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Work trial presentation
July – September 2022
Presented by
Pitakthai Chamtim, Ph.D.
Researcher of Academic service unit, GLP testing facility
National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand
October 2022
1
Personal information
Name: Pitakthai Chamtim Age : 31
Position: Researcher (custodian), Academic service unit, GLP testing facility
Address: National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol university, Thailand
Contact: +66 2441 9342 Ext. 149 E-mail: pitakthai.cha@mahidol.ac.th
Education Major Institute Year
Bachelor of Science (B.S.) Department of Biology,
Faculty of Science
Naresuan university 2010-2013
Master of Science (M.S.) Department of Zoology,
Faculty of Science
Kasetsart university 2014-2016
Philosophy of doctor (Ph.D.) Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science
Kasetsart university 2017-2022
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Working experience: Assistance researcher at Institute of Nutrition,
Mahidol University
3
Training plan for custodian (3 months)
Test guidelines
â€Ē Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
â€Ē Standard operating procedure (SOP) and form (custodian)
â€Ē ISO 10993 Biological evaluation of medical device
– Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials
– Part 18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management
process
– Part 19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of materials
On study (Mini room) and custodian/preparation (custodian room)
â€Ē Non-GLP2022-14 (Wound dressing with PVA/CMC with HA)
â€Ē GLP-2022-21 (Subchronic toxicity of Centella asiatica)
Non-GLP2022-14 (Wound dressing with PVA/CMC with HA)
4
Title Efficiency evaluation of wound dressing made from Polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl
cellulose (PVA/CMC) loaded Chlorhexidine gluconate combined with Hyaluronic acid
Statement This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of wound healing of wound dressing made
from PVA/CMC loaded Chlorhexidine gluconate combined with Hyaluronic acid in Wistar Rat.
Experimental Starting Date 03/08/22
Experimental Completion Date 16/08/22
Responsibility The management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation. In experiment, Wistar
Rats of test group 1 and test group 2 were applied with wound dressing made from PVA/CMC
loaded chlorhexidine gluconate combined with Hyaluronic acid (HA) and non Hyaluronic acid ,
respectively. Every day after administration day to day 7th, the wound dressing will be removed and
then the new wound dressing will be applied. After day 7th animals will be sacrificed.
GLP2022-21 (Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Testing of Centell-S in Wistar Rats)
5
Title Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Testing of Centell-S in Wistar Rats
Statement In this study, Centell-S were orally administered daily to several groups of experimental
animals for period of at least 90 days. The study provided information on the major
toxic effects, indicated target organs and the possibility of accumulation of test item.
Experimental Starting Date 20/07/22
Experimental Completion Date 31/10/22 to 31/05/23
Responsibility I prepared the sterile water for mixing with test items and administration to 6 groups of
experimental animal for period of at least 90 days.
Non-GLP2022-22 (Skin sensitization test)
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Title Skin sensitization test of Cellulose hydrogel wound dressing patch in Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig
Statement This study aimed to assess possible contact hazards from chemicals released from medical wound
dressing patch which may produce skin sensitization.
Experimental Starting Date 11/07/22
Experimental Completion Date 24/08/22
Responsibility The management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation. Induction phase, I
observed the administer the test sample using the topical application to the clipped upper back
region of each animal using appropriate patches of the test sample. The frequency of dosing in
induction phase: three days per week of three weeks.
7
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
 The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to
promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around
the world (34 Member countries).
 Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organizational
process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety
studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and report.
8
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
9
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
 Apparatus, Material, and Reagents
 Apparatus, including validated computerized systems, used for the generation, storage and retrieval of data, and for controlling
environmental factors relevant to the study should be suitably located and of appropriate design and adequate capacity.
 Apparatus used in a study should be periodic inspected, cleaned, maintained, and calibrated according to Standard Operating
Procedures. Records of these activities should be maintained. Calibration should, where appropriate, be traceable to national or
international standards of measurement.
 Apparatus and materials used in a study should not interfere adversely with the test systems.
 Chemicals, reagents, and solutions should be labelled to indicate identity (with concentration if appropriate), expiry date and
specific storage instructions. Information concerning source, preparation date and stability should be available. The expiry date
may be extended on the basis of documented evaluation or analysis
10
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
 Test system
 Physical/Chemical
 Apparatus used for the generation of physical/chemical data should be suitably located and of appropriate design
and adequate capacity.
 The integrity of the physical/chemical test systems should be ensured.
 Test and reference items
 Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage
 Records including test item and reference item characterization, date of receipt, expiry date, quantities received and
used in studies should be maintained.
 Handling, sampling, and storage procedures should be identified in order that the homogeneity and stability are
assured to the degree possible and contamination or mix up are precluded.
11
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
 Test and reference items
 Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage
 Storage container(s) should carry identification information, expiry date, and specific storage instructions.
 Characterization
 Each test and reference item should be appropriately identified (e.g., code, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry
Number [CAS number], name, biological parameters.
 For each study, the identity, including batch number, purity, composition, concentrations, or other characteristics to
appropriately define each batch of the test or reference items should be known.
 In cases where the test item is supplied by the sponsor, there should be a mechanism, developed in co-operation
between the sponsor and the test facility, to verify the identity of the test item subject to the study.
12
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
 Test and reference items
 Characterization
 The stability of test and reference items under storage and test conditions should be known for all studies.
 If the test item is administered or applied in a vehicle, the homogeneity, concentration and stability of the test item
in that vehicle should be determined. For test items used in field studies (e.g., tank mixes), these may be determined
through separate laboratory experiments.
 A sample for analytical purposes from each batch of test item should be retained for all studies except short-term
studies.
13
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
 Standard Operating Procedures
 The stability of test and reference items under storage and test conditions should be known for all studies.
 If the test item is administered or applied in a vehicle, the homogeneity, concentration and stability of the test item
in that vehicle should be determined. For test items used in field studies (e.g., tank mixes), these may be determined
through separate laboratory experiments.
 A sample for analytical purposes from each batch of test item should be retained for all studies except short-term
studies.
āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ
āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī
14
āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļĄāļĩāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļīāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™
 āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļ āļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļļāļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡
 āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ
 āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡
 āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļķ āļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡
 āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļīāļˆ
āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ
āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī
15
āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ
1. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡
āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚ āđ‰āļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāđƒāļŠ āđ‰
2. āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰ āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ­āļąāļ„āļ„āļĩāļ āļąāļĒ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āđ„āļŸāļŸ
āđ‰ āļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­
āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļ™
3. āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļ‡āļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļķ āļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āđāļāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡
āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢ āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļēāđ„āļ›āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ”
4. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļēāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ
5. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļˆāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļš āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡
āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ
6. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™
āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđˆāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ āļ™āđˆāļēāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄ
āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ
āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī
16
āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž ISO9001
āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡
āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆ
Solvents for
medical device extraction
Mr. Pitakthai Chamtim
Researcher, National laboratory animal center (NLAC)
Extractables and leachables testing
â€Ē Differences between Extractables and Leachables
– Extractables: compounds extracted from contacted materials of
pharmaceuticals under severe conditions (solvent,
temperature, pH etc.).
– Leachables: compounds that migrate into the final formulations
from contact materials of pharmaceuticals under actual process
conditions (Manufacturing, Packaging, Storage, Distribution,
Administration).
Ref: Extractables & LeachablesE&L - Eurofins Scientific
Extractables and leachables (E & L) testing
â€Ē Leachables from medical devices can enter the body by 2 routes
– Leachables from medical devices to enter a drug product that carries the leachable into a patient
â€Ē Infusion pump (āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āļē), syringe, syringe filter
– Leachables from medical devices directly migrate into a patient from direct tissue contact
â€Ē Dental implant, artificial joint, stents, bandages, contact lens
Ref: Extractables & LeachablesE&L - Eurofins Scientific
Solvents for medical device extraction
â€Ē A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute resulting in a solution. Solvents can be classified into two
categories: polar and non-polar.
– Polar solvents are solvents with large dipole moments, where part of the molecule has a partial
positive charge and part has a partial negative charge.
– Nonpolar solvents have low or sometimes, no dipole moment at all. Nonpolar molecules form either
when electrons are equally shared between atoms in a molecule or when the arrangement of
electrons in a molecule is symmetry.
Ref: https://sciencenotes.org/polar-and-nonpolar-molecules/
Polar solvents and Nonpolar solvents
Ref: Polar vs. Nonpolar Solvents: Identifications and Examples - PSIBERG /
â€Ē Polar solvents: Water (H2O), Acetone (C3H6O), Acetonitrile (C2H3N), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, C3H7NO),
Dimelthylsulfoxide (DMSO, C2H6OS), Isopropanol (C3H8O), Methanol (CH3OH) etc.
â€Ē Nonpolar solvents: Alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane), Aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene), Diethyl ether
[(C2H5)2O], Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Pyrrole (C4H5N), Ethyl acetate (C4H8O 2), 1,4-Dioxane (C4H8O2 ), Pyridine
(C5H5N), Chloroform (CHCl3), Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ), Acetic acid [CH3COOH (exits in the form of dimers
and behaves as a nonpolar solvent)]
– Polar protic solvents contain at least one hydrogen atom connected directly to
an electronegative atom (such as F, N, O) and thus, can make hydrogen bonds.
Generally, any solvent with a labile H+ is the protic solvent.
– Polar aprotic solvents do not contain any hydrogen atom connected directly to
highly electronegative atoms and so are not capable of forming hydrogen bonds.
Aprotic solvents lack acidic protons. Thus, they cannot act as proton donors in
hydrogen bonding.
Polar solvents: Protic and Aprotic
Ref: Protic vs Aprotic Solvents (with Examples) - PSIBERG/
Polar solvents: Protic and Aprotic
Ref: Protic vs Aprotic Solvents (with Examples) - PSIBERG/
Solvents for medical device extraction: Sterile
water
– Sterile water is polar protic solvents and good solvents for polar and charged species.
â€Ē Polar molecules readily dissolve in water because the positive part of the polar molecule is
attracted to the oxygen atom, while the negative part is attracted to the hydrogen atom.
– It is used as a solvent for inorganic compounds as well as salts of organic acids and bases.
– It is a great solvent because it is amphoteric which can act as both an acid and a base.
