Pesticides, The Environment and IPM.pptx

Pesticides & The Environment
Off Target Sites
Bees and Other
Pollinators Fish, Birds and Other
Vertebrates
&
Where Do Pesticides Go After
Your Treatment

PESTICIDES AND ENVIRONMENT
The objective is to:
Understand the types of damage that can
occur to plants, animals (wildlife), soil, water
and air.
Understand the typical ways that pesticides
are broken down or move within the
environment.
Understand what pesticide drift is and what
factors contribute to pesticide drift.
Understand why it is important to protect
water sources and the recommended
practices that are necessary to protect water
sources.
Understand the importance of protecting
crop pollinators and what laws and
regulations are in place to protect crop
pollinators.
Understand what management practices may
be used to lower any negative impact to fish
and wildlife.

DRIFT & THE ENVIRONMENT
• Equipment configuration and operation determine spray droplet
size. Small droplets are most likely to drift off-target, and are
produced in greatest volume when using small nozzle orifices and
high pressure. Select the correct nozzle type and use a spray
pressure low enough to produce the largest droplets that will
provide sufficient penetration and coverage of the
intended target. Drift potential is also increased as the distance
between the nozzle and the target increases, so applications
should always be made as close to the target as possible.
• Many pesticide labels include directions that prohibit spray
application of the pesticide "under conditions that favor drift."
Complying with these directions requires an understanding of
weather conditions that enhance drift.

DRIFT & THE
ENVIRONMENT
• Drift can be defined simply as
the movement of a pesticide
through the air to a non-target
area.
• There are two types of drift:
• Particle Drift
• Vapor Drift.

ParticleDrift
• Refers to small spray droplets carried by air
movement from the target area during
application. Any pesticide applied with a sprayer
is susceptible to particle drift.
• The most important factor in drift minimization is
applicator attitude. Small droplets and high
equipment operating pressures can provide
better spray coverage, but also produces large
amounts of very small spray droplets that
are susceptible to drift. Spraying when it is
convenient and disregarding existing weather
conditions will often result in off-target pesticide
application leading to inconsistent pest control
and possible damage to adjacent crops or
properties. The many factors that influence the
amount of drift are discussed in the following
sections.
• Of primary concern are spray droplet size
and wind velocity. Although there are
several other factors that can affect the off-
target movement of a pesticide, most of
the problems associated with drift can be
avoided by paying close attention to the droplet
size being produced by the sprayer and the
velocity and direction of the wind.

As droplet size increases
• The potential for drift
decreases. Because of this, it
is desirable to operate a
sprayer so it produces the
largest droplets while
providing adequate coverage
of the target area.
• However, as droplet size
increases, the volume of
water required to give the
same degree of coverage
also increases.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY.

VaporDrift
• Vapor Drift refers to the movement of
pesticide vapors from the target area.
Some pesticides are “volatile” and can
change from a solid or liquid form into a
gas. As a gas or vapor, the pesticide
may drift farther and for a longer period
of time than spray droplets. Pesticides
with a high volatility are most
susceptible to vapor drift.
• A pesticide in a gaseous state can be
carried away from a treated area by air
currents; the movement of pesticide
vapors in the atmosphere is called Vapor
Drift. Unlike the drift of sprays and dusts
that can sometimes be seen during an
application, vapor drift is not visible.
Some herbicides can volatilize and
move from the treated area, reducing
the control of the target weeds and
increasing the likelihood that nontarget
plants will be injured.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA-NC.

Vapor Drift
• Application of a volatile pesticide should be
avoided when conditions favor volatilization, such
as high temperatures combined with low humidity.
The vapor pressure rating of the pesticide may
help indicate the volatility of the material. A higher
vapor pressure means that the pesticide is more
volatile. Volatilization can be reduced through the
use of low-volatile formulations and soil
incorporation of the pesticide. Precautionary
statements on labels indicate pesticides that have
a potential for vapor drift.

Wind Velocity and Direction
• Wind speed is the major weather condition affecting drift. The
greater the wind speed, the greater the drift. In general, wind
speeds below five miles per hour (mph) pose very little drift
hazard. In fact some pesticide labels require a minimum wind
speed to avoid temperature inversions. Nearly all the spray
particles will have a chance to deposit on the site before
moving too far off.
• When wind speed increases above 5 mph, drift does
become an important factor and must be considered.
Generally, wind over 10 mph will control and carry virtually all
smaller particles and will affect medium and large particles. In
general, winds are usually less just before sunrise and just
after sunset. Air is usually the most turbulent during mid-
afternoon. Pesticides should not be applied when wind
movement is toward an adjoining property. Buffer zones
should be increased as winds increase.
• Several other factors influence the potential for drift.

