6
Table 1: Comparative Performance of Different Farming System Model
Surve et al., 2014

70. Treatment Annual water
availability
(ha.cm)
Quantity of
water
utilized
(ha.cm)
Water
productivity
(Rs ha-1cm)
Employment
generation
(man days
ha-1 year-1
Research farm
IFS Model-I
199 991 411.9 1275
On farm IFS
Model-II
121 406 325.5 657
Research farm
sequence
cropping
Model-III
87 374 153.3 227
Table 2: Comparative Performance of Different Farming System Model
Surve et al., 2014

71. Farming System Gain in
weight kg
yr-1
Farrowing
interval
(days)
No. of Piglet
each farro-
wing
Mortality
(%)
Cereal
Crop+Goat+
Piggery
60 205 7 25
Ceral Crop+Cattle
+Piggery
75 195 8 30
Cereal Crop+
Vegetables
+Poultry+ Piggery
140 180 11 2
Cereal Crop
+Vegetables+
Poultry &
Duckery+Piggery
+ Fish
150 180 12 1
Mishra and Baxla, 2016
Table 3: Performance of Piggery in different farming situations of
marginal & small farmers in Rainfed plateaus of Jharkhand (Avg. from
2008-2012)

72. Farming System Net profit in
Piggery
Net Profit in
FS
B:C
Cereal Crop+Goat+Piggery 12000 21000 1.50
Cereal Crop+Cattle+Piggery 10000 25000 1.60
Cereal Crop+Vegetable+
Poultry+Piggery
1,54,000 3,05,000 5.50
Cereal
Crop+Vegetables+Poultry
& Duckery+ Piggery+Fish
1,60,000 3,23,000 5.70
Cont…
Mishra and Baxla, 2016

73. Crop details T1
(Fish)
T2
(Fish+Poultry)
T3
(Fish+Vegetable)
T4
(Fish+Crop)
Fish Production
Silver carp 236 245 230 235
Grass carp 390 398 415 386
Common carp 286 319 284 285
Avg fish growth 328 354 337 325
Survival rate(%) 62.33 61.67 62 61.33
Fish production 61.34 65.49 62.68 59.8
Poultry Production
No. of bird - 25 - -
Avg wt.(kg) - 2.21 -
Total wt.(kg) - 77.35 -
Vegetable Production
Capsicum(kg) - - 218 -
Cauliflower -- - 380 -
Crop Production
Soybean - - - 17.6
Wheat - - - 32.5
Table 4 :Production details of different IFS
Singh et al., 2019

74. Treatments Crops Gross
income
Expenditure Net
income
B:C
ratio
T1 (F) Fish 11041 3995 7046 2.76
T2 (F+P) Fish 24164 6820 17344 3.54
Poultry
T3( F+V) Fish 19006 5545 13461 3.43
Capsicum
Cauliflower
T4 (F+C) Fish 11859 4595 7264 2.58
Soybean
Wheat
Singh et al., 2019
Table 5 : Economic analysis of different IFS

75. Total
fingerlings
(No.)
Total
produc
tion
cost
Total
production
(kg)
Selling
price
Gross
returns
Net
returns
B: C
ratio
600 9600 125 130 16250 6650 1.69
Table 6 :Economic Analysis of Fish Production
Babu et al., 2019

76. Particulars Production Systems
Non integrated fish
production in IFS
Integrated fish
production in IFS
System cost of
production
9600 73621
system fish
equivalent yield
125 1053.43
System gross returns 16250 136946
system net returns 6650 63325
System B:C ratio 1.69 1.86
System production
efficiency
0.34 2.89
Relative production
efficiency(%)
- 750
System profitability 18.1 173.5
Employment
generation
10 70
Relative employment
generation efficiency
(%)
- 600
Table 7 : Economic Comparison of Inte. & Non-integrated Fish Production in IFS
Babu et al., 2019