Amphoterism makes water a better solvent than most other polar molecules.
– Water dissolves polar molecules, including salts, sugars, many gases, proteins, simple
alcohols, and DNA. But, it isn’t a universal solvent because it can’t dissolve hydrophobic
or nonpolar molecules, such as fats, oils, some hydroxides, and most metal oxides,
silicates, and sulfides.
Ref: Why Is Water Called the Universal Solvent? (sciencenotes.org)
Vehicles for preclinical
oral toxicity test
Mr. Pitakthai Chamtim
Researcher, National laboratory animal center (NLAC)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test
– Formulation vehicles includes a vehicle, excipients and a container/container components. A vehicle
can be aqueous or non-aqueous.
â€Ē Aqueous vehicles: Sterile water, Purified water, polyethylene glycol (liquid)
â€Ē Non aqueous vehicles: Vegetable oils (corn oil or sesame oil), Glycerin, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Propylene
glycol, Alcohol, Other agents (ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate)
– Injections are prepared by dissolving, solubilising or suspending the active ingredient in a suitable
vehicle.
– The ideal properties of the vehicle include pharmacologically inert, non-toxic, physically and
chemically inert and does not interfere with therapeutic effect of the active pharmaceutical
ingredient (API) .
Ref: Formulation Vehicles - Grade: 1.1 - Formulation Vehicles The formulation includes a vehicle, - StuDocu
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test
– Formulation vehicles includes a vehicle, excipients and a container/container components.
Ref: ACS Webinars ÂŪ at acswebinars@acs.or
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test
– 1. Nonirritating
– 2. Non toxic
– 3. Non-sensitizing
– 4. Must no exert pharmacological activity
– 5. It must not affect the activity of medicinal agents
– 6. Physically and chemically stable at various pH levels.
– 7. Its viscosity must be such as to allow ease of injection (syringeability)
– 8. Its fluidity must be maintained over a wide temperature
– 9. Its boiling point must be sufficiently enough to permit heat sterilization
Ref: Parenteral Medications and Sterile Fluids Injections are sterile (slidetodoc.com)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Purified
water
– There are three main types of vehicles, water for injection, non-aqueous water miscible and non-
aqueous non-water miscible
– Purified water:
â€Ē Purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis
â€Ē May not contain added substances
â€Ē Although water for injection is not required to be sterile, it must be pyrogen free
â€Ē It is intended to be used in the manufacture of injectable products which are to be sterilized after
preparation.
â€Ē It should be stored in tight containers
â€Ē It should be used within 24 hours following its collection
Ref: Parenteral Medications and Sterile Fluids Injections are sterile (slidetodoc.com)
āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđ„āļ” āđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļē
āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆ
aqueous
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile
water
– There are three main types of vehicles, water for injection, non-aqueous water miscible and non-
aqueous non-water miscible
– Sterile water
â€Ē It has been sterilized and packaged in single dose containers
â€Ē It must be pyrogen free and may not contain an antimicrobial agents or other added substance
â€Ē This water is intended to be used as a solvent, vehicle or diluent for already sterilized and
packaged injectable medications.
Ref: Parenteral Medications and Sterile Fluids Injections are sterile (slidetodoc.com)
āđ„āļžāđ‚āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļĒāļē
āļ‰āļĩāļ”āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāļāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āđ‰āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļĒāļē āđ„āļžāđ‚āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ
āđ€ āļ›āđ‡ āļ™ āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āļŠāđˆ āļ§ āļ™ āļ‚ āļ­ āļ‡ āļœ āļ™āļą āļ‡ āđ€ āļ‹ āļĨ āļĨāđŒāđ āļš āļ„ āļ—āļĩ āđ€ āļĢāļĩ āļĒ
(endotoxin pyrogen)āđƒāļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāđāļāļĢāļĄāļšāļ§āļ
āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđāļāļĢāļĄāļĨāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđāļāļĢāļĄāļĨāļšāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ
āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āđ„āļ‚ āđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ” āđ‰āļ”āļĩāđƒāļ™
āļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āđ‰āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļĒāļēāļ‰āļĩāļ” āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ• āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļŦāļēāđ„āļž
āđ‚āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™
Purified water and Sterile water
Ref: https://www.honeymangroup.com/laboratories/water-testing/wfi/, https://aqua-chem.com/difference_purified_water_pw_water_for_injection_wfi/
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile
water
Table of Index of Vehicles and Excipients—Codex and Details.
Abbreviations: BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose; DAM, diacetylmonoxime; DMA, dimethyl
acetamide; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EP, European Pharmacopeia; HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; IA, intra-articular; IM, intramuscular; IP,
intraperitoneal; IV, intravenous; NF, National Formulary; NMP, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PO, oral; PVP
VA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate; RAMEB, Randomly methylated b-cyclodextrin; SC, subcutaneous; TPGS, D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate; USP, United States Pharmacopeia.
Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile
water
Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē (United States
Pharmacopeia āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āđˆāļē USP) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™
āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāļąāļ āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”
āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ°āļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļĒāļēāđƒāļ™
āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile
water
Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile
water
Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Oils
– There are three main types of vehicles, water for injection,
non-aqueous water miscible and non-aqueous non-water
miscible
– Non-aqueous non-water miscible vehicles include fix oils as
an important group.
– Fixed oils must be of vegetable origin so that they will be
metabolized
– Examples include corn oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil.
– liquid at room temperature and not become rancid readily
– They should be odorless. They mustn’t contain mineral oils or
solid paraffins as they will not be metabolized and leads to
adverse reactions.
Ref: Formulation Vehicles - Grade: 1.1 - Formulation Vehicles The formulation includes a vehicle, - StuDocu
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Ethyl
oleate
– Ethyl oleate, a synthetic ester, can also be used as a vehicle. It is mandatory to state vehicle
composition on the label due to risk of allergic reactions.
â€Ē Advantages include enhancement of drug stability and prolong or ‘depot’ effect
â€Ē they can only be administered SC or IM, may cause tissue necrosis and thus pain
â€Ē risk of solidifying at room temperature and contamination of syringe and needle makes them difficult to clean
Ref: Formulation Vehicles - Grade: 1.1 - Formulation Vehicles The formulation includes a vehicle, - StuDocu
āļˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ• āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡
Vehicle āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļšāļ™āļ‰āļĨāļēāļ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ
āđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil
– Corn oil is well tolerated in short-term studies ( â‰Ī1 month), but which causes altered body
weight gain, survival and tumor incidence when administered chronically in rats [7].
NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ‚āļ­āļ‡
āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļžāļīāļĐāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­
āļœāļĨāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒ (adverse effects) āđƒāļ”āđ† āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil
Table of Index of Vehicles and Excipients—Codex and Details.
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sesame
oil
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sesame
oil
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC
– Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, carmelose) is the suspending/emulsifying agents.
– The agents in this class are the cellulose derivatives - specifically methylcellulose (MC),
carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, carmelose) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).
Ref: Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. (2013) 9(12)
Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, carmelose) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC).
â€Ē These vehicles offer the advantages of low toxicity, poor bioavailability and the ability to create uniform
suspensions or emulsions in relatively low percentage formulations.
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC
Ref: Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. (2013) 9(12)
*āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒ (laxative effect)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC
Ref: Gad et al, International Journal of Toxicology 2016, Vol. 35(2) 95-178
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC
Ref: Gad et al, International Journal of Toxicology 2016, Vol. 35(2) 95-178
â€Ē After preparing a formulation best suited for its intended purpose, it is also necessary to characterize it for
drug content, assay, and other relevant technique that would give first-hand information on its physical
and chemical stability.
â€Ē Depending on the type of formulation being characterized, its testing parameter will change as they are
varied in the type of excipient used, method of preparation, and its use. For a detailed list of the
characterization parameters for the formulations or delivery systems mentioned, please refer to Table III.
*Drug uniformity (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļĒāļē)
*Ease of redispersion (āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test:
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or water saline
Ref: -
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test:
Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or water saline
Ref: -
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Ref: -
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Ref: -
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
Biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993)
Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials
Part 18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management
process
Part 19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of material
Pitakthai Chamtim
Academic service unit, GLP testing facility, National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand
30th September 2022 55
56
ïķ Quantitative determination of isocyanates
Isocyanates āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļžāļĨāļĩāļĒāļđāļĢāļĩāđ€āļ—āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™
āļ™āđ‰āļēāļŦāļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļēāļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļœ āđ‰āļēāļ™āļļāđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļœ āđ‰āļē āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āđƒāļ™
āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļāļēāļāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ‚āļ”āļĒ isocyanate āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ” atopic
dermatitis (āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļœāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļžāđ‰āļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡) āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”
āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ anaphylactic shock (āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļžāđ‰
āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™) āđ„āļ” āđ‰
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Mask
Introduction
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Mask
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2
3
4
5
6
Method
Result
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves
Ref: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™ – SiamGlove
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves
Method
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves
Method
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves
Result
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container
Ref: untitled (mtec.or.th)
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container
ïķ In this report, a specific strategy (solvents, incubation conditions,
and compound identification and quantification protocols) was
developed to generate extractables information from SU
bioprocess bags for use in bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing.
Method
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container
Method
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Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container
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Result
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste
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Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) Inductively couple plasma (ICP)
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste
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ïķ Parabens (āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ€āļšāļ™āļŠāđŒ)
 Parabens are used in combination with other types of
preservatives to make synergetic effects against a broad
range of microorganisms.
 There are concerns on the carcinogenic and allergenic risks
from using paraben-containing products.
 Parabens are certified by the Ministry of Health. It is safe
when put into various products according to the specified
amount is not more than 0.25%.
Method
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste
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Result
Method
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Drug eluent stent
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Paclitaxel Coated Stent
 Paclitaxel (PCL) is an anticancer drug which helps to
prevent restenosis (reblocking) in the artery after stenting.
