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1. What is Load Management ?

2. Electricity consumption is often referred to as ‘load’ in the energy
industry.
Load management is the active control of electricity consumption. It is also
known as ‘demand side management’ or ‘DSM.’ Often, it refers to
controlling electricity consumption based on financial signals from the
electricity market.
Load management is an important part of the concept of a smart grid,
whereby existing infrastructure is equipped with intelligent monitoring and
control technologies.

3. The result is a network of active and reactive loads. There are differences
between load shifting, load reduction, flexible load, and load expansive
control measures.

4. Load Shifting
As a flexible control measure, load shifting is mostly found in industrial
processes. Essentially, it refers to scaling load up or down according
to external pricing signals. Power consumption during peak load periods –
times during the day when demand for electricity is high and the price
expensive – is shifted to periods of lower demand and lower prices.
In contrast to load shedding, load shifting does not result in less electricity
consumption than originally planned. The only change is that the electricity
is consumed at a different time. By shifting the load, the load profiles of
electricity consumers often align with volatile power production at
renewable energy plants: the low production costs of these assets (wind
power, photovoltaics) cause lower prices on the electricity exchange.

5. Load shifting can significantly reduce a company’s energy costs. This form
of load management is still new and requires power consuming companies to
shift their approach, both technically and intellectually, since processes that
require power are given a new operating parameter: the price of electricity.
For load shifting to be used properly, certain conditions should be met to allow for
flexible consumption. The following processes make good use of load shifting:
•Grinding or pressing processes
•Large compressors (such as air) or feed pumps (such as water)
•Thermal or mechanical treatment / processing of materials
•Flexible, intermediate, or final material storage
•Refrigeration, heating, or drying processes
•Data centers
•Energy management or control systems for process control

6. Load Shedding
Another aspect of load management involves the targeted reduction of total
electricity consumption. Companies that operate with a constant load profile would
simply scale down production, which would not be compensated in this scenario.
However, companies with discontinuous operations can make up for decreased
production caused by load shedding at a later time.
Internal load shedding refers to preventive or direct measures involving technical
faults or malfunctions. This is done to protect a load consuming process against
excessive wear or overheating.

7. Utility Frequency Measures / Ancillary Services
Utility frequency measures can be considered external load shedding. Industrial
power consumers are well-suited for this: by providing ancillary services such as
utility frequency control, they are selling the flexibility of their loads at a
profit. Continuous electricity consumption is helpful for providing utility
frequency control because shifting parts of the load is easier and more predictable.
Furthermore, if an electricity-consuming process involves materials that can be
stored (such as grain in a silo), production delays can be minimized.
Many markets for ancillary services offer additional profit incentives for load shifts,
although profits vary based on the complexity of the ancillary product. Since a
commercial process is halted or reduced during the time the load is being used to
stabilize the grid, production is picked up at a later point.

8. Controlled Brownout
Load shedding can also be initiated by transmission system operators (TSOs). This
is a targeted measure known as a controlled brownout. Entire districts can be taken
off the grid in an emergency to prevent a more widespread power failure.
Beneficial Effects
Load management is useful for several reasons. Grid operators benefit by using
large-scale power consumers to help level out frequency deviations. Companies
can reduce their energy costs, and providing balancing energy can even turn a
profit. In the long term, active load control is an important contribution to the
efficient integration of renewable energies.

9. What is Power Load Management System ?
Power load management system is a way of monitoring and controlling power
energy by the communications of wireless, cable and power line etc. Power supply
companies timely monitor and control the electricity consumption of each region
and client with the load management terminal installed at the client’s house and
analyze the collected data and the application of the integrated system.
It includes terminals, transceiver equipment and channels, hardware and software
equipment of the master station and the database and documents formed by them.

11. What are the functions of the Load Management System?
The application functions of power load management system include data acquisition, load
control, demand side and service support, power marketing management support, marketing
analysis and decision analysis support, etc. Among them:
(1) Data acquisition function: by the ways of rough regular, random, incident response
and other ways to collect data of (power, maximum demand and time, etc.), the electric
energy data ( cumulative values of active and reactive, watt-hour meter measurement data,
etc.), power quality data (voltage, power factor, harmonic, frequency, power outage time,
etc.), working condition of data (working condition of electric energy metering device, the
switch state, etc.), the event log data (the exceeded time, the abnormal events, etc.) and
other relevant equipment provided by the client data acquisition.
Note: “out of limit” means that when the power supply company restricts the power consumption of the
customer, control terminal will automatically record the event for future inquiry after the client exceeds
the power consumption parameters set by the power supply company. For example, the power blackout
time is from 9:00 to 10:00 with the capacity limit is 1000kW. If the customer exceeds the above limit,
the event will be automatically recorded by the negative control terminal for future inquiries.

12. (2) Load control function: under the centralized management of the system master
station, the terminal will automatically judge the customers’ energy consumption based on
the instruction of the master station. If the value exceeds the fixed one, then it will control
the side switch according to the scheduled tip order to achieve the goal of adjustment and
limit load. The control function can be defined as remote control and local closed-loop
control depending on whether the control signal comes directly from the master station or
terminal.
Remote control: The load management terminal operates the control relay directly
according to the control command issued by the main control station. The above control
can be done by real – time human intervention.
Local closed – loop control: local closed – loop control includes three ways: time – period control,
plant – off control and current power – down floating control. It is to automatically operate the
relay after calculating at the local terminal according to various control parameters issued by the
main control station. The above control is pre-set on the terminal. If the customer exceeds the
control parameters in actual use, the system will operate automatically.