77. Crops Pond
dyke
area(sq.
m)
No. of
plants
Price
of crop
Produ-
ction
(kg)
COC GMR NMR B:C
ratio
Kharif
Cucurbits 70 10 515 1350 5150 3802 3.82
Lablab
beans
322 45 30 30 500 900 400 1.80
Tomato/
Capsicum
1192 30 515 3000 15450 12450 5.15
Rabi
Cabbage 270 1052 10 780 2870 7800 4930 2.72
Broccoli 38 141 15 71 436 1065 629 2.44
Coriander 15 40 8.50 215 340 125 1.58
Total 1919.5 8371 30705 22336 3.66
Table 8 : Economics of Various Crops Cultivated on Pond Dyke
Babu et al., 2019

78. Fig. Recycling and linkage of by products, waste materials to one
enterprise to another
Ansari et al., 2014

79. Fig. Model of IFS developed by ICAR RC for NEH region, Manipur
centre, Imphal and implemented at Chandel Khulllen
Ansari et al., 2014

80. Farming
system
Crop Poultry Fish Duckery Goatery Cattle Total system
employment
generation
Cropping
alone
416 60 40 416
C+F+P 512 40 612
C+F+D 512 40 70 622
C+F+G 512 40 130 682
C+F+D+G 512 40 70 130 752
C+F+Ct 512 40 170 722
Kumar et al., 2012
Table 14 : Employment generation by different integrated farming system
C- Crop
F- Fishery
P- Poultry
D- Duckery
G-Goatery
Ct- Cattle

81. Farming
system
RGEY
(t ha-1 )
Production
cost
( ha-1)
Gross
return
( ha-1)
Net
returns
( ha-1)
Net
returns
day-1
Sustainability
index (%)
Cropping
alone
9.23 48000 1107600 62760 172 19.3
C+F+P 18.61 83945 223405 139460 382 67.4
C+F+D 15.36 70219 184520 114301 313 51.5
C+F+G 19.63 83925 235404 151479 415 75
C+F+D+G 21.20 94915 254400 159485 437 80
C+F+Ct 21.18 125625 254240 128615 352 60.6
C+F+M 16.56 70799 198671 127872 350 60.2
mean 17.40 82490 208791 126301 346 59.2
SD± 4.22 24138 50632 31902 87 -
CV(%) 24.2 29.2 24.2 25.3 25.1 -
Table 15 : Productivity (RGEY) kg/ha and economics of different farming systems
Kumar et al., 2012

82. Treatment Rice
yield
(t ha-1)
Straw yield
(t ha-1)
Panicles
m-2
Filled
grain
panicle-1
Test
weight
(g)
% increase
in grain
yield over
rice
monocrop
Rice
monocrop
2.60 3.18 122 98.5 25.7
16.9
Rice-fish-
prawn
system
3.04 3.61 130 106 25.6
LSD
(P=0.05)
0.21 0.17 0.4 0.5 NS
Mohanty et al., 2010
Table 16 : Rice yield attributes in deepwater rice-fish-prawn system

83. Treatment Rice
yield
(t ha-1)
Fish yield
(t ha-1)
REY
(t ha-1)
GWP
(Rs m-3)
NWP
(Rs m-3)
OV-CC
ratio
Rice
monocrop
2.60 - 2.6 0.96 0.46 1.28
Rice-fish-
prawn
system
3.04 6.1 35.5 10.92 7.66 1.60
LSD
(P=0.05)
0.21 0.3 0.12 0.17 0.06
Table 17 : Treatment wise avg. crop and water productivity, REY and
ratio of the output value to cost of cultivation
Mohanty et al., 2010
REY -Rice equivalent yield
NWP- Net water productivity
GWP- Gross water productivity
OV-CC ratio- Output value to cost of
cultivation

84. Conclusions
•The high efficiency of integrated agriculture production systems delivers
socio-economic and ecological benefits that benefit farmers as well the
whole society.
•There are many ways in which integrated agriculture production systems
can help producers to adapt to climate change and provide important
mitigation co-benefits.
•The sustainable intensification of integrated agriculture production
systems requires: a better understanding of the impacts of changes in
climate and climate variability on these systems
•The generation and sharing of local and global knowledge, experiences
and practices; capacity development through research and development,
dialogue and dissemination of information; and support and
coordination of policies, particularly policies that can provide incentives
and create enabling institutions.
Food and Agriculture Organization

85. The success of your Presentation will be
judged not by the knowledge but by what
the listener receives
-Lilly Walters