Ref: Modelling chemistry and biology after implantation of a drug-eluting stent. Part Ⅰ: Drug transport (aimspress.com)
Drug eluent stent
Method
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Drug eluent stent
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Result
The International Council for Harmonisation of
Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for
Human Use (ICH) guideline
Present by
Pitakthai Chamtim
Academic service unit, GLP testing facility, National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand
28th September 2022
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â€Ē āļŠāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ.) āđ€āļ‚āļ•
āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļ (EECi) āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļš
āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļēāļĄ MOA āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļœāļ™āļķāļāļāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļœāļ™
āđāļĄāđˆāļšāļ—āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ
āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđāļœāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļĻāļēāļĨāļēāļĒāļē āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļž āļ—āļēāļ§āļ™āđŒ (Salaya
Startup Town) āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļžāđ€āļŪāļĨāļ—āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ„āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŪāļĨāļ—āđŒāđāļ„āļĢāđŒ
āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļĄāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄ āļŠāļēāļ™āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ”āļīāļ„āļąāļĨāļŪāļąāļš (Medical
Hub) āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ 4.0
â€Ē āļ”āļĢ.āđ€āļˆāļ™āļāļĪāļĐāļ“āđŒ āļ„āļ“āļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļē āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļēāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē
āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ.) āđāļĨāļ° āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļēāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āļ•
āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļ(EECi) āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē EECi
āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3,455 āđ„āļĢāđˆ āļ“ āļ§āļąāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢ āđŒāļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒāđŒ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ”
āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ­āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĢ āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™ EEC āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ• āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļšāđƒāļ™
āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ‚ āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āļœāļĨāļąāļāļ”āļąāļ™āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āđ‰āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™
āļŠāļđāļ‡ (New S-Curve) āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļ āđ‰āļēāļ§āđ„āļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļēāļžāļē
73
â€Ē āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļ” āđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļ‚ āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ°
āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļœāļ™āđāļĄāđˆāļšāļ— EECi āļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļĄāļĩāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ
āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™ Lead Partner āļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļąāļžāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ
āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļāļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ‹āļąāļžāļžāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ™ Health Tech
āđāļĨāļ° HealthCare āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™
āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļžāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ
āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāđ†
â€Ē āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ™āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°
āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ) āđ‚āļ”āļĒ EECi āļāļąāļšāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™
āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ
āđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļāđ‰āļēāļ§āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ”āļīāļ„āļąāļĨāļŪāļąāļš (Medical Hub) āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”
āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļĩāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ‚āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđƒāļ™
āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ
āđˆ āļēāļĒ āļˆāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ”āđāļĄāļžāđāļœāļ™
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Keywords
 KPI āļĒāđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļ Key Performance Indicator āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ”āļąāļŠāļ™āļĩāļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢ
āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠ āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ” āđ‰āđāļĨ āđ‰āļ§ āļĒāļąāļ‡
āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠ āđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāđ„āļ” āđ‰āļ­āļĩāļāļ” āđ‰āļ§āļĒ
 ICH = International council harmonization āļŠāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„
āļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ( āđ„āļ­āļ‹āļĩ ) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļīāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­
āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™
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The International Council for Harmonization of
Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use
International council harmonization (ICH) āļŠāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļš
āļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ ( āđ„āļ­āļ‹āļĩ ) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļīāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™
āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™
Work trial presentation
July – September 2022
Pitakthai Chamtim
Academic service unit, GLP testing facility
National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand
30th September 2022
76
77
OECD-GLP and SOPs
Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1
â€Ē Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-
being of people around the world (34 Member countries).
â€Ē Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under which non-clinical
health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and report.
– Apparatus, Material, and Reagents
â€Ē should be suitably located and of appropriate design and adequate capacity; should be periodic inspected, cleaned, maintained,
and calibrated according to Standard Operating Procedures study and should not interfere adversely with the test systems
– Test system
â€Ē Physical/Chemical
– Test and reference items
â€Ē Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage
– Characterization
– Standard Operating Procedures
â€Ē Receiving of Test item (SOP-G.RA-016), Test item management (SOP-G.RA-017), Preparation of test item (SOP-G.RA-018), Using of
Test Item Custodian Room (SOP-G.RA-062)
78
On study (Mini room) and custodian/preparation (Custodian room)
Non-GLP2022-14: Skin sensitization test of Cellulose hydrogel wound dressing patch in Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig
– Wound dressing with PVA/CMC with HA
– management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation
GLP2022-21: Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Testing of Centell-S in Wistar Rats
– prepared the sterile water for mixing with test items
Non-GLP2022-22: Skin sensitization test of Cellulose hydrogel wound dressing patch in Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig
– management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation
Receiving test items
from Sponsor and
Storage TI and
record documents
- Microbiological test
- Test item received form
- List of test item
Preparation TI in Custodian
room and record document
- Log book of test item
- Request of test item form
Preparation TI in
Mini room
79
Biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993)
ISO-10993 -6: Tests for local effects after implantation
â€Ē ISO-10993 -6 offers general guidelines for evaluating local tissue responses to implants
â€Ē Tests for local effects after implantation, Degradable materials, Implant sites and methods for evaluation
ISO-10993 -10: Tests for skin sensitization
â€Ē A variety of methods are available for the prospective identification of skin sensitizing chemicals: Buehler test,
Guinea pig maximization test(GPMT), Local lymph node assay(LLNA).
ISO-10993 -11: Tests for systemic toxicity
â€Ē This document specifies requirements and gives guidance on procedures to be followed in the evaluation of
the potential for medical device materials to cause adverse systemic reactions; Acute, Subacute, Subchronic
and Chronic toxicity test.
80
Nonclinical vehicles use in animal studies
ïķ Formulation vehicles includes a vehicle, excipients and a container/container components.
ïķ The ideal properties of the vehicle include pharmacologically inert, non-toxic, physically and chemically inert and does not interfere
with therapeutic effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API).
ïķ Injections are prepared by dissolving, solubilising or suspending the active ingredient in a suitable vehicle.
â€Ē Aqueous vehicles: Sterile water, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or water saline
â€Ē Non-aqueous: Corn oil, Sesame oil
â€Ē Suspending/emulsifying agents: 1% Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC)
ïķ Sterile water is commonly used for dissolving polar substances. None of adverse effects and suitable
for several administration routes.
ïķ Oil is used for dissolving non polar substances. Corn oil is well tolerated in short-term studies ( â‰Ī1 month),
but which causes altered body weight gain, survival and tumor incidence when administered chronically in rats.
ïķ 1% CMC offer the advantages of low toxicity, poor bioavailability and the ability to create uniform
suspensions or emulsions in relatively low percentage formulations, but may have laxative effect are large dose.
ïķ Water saline is suitable for intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration.
81
Biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993)
ISO-10993 -12: Sample preparation and reference materials
â€Ē Preparation of samples and the selection of reference materials for medical devices testing in biological systems
â€Ē Test material selection, selection of representative portions from a device, Test sample preparation, selection of and
requirements for reference materials and preparation of extracts.
ISO-10993 -18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management process
â€Ē Process for characterizing a device (or material) and identification of its materials of construction
â€Ē Characterization of the material composition (i.e., chemical constituents) and reporting constituent information to
support assessment of the potential for patient risk in clinical use
ISO-10993 -19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of material
â€Ē Compilation of parameters and test methods for the identification and evaluation of the physical, i.e.
physico-chemical, morphological and topographical (PMT) properties of materials in finished medical devices.
82
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Mask
Quantitative determination of isocyanates in fabric mask
83
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves
84
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container
85
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste
ïķ Parabens (āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ€āļšāļ™āļŠāđŒ)
 Parabens are used in combination with other types of preservatives to make
synergetic effects against a broad range of microorganisms.
 There are concerns on the carcinogenic and allergenic risks from using paraben-
containing products.
 Parabens are certified by the Ministry of Health. It is safe when put into various
products according to the specified amount is not more than 0.25%.
86
Biological evaluation of medical devices: Drug-eluent Stent
Paclitaxel Coated Stent
 Paclitaxel (PCL) is an anticancer drug
which helps to prevent restenosis
(reblocking) in the artery after stenting.
87

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āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāđ€āļˆāļ·āļ­āļ›āļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ.2556Vorawut Wongumpornpinit
 
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āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāđ€āļˆāļ·āļ­āļ›āļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ.2556āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāđ€āļˆāļ·āļ­āļ›āļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ.2556
āđāļ™āļ§āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļāđ€āļˆāļ·āļ­āļ›āļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡ āļž.āļĻ.2556
 
āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđ€āđ€āļžāļ—āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘āđ‘ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘ āļž.āļĻ. āđ’āđ•āđ•āđ–
āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđ€āđ€āļžāļ—āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘āđ‘ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘ āļž.āļĻ. āđ’āđ•āđ•āđ– āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđ€āđ€āļžāļ—āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘āđ‘ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘ āļž.āļĻ. āđ’āđ•āđ•āđ–
āļšāļ—āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđ€āđ€āļžāļ—āļĒāļŠāļēāļĢ āļ›āļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘āđ‘ āļ‰āļšāļąāļšāļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ‘ āļž.āļĻ. āđ’āđ•āđ•āđ–
 
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2555
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2555āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2555
āļāļēāļĢāļŠāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŠāđ‰āļĒāļēāļ›āļāļīāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ™āļ°āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļĄāđ€āļŦāļ•āļļāļœāļĨāđƒāļ™āļĢāđ‰āļēāļ™āļĒāļēāļ›āļĩ āļž.āļĻ. 2555
 
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Work trial presentation July-Sep2022.pptx

  • 1. Work trial presentation July – September 2022 Presented by Pitakthai Chamtim, Ph.D. Researcher of Academic service unit, GLP testing facility National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand October 2022 1
  • 2. Personal information Name: Pitakthai Chamtim Age : 31 Position: Researcher (custodian), Academic service unit, GLP testing facility Address: National Laboratory Animal Center, Mahidol university, Thailand Contact: +66 2441 9342 Ext. 149 E-mail: pitakthai.cha@mahidol.ac.th Education Major Institute Year Bachelor of Science (B.S.) Department of Biology, Faculty of Science Naresuan university 2010-2013 Master of Science (M.S.) Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science Kasetsart university 2014-2016 Philosophy of doctor (Ph.D.) Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science Kasetsart university 2017-2022 2 Working experience: Assistance researcher at Institute of Nutrition, Mahidol University
  • 3. 3 Training plan for custodian (3 months) Test guidelines â€Ē Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 â€Ē Standard operating procedure (SOP) and form (custodian) â€Ē ISO 10993 Biological evaluation of medical device – Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials – Part 18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management process – Part 19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of materials On study (Mini room) and custodian/preparation (custodian room) â€Ē Non-GLP2022-14 (Wound dressing with PVA/CMC with HA) â€Ē GLP-2022-21 (Subchronic toxicity of Centella asiatica)
  • 4. Non-GLP2022-14 (Wound dressing with PVA/CMC with HA) 4 Title Efficiency evaluation of wound dressing made from Polyvinyl alcohol and carboxymethyl cellulose (PVA/CMC) loaded Chlorhexidine gluconate combined with Hyaluronic acid Statement This study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of wound healing of wound dressing made from PVA/CMC loaded Chlorhexidine gluconate combined with Hyaluronic acid in Wistar Rat. Experimental Starting Date 03/08/22 Experimental Completion Date 16/08/22 Responsibility The management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation. In experiment, Wistar Rats of test group 1 and test group 2 were applied with wound dressing made from PVA/CMC loaded chlorhexidine gluconate combined with Hyaluronic acid (HA) and non Hyaluronic acid , respectively. Every day after administration day to day 7th, the wound dressing will be removed and then the new wound dressing will be applied. After day 7th animals will be sacrificed.