13. (3) Demand Side and Service Support Functions:
A. The system collects and analyzes the power data of the client, timely and accurately
reflects the power market demand, and provides basic data for forecasting the load
demand and adjusting the power supply and demand balance.
B. Provide customers with the electricity load curve, help customers with the
optimization analysis of the electricity load curve and the cost analysis of the enterprise’s
production electricity, provide customers with the rational use of electricity, improve the
electricity efficiency, carry out data analysis and technical guidance of energy efficiency
management, etc.
C. Implement demand-side management measures and schemes approved by the
government, such as avoiding peak time.
D. Monitor the power quality of the client, and provide basic data for the corresponding
technical and management work.
E. Provide data basis for power supply fault judgment and improve fault repair response
ability.

14. (4) Power Marketing Management Support Functions:
A. Remote meter reading: realize daily timing remote meter reading. Ensure the timeliness of
meter reading and the consistency with the data of electricity meters used in trade
settlement; Complete collection of customer electricity consumption data, to meet the
meter reading, electricity and electricity billing management needs.
B. Electric bill collection: send corresponding demand information to the customer; Use the
load control function, implement the charge and power limit; Electricity sales control.
C. Electric energy metering and power order management: realize online monitoring of the
running status of the metering device on the client side, send alarm for abnormal situation in
time, and provide basis for the technical management of the electric energy metering device.
D. Overcapacity control: Use load control function to implement power control for
overcapacity operation customers.
(5) Support function of marketing analysis and decision analysis:
provide technical support for electric power marketing management and analysis and decision
with the simultaneity, extensiveness, real-time and diversity of data collection.

15. A. analysis and forecast of Power sales market
B. Statistical analysis and forecast of industrial electricity consumption.
C. Dynamic evaluation function of electricity price adjustment.
D. Dynamic statistical analysis of TOU electricity price and economic evaluation analysis of
TOU electricity price.
E. Curve analysis and trend analysis of customer and industry electricity consumption (load,
power).
F. Provide data for line loss analysis and assessment management.
G. Provide necessary line load and power quantity data and analysis results for business
expansion and load balancing.
H. Publish electricity supply information for customers.

16. What is the function of the Power Load Management System?
During load balancing, with ” the data acquisition and analysis of electric energy ” as the key
function, the system is to realize the electricity information remote acquisition, implement
power demand side management, help and guide the customer save energy and reduce
consumption. During the power supply shortage, with “orderly power utilization
management” as the key functions, the system implements “peak electricity”, “no cut off with
limitation”, which is an important measurement to ensure grid security and maintain the order
of grid electricity and to build a harmonious environment.
(1) Give full play to the role of the system in power load balancing and dispatching. In the
area where the power load management system is built, the line will not generally be cut off
due to load restriction, which ensures the normal use of electricity by residents and thus
ensures the safe and economic operation of the power grid.

17. (2) Conduct the classified load survey of the city. It provides the decision basis for
transferring peak load, making TOU price and dividing time of electricity consumption.
(3) Real-time monitoring of classified loads, classification and summary of user data, and
active development of medium – and short-term load forecasting.
(4) Support electricity billing collection, support users to purchase electricity in advance with
significant direct economic benefits
(5) Carry out remote meter reading for electricity bill settlement, so as to improve the
fluctuation of line loss caused by manual meter reading.
(6) Monitor the measurement and master the load characteristics of each region timely. It can
also realize monitoring the anti-tampering and reduce power loss. The comprehensive
economic benefits of the load management system are fully played.

18. What is a Power Load Management Terminal?
Power load management terminal (terminal for short) is a kind of equipment which can
collect, store, transmit and execute control commands of customers’ electricity information.
Commonly known as negative control terminal or negative control device. The terminals are
divided into Type I (installed by customers with 100kVA and above), Type II (installed by
customers with 50kVA≤ customer capacity < 100kVA), and type III (resident and other low-
voltage collection devices) power load management terminals. The type I terminal USES
230MHz wireless private network and GPRS dual-channel communication, while the type II
and III terminals use GPRS/CDMA and other public network channels as communication
modes.
Why do we need to install Negative Control?
Power load management system is an effective technical means to implement power demand
side management, realize power load control to the household, reduce the impact of power
shortage to the minimum, and make the limited power resources produce the maximum
economic and social benefits.

19. What are the customer benefits of installing an Electrical Load Management Device?
(1) When, for some reason, the power grid is overloaded in a certain region or at a certain
period of time, through the load management system, the users concerned cooperate with
each other to quickly reduce the load that can be reduced, and the power grid overload will
be eliminated. As a result of avoiding the loss of power failure caused by power restriction,
we have saved all the needed power protection, reduced the economic loss to the minimum,
and the society and daily life electricity consumption will not be affected, “beneficial to the
society, benefit enterprises”.
(2) It can provide customers with services such as optimization analysis of power load curve,
improvement of power consumption efficiency, energy efficiency management and power
supply information release.