  • 5. GLP2022-21 (Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Testing of Centell-S in Wistar Rats) 5 Title Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Testing of Centell-S in Wistar Rats Statement In this study, Centell-S were orally administered daily to several groups of experimental animals for period of at least 90 days. The study provided information on the major toxic effects, indicated target organs and the possibility of accumulation of test item. Experimental Starting Date 20/07/22 Experimental Completion Date 31/10/22 to 31/05/23 Responsibility I prepared the sterile water for mixing with test items and administration to 6 groups of experimental animal for period of at least 90 days.
  • 6. Non-GLP2022-22 (Skin sensitization test) 6 Title Skin sensitization test of Cellulose hydrogel wound dressing patch in Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig Statement This study aimed to assess possible contact hazards from chemicals released from medical wound dressing patch which may produce skin sensitization. Experimental Starting Date 11/07/22 Experimental Completion Date 24/08/22 Responsibility The management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation. Induction phase, I observed the administer the test sample using the topical application to the clipped upper back region of each animal using appropriate patches of the test sample. The frequency of dosing in induction phase: three days per week of three weeks.
  • 7. 7 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1  The mission of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world (34 Member countries).  Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and report.
  • 8. 8 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1
  • 9. 9 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1  Apparatus, Material, and Reagents  Apparatus, including validated computerized systems, used for the generation, storage and retrieval of data, and for controlling environmental factors relevant to the study should be suitably located and of appropriate design and adequate capacity.  Apparatus used in a study should be periodic inspected, cleaned, maintained, and calibrated according to Standard Operating Procedures. Records of these activities should be maintained. Calibration should, where appropriate, be traceable to national or international standards of measurement.  Apparatus and materials used in a study should not interfere adversely with the test systems.  Chemicals, reagents, and solutions should be labelled to indicate identity (with concentration if appropriate), expiry date and specific storage instructions. Information concerning source, preparation date and stability should be available. The expiry date may be extended on the basis of documented evaluation or analysis
  • 10. 10 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1  Test system  Physical/Chemical  Apparatus used for the generation of physical/chemical data should be suitably located and of appropriate design and adequate capacity.  The integrity of the physical/chemical test systems should be ensured.  Test and reference items  Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage  Records including test item and reference item characterization, date of receipt, expiry date, quantities received and used in studies should be maintained.  Handling, sampling, and storage procedures should be identified in order that the homogeneity and stability are assured to the degree possible and contamination or mix up are precluded.
  • 11. 11 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1  Test and reference items  Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage  Storage container(s) should carry identification information, expiry date, and specific storage instructions.  Characterization  Each test and reference item should be appropriately identified (e.g., code, Chemical Abstracts Service Registry Number [CAS number], name, biological parameters.  For each study, the identity, including batch number, purity, composition, concentrations, or other characteristics to appropriately define each batch of the test or reference items should be known.  In cases where the test item is supplied by the sponsor, there should be a mechanism, developed in co-operation between the sponsor and the test facility, to verify the identity of the test item subject to the study.
  • 12. 12 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1  Test and reference items  Characterization  The stability of test and reference items under storage and test conditions should be known for all studies.  If the test item is administered or applied in a vehicle, the homogeneity, concentration and stability of the test item in that vehicle should be determined. For test items used in field studies (e.g., tank mixes), these may be determined through separate laboratory experiments.  A sample for analytical purposes from each batch of test item should be retained for all studies except short-term studies.
  • 13. 13 Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 Organization for Economic Co-operative and Development (OECD) Principles of GLP series No. 1  Standard Operating Procedures  The stability of test and reference items under storage and test conditions should be known for all studies.  If the test item is administered or applied in a vehicle, the homogeneity, concentration and stability of the test item in that vehicle should be determined. For test items used in field studies (e.g., tank mixes), these may be determined through separate laboratory experiments.  A sample for analytical purposes from each batch of test item should be retained for all studies except short-term studies.
  • 14. āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī 14 āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļĄāļĩāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļīāļˆāļ—āļēāļ‡āļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™  āļāļēāļĢāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļŦāļēāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ§āļąāļ•āļ–āļļ āļ§āļąāļŠāļ”āļļāļ­āļļāļ›āļāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡  āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļīāđˆāļ‡āđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ  āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡  āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢāļāļķ āļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡  āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāļāļąāļšāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļžāļąāļ™āļ˜āļāļīāļˆ
  • 15. āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī 15 āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ 1. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āļ•āļēāļĄāļāļŽāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚ āđ‰āļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļīāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļŠāļĄāļ„āļ§āļĢāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļšāļąāļ‡āļ„āļąāļšāđƒāļŠ āđ‰ 2. āļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āđ‰ āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļˆāļēāļāļ­āļąāļ„āļ„āļĩāļ āļąāļĒ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āļŠāļĩāļ§āļ āļēāļž āđ„āļŸāļŸ āđ‰ āļē āđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒāļ­āļ·āđˆāļ™āđƒāļ”āļ­āļąāļ™āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļœāļĨāļ•āđˆāļ­ āļŠāļĩāļ§āļīāļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāđŒāļŠāļīāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™ āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļŠāļ™ 3. āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļ—āļĢāļąāļžāļĒāļēāļāļĢ āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āđƒāļ™āđ€āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢ āđ€āļ§āļĨāļē āļ‡āļšāļ›āļĢāļ°āļĄāļēāļ“ āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļāļķ āļāļ­āļšāļĢāļĄ āđāļāđˆāļšāļļāļ„āļĨāļēāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļđāđ‰āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļĢ āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ•āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļēāđ„āļ›āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāļ” 4. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđ€āļ™āđ‰āļ™āđƒāļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ„āļēāļ›āļĢāļķāļāļĐāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĄāļĩāļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄ 5. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļˆāļ°āļ•āļīāļ”āļ•āļēāļĄ āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļš āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļ āļēāļž āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļīāļ—āļ˜āļīāļœāļĨ āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļ—āļšāļ—āļ§āļ™āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđƒāļˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĒāļąāļ‡āļ„āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļāļąāļšāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ 6. āļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒāļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāđ‚āļ­āļāļēāļŠāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļ›āļĢāļļāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļāļēāļĢāļˆāļąāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŠāļĩāļ§āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāđƒāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđāļ§āļ”āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļĄāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļąāļ™āļ•āļĢāļēāļĒ āđāļĨāļ°āļ™āđˆāļēāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆ āļ™āđˆāļēāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ•āļēāļĄ
  • 16. āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļĻāļđāļ™āļĒāđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ—āļ”āļĨāļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī 16 āļ™āđ‚āļĒāļšāļēāļĒāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļž ISO9001 āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļšāļĢāļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ•āļēāļĄāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ āļ•āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĨāļđāļāļ„āđ‰āļēāđ€āļŠāļ·āđˆāļ­āļĄāļąāđˆāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļķāļ‡āļžāļ­āđƒāļˆ
  • 17. Solvents for medical device extraction Mr. Pitakthai Chamtim Researcher, National laboratory animal center (NLAC)
  • 18. Extractables and leachables testing â€Ē Differences between Extractables and Leachables – Extractables: compounds extracted from contacted materials of pharmaceuticals under severe conditions (solvent, temperature, pH etc.). – Leachables: compounds that migrate into the final formulations from contact materials of pharmaceuticals under actual process conditions (Manufacturing, Packaging, Storage, Distribution, Administration). Ref: Extractables & LeachablesE&L - Eurofins Scientific
  • 19. Extractables and leachables (E & L) testing â€Ē Leachables from medical devices can enter the body by 2 routes – Leachables from medical devices to enter a drug product that carries the leachable into a patient â€Ē Infusion pump (āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ„āļ§āļšāļ„āļļāļĄāļāļēāļĢāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ—āļēāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļ­āļ”āđ€āļĨāļ·āļ­āļ”āļ”āļē), syringe, syringe filter – Leachables from medical devices directly migrate into a patient from direct tissue contact â€Ē Dental implant, artificial joint, stents, bandages, contact lens Ref: Extractables & LeachablesE&L - Eurofins Scientific
  • 20. Solvents for medical device extraction â€Ē A solvent is a substance that dissolves a solute resulting in a solution. Solvents can be classified into two categories: polar and non-polar. – Polar solvents are solvents with large dipole moments, where part of the molecule has a partial positive charge and part has a partial negative charge. – Nonpolar solvents have low or sometimes, no dipole moment at all. Nonpolar molecules form either when electrons are equally shared between atoms in a molecule or when the arrangement of electrons in a molecule is symmetry. Ref: https://sciencenotes.org/polar-and-nonpolar-molecules/
  • 21. Polar solvents and Nonpolar solvents Ref: Polar vs. Nonpolar Solvents: Identifications and Examples - PSIBERG / â€Ē Polar solvents: Water (H2O), Acetone (C3H6O), Acetonitrile (C2H3N), N,N-Dimethylformamide (DMF, C3H7NO), Dimelthylsulfoxide (DMSO, C2H6OS), Isopropanol (C3H8O), Methanol (CH3OH) etc. â€Ē Nonpolar solvents: Alkanes (pentane, hexane, heptane), Aromatics (benzene, toluene, xylene), Diethyl ether [(C2H5)2O], Tetrahydrofuran (THF), Pyrrole (C4H5N), Ethyl acetate (C4H8O 2), 1,4-Dioxane (C4H8O2 ), Pyridine (C5H5N), Chloroform (CHCl3), Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ), Acetic acid [CH3COOH (exits in the form of dimers and behaves as a nonpolar solvent)]
  • 22. – Polar protic solvents contain at least one hydrogen atom connected directly to an electronegative atom (such as F, N, O) and thus, can make hydrogen bonds. Generally, any solvent with a labile H+ is the protic solvent. – Polar aprotic solvents do not contain any hydrogen atom connected directly to highly electronegative atoms and so are not capable of forming hydrogen bonds. Aprotic solvents lack acidic protons. Thus, they cannot act as proton donors in hydrogen bonding. Polar solvents: Protic and Aprotic Ref: Protic vs Aprotic Solvents (with Examples) - PSIBERG/
  • 23. Polar solvents: Protic and Aprotic Ref: Protic vs Aprotic Solvents (with Examples) - PSIBERG/
  • 24. Solvents for medical device extraction: Sterile water – Sterile water is polar protic solvents and good solvents for polar and charged species. â€Ē Polar molecules readily dissolve in water because the positive part of the polar molecule is attracted to the oxygen atom, while the negative part is attracted to the hydrogen atom. – It is used as a solvent for inorganic compounds as well as salts of organic acids and bases. – It is a great solvent because it is amphoteric which can act as both an acid and a base. Amphoterism makes water a better solvent than most other polar molecules. – Water dissolves polar molecules, including salts, sugars, many gases, proteins, simple alcohols, and DNA. But, it isn’t a universal solvent because it can’t dissolve hydrophobic or nonpolar molecules, such as fats, oils, some hydroxides, and most metal oxides, silicates, and sulfides. Ref: Why Is Water Called the Universal Solvent? (sciencenotes.org)
  • 25. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test Mr. Pitakthai Chamtim Researcher, National laboratory animal center (NLAC)
  • 26. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test – Formulation vehicles includes a vehicle, excipients and a container/container components. A vehicle can be aqueous or non-aqueous. â€Ē Aqueous vehicles: Sterile water, Purified water, polyethylene glycol (liquid) â€Ē Non aqueous vehicles: Vegetable oils (corn oil or sesame oil), Glycerin, Polyethylene glycol (PEG), Propylene glycol, Alcohol, Other agents (ethyl oleate, isopropyl myristate) – Injections are prepared by dissolving, solubilising or suspending the active ingredient in a suitable vehicle. – The ideal properties of the vehicle include pharmacologically inert, non-toxic, physically and chemically inert and does not interfere with therapeutic effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) . Ref: Formulation Vehicles - Grade: 1.1 - Formulation Vehicles The formulation includes a vehicle, - StuDocu
  • 27. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test – Formulation vehicles includes a vehicle, excipients and a container/container components. Ref: ACS Webinars ÂŪ at acswebinars@acs.or
  • 28. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test – 1. Nonirritating – 2. Non toxic – 3. Non-sensitizing – 4. Must no exert pharmacological activity – 5. It must not affect the activity of medicinal agents – 6. Physically and chemically stable at various pH levels. – 7. Its viscosity must be such as to allow ease of injection (syringeability) – 8. Its fluidity must be maintained over a wide temperature – 9. Its boiling point must be sufficiently enough to permit heat sterilization Ref: Parenteral Medications and Sterile Fluids Injections are sterile (slidetodoc.com)
  • 29. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Purified water – There are three main types of vehicles, water for injection, non-aqueous water miscible and non- aqueous non-water miscible – Purified water: â€Ē Purified by distillation or by reverse osmosis â€Ē May not contain added substances â€Ē Although water for injection is not required to be sterile, it must be pyrogen free â€Ē It is intended to be used in the manufacture of injectable products which are to be sterilized after preparation. â€Ē It should be stored in tight containers â€Ē It should be used within 24 hours following its collection Ref: Parenteral Medications and Sterile Fluids Injections are sterile (slidetodoc.com) āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāđ„āļ” āđ‰āļāļąāļšāļ™āđ‰āļē āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆ aqueous
  • 30. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile water – There are three main types of vehicles, water for injection, non-aqueous water miscible and non- aqueous non-water miscible – Sterile water â€Ē It has been sterilized and packaged in single dose containers â€Ē It must be pyrogen free and may not contain an antimicrobial agents or other added substance â€Ē This water is intended to be used as a solvent, vehicle or diluent for already sterilized and packaged injectable medications. Ref: Parenteral Medications and Sterile Fluids Injections are sterile (slidetodoc.com) āđ„āļžāđ‚āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™ āļ„āļ·āļ­ āļŠāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđ„āļ‚āđ‰āļˆāļēāļāļĒāļē āļ‰āļĩāļ”āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļąāļāļžāļšāđƒāļ™āļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āđ‰āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļĒāļē āđ„āļžāđ‚āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ āđ€ āļ›āđ‡ āļ™ āļŠāļīāđ‰āļ™ āļŠāđˆ āļ§ āļ™ āļ‚ āļ­ āļ‡ āļœ āļ™āļą āļ‡ āđ€ āļ‹ āļĨ āļĨāđŒāđ āļš āļ„ āļ—āļĩ āđ€ āļĢāļĩ āļĒ (endotoxin pyrogen)āđƒāļ™āđāļšāļ„āļ—āļĩāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāđāļāļĢāļĄāļšāļ§āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđāļāļĢāļĄāļĨāļšāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āđāļāļĢāļĄāļĨāļšāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļāđˆāļ­āđ„āļ‚ āđ‰āļŠāļđāļ‡āļāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ™āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ” āđ‰āļ”āļĩāđƒāļ™ āļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āđ‰āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāļĒāļēāļ‰āļĩāļ” āļˆāļķāļ‡āļ• āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļŦāļēāđ„āļž āđ‚āļĢāđ€āļˆāļ™
  • 31. Purified water and Sterile water Ref: https://www.honeymangroup.com/laboratories/water-testing/wfi/, https://aqua-chem.com/difference_purified_water_pw_water_for_injection_wfi/
  • 32. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile water Table of Index of Vehicles and Excipients—Codex and Details. Abbreviations: BHA, butylated hydroxyanisole; BHT, butylated hydroxytoluene; CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service; CMC, carboxymethylcellulose; DAM, diacetylmonoxime; DMA, dimethyl acetamide; DMSO, dimethylsulfoxide; EDTA, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid; EP, European Pharmacopeia; HPMC, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose; IA, intra-articular; IM, intramuscular; IP, intraperitoneal; IV, intravenous; NF, National Formulary; NMP, N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidone; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; PEG, polyethylene glycol; PET, polyethylene terephthalate; PO, oral; PVP VA, polyvinylpyrrolidone/vinyl acetate; RAMEB, Randomly methylated b-cyclodextrin; SC, subcutaneous; TPGS, D-a-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol succinate; USP, United States Pharmacopeia. Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
  • 33. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile water Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com) āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāļąāļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļē (United States Pharmacopeia āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĒāđˆāļ­āļ§āđˆāļē USP) āļ„āļ·āļ­āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ„āļĄāđˆāđƒāļŠāđˆāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļĢāļąāļ āļĄāļĩāļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ—āļĩāđˆāļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ” āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŠāļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļ°āļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāđāļĨāļ°āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļĒāļēāđƒāļ™ āļŠāļŦāļĢāļąāļāļ­āđ€āļĄāļĢāļīāļāļēāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ—āļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ
  • 34. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile water Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
  • 35. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sterile water Ref: Tolerable Levels of Nonclinical Vehicles and Formulations Used in Studies by Multiple Routes in Multiple Species With Notes on Methods to Improve Utility (sagepub.com)
  • 36. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Oils – There are three main types of vehicles, water for injection, non-aqueous water miscible and non-aqueous non-water miscible – Non-aqueous non-water miscible vehicles include fix oils as an important group. – Fixed oils must be of vegetable origin so that they will be metabolized – Examples include corn oil, sesame oil, cotton seed oil. – liquid at room temperature and not become rancid readily – They should be odorless. They mustn’t contain mineral oils or solid paraffins as they will not be metabolized and leads to adverse reactions. Ref: Formulation Vehicles - Grade: 1.1 - Formulation Vehicles The formulation includes a vehicle, - StuDocu
  • 37. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Ethyl oleate – Ethyl oleate, a synthetic ester, can also be used as a vehicle. It is mandatory to state vehicle composition on the label due to risk of allergic reactions. â€Ē Advantages include enhancement of drug stability and prolong or ‘depot’ effect â€Ē they can only be administered SC or IM, may cause tissue necrosis and thus pain â€Ē risk of solidifying at room temperature and contamination of syringe and needle makes them difficult to clean Ref: Formulation Vehicles - Grade: 1.1 - Formulation Vehicles The formulation includes a vehicle, - StuDocu āļˆāļēāđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ• āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļļāļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡ Vehicle āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļšāļ™āļ‰āļĨāļēāļ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļ āđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰
  • 38. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil – Corn oil is well tolerated in short-term studies ( â‰Ī1 month), but which causes altered body weight gain, survival and tumor incidence when administered chronically in rats [7]. NOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ–āļķāļ‡ āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ‚āļ­āļ‡ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļēāļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļļāļ” āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āļĢāļąāļšāļ—āļļāļāļ§āļąāļ™āđāļĨāđ‰āļ§āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļžāļīāļĐāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļœāļĨāđ€āļŠāļĩāļĒ (adverse effects) āđƒāļ”āđ† āļ•āđˆāļ­āļĢāđˆāļēāļ‡āļāļēāļĒ
  • 39. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil
  • 40. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil Table of Index of Vehicles and Excipients—Codex and Details.
  • 41. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Corn oil
  • 42. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sesame oil
  • 43. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sesame oil
  • 44. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC – Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, carmelose) is the suspending/emulsifying agents. – The agents in this class are the cellulose derivatives - specifically methylcellulose (MC), carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, carmelose) and hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Ref: Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. (2013) 9(12) Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC, carmelose) hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). â€Ē These vehicles offer the advantages of low toxicity, poor bioavailability and the ability to create uniform suspensions or emulsions in relatively low percentage formulations.
  • 45. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC Ref: Expert Opin. Drug Metab. Toxicol. (2013) 9(12) *āļĪāļ—āļ˜āļīāđŒāđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļĒāļēāļĢāļ°āļšāļēāļĒ (laxative effect)
  • 46. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC Ref: Gad et al, International Journal of Toxicology 2016, Vol. 35(2) 95-178
  • 47. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC
  • 48. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: 1% CMC Ref: Gad et al, International Journal of Toxicology 2016, Vol. 35(2) 95-178 â€Ē After preparing a formulation best suited for its intended purpose, it is also necessary to characterize it for drug content, assay, and other relevant technique that would give first-hand information on its physical and chemical stability. â€Ē Depending on the type of formulation being characterized, its testing parameter will change as they are varied in the type of excipient used, method of preparation, and its use. For a detailed list of the characterization parameters for the formulations or delivery systems mentioned, please refer to Table III. *Drug uniformity (āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļĄāđˆāļēāđ€āļŠāļĄāļ­āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ•āļąāļ§āļĒāļē) *Ease of redispersion (āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļˆāļēāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļĒāļē)
  • 49. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or water saline Ref: -
  • 50. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or water saline Ref: -
  • 51. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Ref: -
  • 52. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Polyethylene glycol (PEG) Ref: -
  • 53. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
  • 54. Vehicles for preclinical oral toxicity test: Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
  • 55. Biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993) Part 12: Sample preparation and reference materials Part 18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management process Part 19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of material Pitakthai Chamtim Academic service unit, GLP testing facility, National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand 30th September 2022 55
  • 56. 56 ïķ Quantitative determination of isocyanates Isocyanates āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļŦāļ™āļķāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļžāļĨāļĩāļĒāļđāļĢāļĩāđ€āļ—āļ™ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™ āļ™āđ‰āļēāļŦāļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āļāļ­āļšāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ™āđ‰āļēāļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļąāļšāļœ āđ‰āļēāļ™āļļāđˆāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŠāļ·āđ‰āļ­āļœ āđ‰āļē āļĢāļ§āļĄāļ–āļķāļ‡āđƒāļ™ āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļāļēāļāļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāļšāļēāļ‡āļŠāļ™āļīāļ” āđ‚āļ”āļĒ isocyanate āļāđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ” atopic dermatitis (āđ‚āļĢāļ„āļœāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļžāđ‰āļœāļīāļ§āļŦāļ™āļąāļ‡) āđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āļšāļēāļ‡āļ„āļĢāļąāđ‰āļ‡āļ­āļēāļˆāļ—āļēāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ” āļ­āļēāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļšāļšāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ”āļīāļ™āļŦāļēāļĒāđƒāļˆ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ anaphylactic shock (āļ āļđāļĄāļīāđāļžāđ‰ āļĢāļļāļ™āđāļĢāļ‡āđ€āļ‰āļĩāļĒāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ™) āđ„āļ” āđ‰ Biological evaluation of medical devices: Mask Introduction
  • 57. 57 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Mask 1 2 3 4 5 6 Method Result
  • 58. 58 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves Ref: āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™āđƒāļ™āļ–āļļāļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāđ‰āđ‚āļ›āļĢāļ•āļĩāļ™ – SiamGlove
  • 59. 59 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves Method
  • 60. 60 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves Method
  • 61. 61 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves Result
  • 62. 62 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container Ref: untitled (mtec.or.th)
  • 63. 63 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container ïķ In this report, a specific strategy (solvents, incubation conditions, and compound identification and quantification protocols) was developed to generate extractables information from SU bioprocess bags for use in bio-pharmaceutical manufacturing. Method
  • 64. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container Method 64
  • 65. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container 65 Result
  • 66. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste 66 Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) Inductively couple plasma (ICP)
  • 67. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste 67 ïķ Parabens (āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ€āļšāļ™āļŠāđŒ)  Parabens are used in combination with other types of preservatives to make synergetic effects against a broad range of microorganisms.  There are concerns on the carcinogenic and allergenic risks from using paraben-containing products.  Parabens are certified by the Ministry of Health. It is safe when put into various products according to the specified amount is not more than 0.25%. Method
  • 68. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste 68 Result Method
  • 69. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Drug eluent stent 69 Paclitaxel Coated Stent  Paclitaxel (PCL) is an anticancer drug which helps to prevent restenosis (reblocking) in the artery after stenting. Ref: Modelling chemistry and biology after implantation of a drug-eluting stent. Part Ⅰ: Drug transport (aimspress.com) Drug eluent stent Method
  • 70. Biological evaluation of medical devices: Drug eluent stent 70 Result
  • 71. The International Council for Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) guideline Present by Pitakthai Chamtim Academic service unit, GLP testing facility, National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand 28th September 2022 71
  • 72. 72 â€Ē āļŠāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ.) āđ€āļ‚āļ• āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļ (EECi) āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļš āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļēāļĄ MOA āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļœāļ™āļķāļāļāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļœāļ™ āđāļĄāđˆāļšāļ—āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒ āļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āđ€āļ•āļĢāļĩāļĒāļĄāđāļœāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āđ‚āļ„āļĢāļ‡āļāļēāļĢ āļĻāļēāļĨāļēāļĒāļē āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļž āļ—āļēāļ§āļ™āđŒ (Salaya Startup Town) āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ·āļ­āļ‡āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļžāđ€āļŪāļĨāļ—āđŒāđ€āļ—āļ„āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļŪāļĨāļ—āđŒāđāļ„āļĢāđŒ āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļĢāļąāļšāļ­āļ™āļēāļ„āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļĄāļ™āļēāļ„āļĄ āļŠāļēāļ™āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļĄāļ”āļīāļ„āļąāļĨāļŪāļąāļš (Medical Hub) āđāļĨāļ°āđ„āļ—āļĒāđāļĨāļ™āļ”āđŒ 4.0 â€Ē āļ”āļĢ.āđ€āļˆāļ™āļāļĪāļĐāļ“āđŒ āļ„āļ“āļēāļ˜āļēāļĢāļ“āļē āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļēāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ.) āđāļĨāļ° āļœāļđāđ‰āļ­āļēāļ™āļ§āļĒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ‚āļ• āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĢāļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ‡āđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆāļžāļīāđ€āļĻāļĐāļ āļēāļ„āļ•āļ°āļ§āļąāļ™āļ­āļ­āļ(EECi) āļāļĨāđˆāļēāļ§āļ§āđˆāļē EECi āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ­āļļāļ—āļĒāļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢ āđŒāļšāļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆ 3,455 āđ„āļĢāđˆ āļ“ āļ§āļąāļ‡āļˆāļąāļ™āļ—āļĢ āđŒāļ§āļąāļĨāđ€āļĨāļĒāđŒ āļˆāļąāļ‡āļŦāļ§āļąāļ” āļĢāļ°āļĒāļ­āļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļĢ āđ‰āļēāļ‡āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™ EEC āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ• āđ‰āļ™āđāļšāļšāđƒāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļ™āļēāļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ‚ āđ‰āļēāđ„āļ›āļœāļĨāļąāļāļ”āļąāļ™āđƒāļŦ āđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāļ—āļĩāđˆāđƒāļŠ āđ‰āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™ āļŠāļđāļ‡ (New S-Curve) āđāļĨāļ°āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ”āļīāļĄāđƒāļŦ āđ‰āļ āđ‰āļēāļ§āđ„āļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļēāļžāļē
  • 73. 73 â€Ē āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ. āļˆāļķāļ‡āđ„āļ” āđ‰āļĨāļ‡āļ™āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļ‚ āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđāļĨāļ° āļ‚āļąāļšāđ€āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āđāļœāļ™āđāļĄāđˆāļšāļ— EECi āļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ„āļ—āļĒ āđ€āļ™āļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļˆāļēāļāđ€āļŦāđ‡āļ™āļ§āđˆāļēāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļĄāļĩāļĻāļąāļāļĒāļ āļēāļžāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļŠāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļŠāļēāļ āđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļžāļĢāđ‰āļ­āļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™ Lead Partner āļœāļđāđ‰āļ™āļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļāđ€āļŠāļĢāļīāļĄāļ—āļąāļžāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄ āđāļ‚āđ‡āļ‡āđāļāļĢāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āļ­āļ‚āđˆāļēāļĒāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļ‹āļąāļžāļžāļĨāļēāļĒāđ€āļŠāļ™ Health Tech āđāļĨāļ° HealthCare āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ„āļ—āļĒāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ•āļīāļšāđ‚āļ•āđāļĨāļ°āļĒāļąāđˆāļ‡āļĒāļ·āļ™ āļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļāļēāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™ āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļ•āļēāļĢāđŒāļ—āļ­āļąāļžāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļĒāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩ āļāļēāļĢāđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ āļēāļž āļāļēāļĢāļ§āļīāļˆāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ™āļ§āļąāļ•āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđƒāļŦāļĄāđˆāđ† â€Ē āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ™āļēāļĄāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ° āđ€āļ—āļ„āđ‚āļ™āđ‚āļĨāļĒāļĩāđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī (āļŠāļ§āļ—āļŠ) āđ‚āļ”āļĒ EECi āļāļąāļšāļĄāļŦāļēāļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĨāļąāļĒāļĄāļŦāļīāļ”āļĨ āļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™ āļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ„āļąāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒāđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđ„āļ—āļĒ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļĄāļĩāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļ—āļĩāđˆāļˆāļ°āļāđ‰āļēāļ§āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āđ€āļĄāļ”āļīāļ„āļąāļĨāļŪāļąāļš (Medical Hub) āļĄāļļāđˆāļ‡āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ” āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ‚āļĒāļŠāļ™āđŒāļ•āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļīāđˆāļĄāļ‚āļĩāļ”āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāđāļ‚āđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻ āđƒāļ™ āļ‚āļ­āļšāđ€āļ‚āļ•āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļēāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļąāđ‰āļ‡āļŠāļ­āļ‡āļ āđˆ āļēāļĒ āļˆāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āļ—āļēāđ‚āļĢāļ”āđāļĄāļžāđāļœāļ™
  • 74. 74 Keywords  KPI āļĒāđˆāļ­āļĄāļēāļˆāļēāļ Key Performance Indicator āđ€āļ›āđ‡ āļ™āļ”āļąāļŠāļ™āļĩāļŠāļĩāđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āļœāļĨāļ‡āļēāļ™āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļēāđ€āļĢāđ‡āļˆāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ€āļ—āļĩāļĒāļšāļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢ āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļąāļšāđ€āļ›āđ‰ āļēāļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ•āļāļĨāļ‡āļāļąāļ™āđ„āļ§āđ‰ āļ™āļ­āļāļˆāļēāļāļˆāļ°āđƒāļŠ āđ‰āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļœāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļēāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļžāļ™āļąāļāļ‡āļēāļ™āđ„āļ” āđ‰āđāļĨ āđ‰āļ§ āļĒāļąāļ‡ āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āđƒāļŠ āđ‰āļ§āļąāļ”āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ āđ‰āļēāļ§āļŦāļ™āđ‰āļēāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļĢāđ„āļ” āđ‰āļ­āļĩāļāļ” āđ‰āļ§āļĒ  ICH = International council harmonization āļŠāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„ āļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ( āđ„āļ­āļ‹āļĩ ) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļīāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­ āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™
  • 75. 75 The International Council for Harmonization of Technical Requirements for Pharmaceuticals for Human Use International council harmonization (ICH) āļŠāļ āļēāļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđˆāļēāļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļĢāļ°āļŠāļēāļ™āļāļąāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļāļēāļŦāļ™āļ”āļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļš āļĒāļēāļŠāļēāļŦāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļŠāđ‰āđƒāļ™āļĄāļ™āļļāļĐāļĒāđŒ ( āđ„āļ­āļ‹āļĩ ) āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ„āļīāļ”āļĢāļīāđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĢāļ§āļšāļĢāļ§āļĄāļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļāļēāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļ­āļļāļ•āļŠāļēāļŦāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļĒāļēāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŦāļēāļĢāļ·āļ­āđ€āļāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ§āļāļąāļšāļ” āđ‰āļēāļ™ āļ§āļīāļ—āļĒāļēāļĻāļēāļŠāļ•āļĢāđŒāđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒāļ—āļēāļ‡āđ€āļ āļŠāļąāļŠāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļĨāļ‡āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™
  • 76. Work trial presentation July – September 2022 Pitakthai Chamtim Academic service unit, GLP testing facility National Laboratory Animal Center (NLAC), Thailand 30th September 2022 76
  • 77. 77 OECD-GLP and SOPs Introduction OECD Principles of GLP series No. 1 â€Ē Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) is to promote policies that will improve the economic and social well- being of people around the world (34 Member countries). â€Ē Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a quality system concerned with the organizational process and the conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental safety studies are planned, performed, monitored, recorded, archived and report. – Apparatus, Material, and Reagents â€Ē should be suitably located and of appropriate design and adequate capacity; should be periodic inspected, cleaned, maintained, and calibrated according to Standard Operating Procedures study and should not interfere adversely with the test systems – Test system â€Ē Physical/Chemical – Test and reference items â€Ē Receipt, Handling, Sampling and Storage – Characterization – Standard Operating Procedures â€Ē Receiving of Test item (SOP-G.RA-016), Test item management (SOP-G.RA-017), Preparation of test item (SOP-G.RA-018), Using of Test Item Custodian Room (SOP-G.RA-062)
  • 78. 78 On study (Mini room) and custodian/preparation (Custodian room) Non-GLP2022-14: Skin sensitization test of Cellulose hydrogel wound dressing patch in Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig – Wound dressing with PVA/CMC with HA – management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation GLP2022-21: Sub-chronic Oral Toxicity Testing of Centell-S in Wistar Rats – prepared the sterile water for mixing with test items Non-GLP2022-22: Skin sensitization test of Cellulose hydrogel wound dressing patch in Dunkin Hartley Guinea Pig – management of test items includes receiving, storage, and preparation Receiving test items from Sponsor and Storage TI and record documents - Microbiological test - Test item received form - List of test item Preparation TI in Custodian room and record document - Log book of test item - Request of test item form Preparation TI in Mini room
  • 79. 79 Biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993) ISO-10993 -6: Tests for local effects after implantation â€Ē ISO-10993 -6 offers general guidelines for evaluating local tissue responses to implants â€Ē Tests for local effects after implantation, Degradable materials, Implant sites and methods for evaluation ISO-10993 -10: Tests for skin sensitization â€Ē A variety of methods are available for the prospective identification of skin sensitizing chemicals: Buehler test, Guinea pig maximization test(GPMT), Local lymph node assay(LLNA). ISO-10993 -11: Tests for systemic toxicity â€Ē This document specifies requirements and gives guidance on procedures to be followed in the evaluation of the potential for medical device materials to cause adverse systemic reactions; Acute, Subacute, Subchronic and Chronic toxicity test.
  • 80. 80 Nonclinical vehicles use in animal studies ïķ Formulation vehicles includes a vehicle, excipients and a container/container components. ïķ The ideal properties of the vehicle include pharmacologically inert, non-toxic, physically and chemically inert and does not interfere with therapeutic effect of the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). ïķ Injections are prepared by dissolving, solubilising or suspending the active ingredient in a suitable vehicle. â€Ē Aqueous vehicles: Sterile water, Sodium Chloride (NaCl) or water saline â€Ē Non-aqueous: Corn oil, Sesame oil â€Ē Suspending/emulsifying agents: 1% Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) ïķ Sterile water is commonly used for dissolving polar substances. None of adverse effects and suitable for several administration routes. ïķ Oil is used for dissolving non polar substances. Corn oil is well tolerated in short-term studies ( â‰Ī1 month), but which causes altered body weight gain, survival and tumor incidence when administered chronically in rats. ïķ 1% CMC offer the advantages of low toxicity, poor bioavailability and the ability to create uniform suspensions or emulsions in relatively low percentage formulations, but may have laxative effect are large dose. ïķ Water saline is suitable for intravenous, intraperitoneal and subcutaneous administration.
  • 81. 81 Biological evaluation of medical devices (ISO-10993) ISO-10993 -12: Sample preparation and reference materials â€Ē Preparation of samples and the selection of reference materials for medical devices testing in biological systems â€Ē Test material selection, selection of representative portions from a device, Test sample preparation, selection of and requirements for reference materials and preparation of extracts. ISO-10993 -18: Chemical characterization of medical device materials within a risk management process â€Ē Process for characterizing a device (or material) and identification of its materials of construction â€Ē Characterization of the material composition (i.e., chemical constituents) and reporting constituent information to support assessment of the potential for patient risk in clinical use ISO-10993 -19: Physico-chemical, morphological and topographical characterization of material â€Ē Compilation of parameters and test methods for the identification and evaluation of the physical, i.e. physico-chemical, morphological and topographical (PMT) properties of materials in finished medical devices.
  • 82. 82 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Mask Quantitative determination of isocyanates in fabric mask
  • 83. 83 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Medical gloves
  • 84. 84 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Plastic container
  • 85. 85 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Toothpaste ïķ Parabens (āļžāļēāļĢāļēāđ€āļšāļ™āļŠāđŒ)  Parabens are used in combination with other types of preservatives to make synergetic effects against a broad range of microorganisms.  There are concerns on the carcinogenic and allergenic risks from using paraben- containing products.  Parabens are certified by the Ministry of Health. It is safe when put into various products according to the specified amount is not more than 0.25%.
  • 86. 86 Biological evaluation of medical devices: Drug-eluent Stent Paclitaxel Coated Stent  Paclitaxel (PCL) is an anticancer drug which helps to prevent restenosis (reblocking) in the artery after stenting.
  • 87. 87

Hinweis der Redaktion

  1. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  2. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  3. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  4. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  5. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  6. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  7. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  8. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  9. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  10. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  11. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  12. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  13. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  14. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  15. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  16. - DBA is di-n-butylamine (DBA) in toluene
  17. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒ (inorganic elements) āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄ (atoms) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ AAS āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ„āļ”āđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļĄ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļĄāļ”āļīāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ‚āļžāđāļ—āļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļĢāļ āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ­āļ—āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ™āđ‰āļģ āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđāļ­āļĨāļāļ­āļŪāļ­āļĨāđŒ (alcoholic beverage) āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°Â āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļ§āđ„āļŸ (Flame) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļˆāļ°āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™ (Ground stage) āđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™ (Excited stage) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (Absorption) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ‡ (Io) āļĄāļēāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (I1) āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ„āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™ (Absorbance, A)
  18. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒ (inorganic elements) āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄ (atoms) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ AAS āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ„āļ”āđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļĄ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļĄāļ”āļīāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ‚āļžāđāļ—āļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļĢāļ āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ­āļ—āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ™āđ‰āļģ āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđāļ­āļĨāļāļ­āļŪāļ­āļĨāđŒ (alcoholic beverage) āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°Â āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļ§āđ„āļŸ (Flame) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļˆāļ°āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™ (Ground stage) āđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™ (Excited stage) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (Absorption) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ‡ (Io) āļĄāļēāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (I1) āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ„āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™ (Absorbance, A)
  19. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒ (inorganic elements) āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄ (atoms) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ AAS āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ„āļ”āđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļĄ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļĄāļ”āļīāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ‚āļžāđāļ—āļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļĢāļ āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ­āļ—āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ™āđ‰āļģ āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđāļ­āļĨāļāļ­āļŪāļ­āļĨāđŒ (alcoholic beverage) āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°Â āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļ§āđ„āļŸ (Flame) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļˆāļ°āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™ (Ground stage) āđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™ (Excited stage) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (Absorption) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ‡ (Io) āļĄāļēāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (I1) āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ„āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™ (Absorbance, A)
  20. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒ (inorganic elements) āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄ (atoms) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ AAS āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ„āļ”āđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļĄ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļĄāļ”āļīāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ‚āļžāđāļ—āļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļĢāļ āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ­āļ—āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ™āđ‰āļģ āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđāļ­āļĨāļāļ­āļŪāļ­āļĨāđŒ (alcoholic beverage) āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°Â āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļ§āđ„āļŸ (Flame) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļˆāļ°āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™ (Ground stage) āđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™ (Excited stage) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (Absorption) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ‡ (Io) āļĄāļēāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (I1) āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ„āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™ (Absorbance, A)
  21. Atomic Absorption Spectrometer āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ­āļ™āļīāļ™āļ—āļĢāļĩāļĒāđŒ (inorganic elements) āđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ•āđˆāļēāļ‡āđ† āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļˆāļ°āļ–āļđāļāļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĢāđ‰āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āļŠāļ āļēāļžāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄ (atoms) āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđƒāļ™āļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļŠāļąāļ”āļŠāđˆāļ§āļ™āļāļąāļšāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāļ—āļĩāđˆāļĄāļĩāļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡ AAS āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“ āļ—āļ­āļ‡āđāļ”āļ‡ āļŠāļąāļ‡āļāļ°āļŠāļĩ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđ€āļŦāļĨāđ‡āļ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļ„āļ”āđ€āļĄāļĩāļĒāļĄ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ™āđ‰āļģāļ™āļĄāļ”āļīāļšāđāļĨāļ°āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļ‹āđ€āļ”āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđ‚āļžāđāļ—āļŠāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļ„āļĨāđ€āļ‹āļĩāļĒāļĄ āđāļĨāļ°āđāļĄāļ‡āļāļēāļ™āļĩāļŠāđƒāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢāđ€āļĨāļĩāđ‰āļĒāļ‡āļ—āļēāļĢāļ āđ€āļ—āļ„āļ™āļīāļ„āļ™āļĩāđ‰āļĒāļąāļ‡āļ™āļģāđ„āļ›āđƒāļŠāđ‰āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŦāļēāđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļŦāļ™āļąāļ āđ€āļŠāđˆāļ™ āļ•āļ°āļāļąāđˆāļ§ āđāļĨāļ°āļ›āļĢāļ­āļ—āđƒāļ™āđ€āļ™āļ·āđ‰āļ­āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒ āļŠāļąāļ•āļ§āđŒāļ™āđ‰āļģ āđ€āļĄāļĨāđ‡āļ”āļ˜āļąāļāļžāļ·āļŠ āļ™āđ‰āļģāļĄāļąāļ™āļžāļ·āļŠ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļąāđˆāļ§āđ„āļ› āđāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ”āļ·āđˆāļĄāļ—āļĩāđˆāļœāļŠāļĄāđāļ­āļĨāļāļ­āļŪāļ­āļĨāđŒ (alcoholic beverage) āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļ§āļīāđ€āļ„āļĢāļēāļ°āļŦāđŒāļŦāļēāļ›āļĢāļīāļĄāļēāļ“āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°Â āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļˆāļēāļāļŠāļēāļĢāļĨāļ°āļĨāļēāļĒāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āļ–āļđāļāļŠāđˆāļ‡āļœāđˆāļēāļ™āđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļēāļŠāļđāđˆāđ€āļ›āļĨāļ§āđ„āļŸ (Flame) āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļĢāļ°āļšāļ§āļ™āļāļēāļĢ āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāđ„āļ­āļ­āļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļŦāļ°āļˆāļ°āđāļ•āļāļ•āļąāļ§āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāđƒāļ™āļĢāļđāļ›āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ­āļāđ„āļ‹āļ”āđŒ āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­ āļ­āļ°āļ•āļ­āļĄāđ€āļŠāļĢāļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ›āļĢāļēāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ™āļĩāđ‰āļˆāļ°āļ—āļģāđƒāļŦāđ‰āļ­āļīāđ€āļĨāđ‡āļāļ•āļĢāļ­āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļāđ€āļāļīāļ”āļāļēāļĢāđ€āļ›āļĨāļĩāđˆāļĒāļ™āđāļ›āļĨāļ‡āļĢāļ°āļ”āļąāļšāļžāļĨāļąāļ‡āļ‡āļēāļ™āļˆāļēāļāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļžāļ·āđ‰āļ™ (Ground stage) āđ„āļ›āļŠāļđāđˆāļŠāļ āļēāļ§āļ°āļāļĢāļ°āļ•āļļāđ‰āļ™ (Excited stage) āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļ­āļēāļĻāļąāļĒāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (Absorption) āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĒāļēāļ§āļ„āļĨāļ·āđˆāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ‰āļžāļēāļ°āđ€āļˆāļēāļ°āļˆāļ‡ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ­āļĒāļđāđˆāļāļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļīāļ”āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ˜āļēāļ•āļļ āđ€āļĄāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ™āļģāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āđ€āļĢāļīāđˆāļĄāļ•āđ‰āļ™āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđāļŠāļ‡ (Io) āļĄāļēāļ„āļģāļ™āļ§āļ™āļœāļĨāļāļąāļšāļ„āđˆāļēāļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāđ€āļ‚āđ‰āļĄāļ‚āđ‰āļ™āļŠāļļāļ”āļ—āđ‰āļēāļĒāļŦāļĨāļąāļ‡āļˆāļēāļāļ–āļđāļāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™āđāļŠāļ‡ (I1) āļˆāļ°āđ„āļ”āđ‰ āļ„āđˆāļēāļāļēāļĢāļ”āļđāļ”āļāļĨāļ·āļ™ (Absorbance, A)
  22. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  23. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  24. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  25. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  26. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  27. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  28. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)
  29. āļŠāļģāļ™āļąāļāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ āđƒāļ™āļāļēāļ™āļ°āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļ‚āļķāđ‰āļ™āļ—āļ°āđ€āļšāļĩāļĒāļ™āđāļŦāđˆāļ‡āļŠāļēāļ•āļī āļĢāļąāļšāļœāļīāļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļāļģāļāļąāļšāļ”āļđāđāļĨāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļĄāļīāļ™āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ•āļēāļĄāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢ (Good Laboratory Practice : GLP) āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ­āļ‡āļ„āđŒāļāļēāļĢāđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļĢāđˆāļ§āļĄāļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāđ€āļĻāļĢāļĐāļāļāļīāļˆ (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: OECD) āļŦāļĢāļ·āļ­āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļĢāļĩāļĒāļāļ§āđˆāļē OECD GLP āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļŠāļ™āļąāļšāļŠāļ™āļļāļ™āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš āļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āđƒāļŦāđ‰āđ€āļŦāļĄāļēāļ°āļŠāļĄāļ—āļąāļ™āļāļąāļšāļŠāļ–āļēāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ“āđŒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļĢāļ°āđ€āļ—āļĻāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āļ­āļ‡āđ‚āļĨāļāđƒāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ *OECD GLP āļžāļđāļ”āļ–āļķāļ‡āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ°āļ‚āđ‰āļ­āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāļ”āļĩāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ›āļāļīāļšāļąāļ•āļīāļāļēāļĢāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļŦāļ™āđˆāļ§āļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļē āļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļē āļœāļĨāļīāļ•āļ āļąāļ“āļ‘āđŒ āđ„āļĄāđˆāļ§āđˆāļēāļˆāļ°āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ”āđ‰āļēāļ™āļ­āļēāļŦāļēāļĢ āļĒāļē āļĒāļēāļ›āļĢāļēāļšāļĻāļąāļ•āļĢāļđāļžāļ·āļŠ āļŠāļēāļĢāđ€āļ„āļĄāļĩ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļģāļ­āļēāļ‡ āđ€āļ„āļĢāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ‡āļĄāļ·āļ­āđāļžāļ—āļĒāđŒ āđƒāļŦāđ‰āļĄāļĩāļāļēāļĢāļžāļąāļ’āļ™āļēāļ„āļļāļ“āļ āļēāļžāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļšāļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļ­āļ”āļ„āļĨāđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļāļąāļšāļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļĒāļ­āļĄāļĢāļąāļšāđƒāļ™āļŠāļēāļāļĨ āđ€āļžāļ·āđˆāļ­āļ›āļāļ›āđ‰āļ­āļ‡āļ„āļļāđ‰āļĄāļ„āļĢāļ­āļ‡āļŠāļļāļ‚āļ­āļ™āļēāļĄāļąāļĒāđāļĨāļ°āļ„āļ§āļēāļĄāļ›āļĨāļ­āļ”āļ āļąāļĒāļ‚āļ­āļ‡āļœāļđāđ‰āļšāļĢāļīāđ‚āļ āļ„ āļ‹āļķāđˆāļ‡āļ‚āļąāđ‰āļ™āļ•āļ­āļ™āđ‚āļ”āļĒāļĢāļ§āļĄ āđ„āļ”āđ‰āđāļāđˆ āļāļēāļĢāļĻāļķāļāļĐāļēāļ§āļēāļ‡āđāļœāļ™āļ—āļĩāđˆāļŠāļąāļ”āđ€āļˆāļ™ (planned) āļāļēāļĢāļ”āļģāđ€āļ™āļīāļ™āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļĩāđˆāđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĄāļēāļ•āļĢāļāļēāļ™ (performed) āļŠāļēāļĄāļēāļĢāļ–āļ•āļĢāļ§āļˆāļŠāļ­āļšāļāļĨāļąāļšāđ„āļ”āđ‰ (monitered) āļāļēāļĢāļšāļąāļ™āļ—āļķāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđ€āļ­āļĩāļĒāļ”āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļ”āļŠāļ­āļš (recorded) āđāļĨāļ°āļāļēāļĢāļ—āļģāļĢāļēāļĒāļ‡āļēāļ™āđāļĨāļ°āļˆāļąāļ”āđ€āļāđ‡āļšāļ­āļĒāđˆāļēāļ‡āđ€āļ›āđ‡āļ™āļĢāļ°āļšāļš (archived and report)