Wind Velocity
and Direction
• Physical properties of liquids - The
viscosity of a liquid is a measure
of its resistance to flow. For
example, mayonnaise is
more viscous than water. As the
viscosity of the liquid is
increased, the droplet size of
the spray increases. Thickening
agents can be added to the spray
to increase droplet size, thereby
reducing the time a droplet
is suspended in the air, thereby
reducing the chances of it
drifting.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

In addition to thickeners, a number of drift control
agents are now available that reduce the potential
for drift. They include foam additives, invert
emulsions, and others. Research with ground
sprayers indicated that the addition of a spray
thickener reduced spray drift by 66 to 90 percent.
However, some post-emergence herbicides require
small droplets for optimum performance, so
techniques that increase the droplet size of an
herbicide, may reduce weed control. Always follow
the label directions regarding the use of any spray
additive.

Humidity and Temperature - Low relative humidity
and/or high temperature, increases the
evaporation rate of water-spray droplets thereby
shrinking them before they settle. Evaporation
reduces the size of the spray droplets, thereby
making the smaller droplets more susceptible to
drift. Droplets greater than 150 microns are not
significantly affected by evaporation.

Adsorption
• Is the binding of one type of molecule ( e.g. solute or
liquid) to another molecule ( e.g. soil). Pesticides adsorb
to soil particles. The amount and persistence of
pesticide adsorption varies with pesticide properties, soil
moisture content, soil pH and soil texture. Soils high in
organic matter or clay are the most adsorptive; coarse,
sandy soils that lack organic matter or clay are much
less adsorptive. The increased adsorption of soils high
in clay and organic matter is due to an increase in soil
surface area, thus the number of binding sites for
chemicals.

Absorption
• By plants and microorganisms is another
process that can transfer pesticides in the
environment. Once absorbed, most
pesticides are degraded within
plants. These residues may persist inside
the plant or be released back into the
environment as the plant tissue decays.

Absorption
• Runoff is a process that moves pesticides in water. Runoff
occurs as water moves over a sloping surface carrying
pesticide, either mixed in the water or bound to eroding
soil. The amount of pesticide runoff depends upon the
grade or slope of an area, the characteristics and texture of
the soil, the soil moisture content,the amount and timing
of irrigation or rainfall, and properties of the pesticide. For
example, a pesticide application made to a heavy clay soil
already saturated with water is highly susceptible to runoff.
Established vegetation or plant residues also influence
runoff because of their ability to retain soil and moisture.

Absorption
• Runoff from residential and recreational areas, or industrial sites can be
a factor in pesticide pollution of surface waters (streams, ponds, and
lakes). Pesticide residues in surface water can cause injuries to plants
and animals in aquatic systems, contaminate groundwater and result in
livestock and plant/crop losses to downstream users. Herbicide runoff
into non-target areas can damage sensitive plants.
• Pesticide losses from runoff are greatest when heavy rainfall occurs
shortly after a pesticide application. Pesticide runoff can be reduced by
careful observation of current and predicted weather conditions. If
heavy rain is expected, the application of pesticides should be delayed.
Irrigation should be applied in accordance with labeled instructions
and monitored to avoid runoff and accumulation of excess surface water.
• When applying pesticide treatments for parks, recreation areas or
homes the site supervisor or homeowner should be advised to turn off
sprinkler systems until the treatment areas are completely dry or longer
if label requirements have specific guidelines.

Absorption
• When treating brumes careful attention should be made to what's at
the bottom. Notice if there are sidewalks, city sewer systems,
floodwater or storm drains that could potentially be contaminated if
lawn sprinklers are ran or if there is a possibility of rain. Soil that
has standing water (puddles) should never be treated
with pesticides.
• Leaching is a process that moves pesticides in water. Several
factors influence the leaching of pesticides, such as water
solubility of the pesticide, soil texture and adsorption. A pesticide
that is dissolved in water can move readily with the water as
it seeps through the soil. Soil structure and texture influence soil
permeability as well as the amount and persistence of pesticide
adsorption to soil particles. Adsorption is probably the most
important factor influencing leaching of pesticides. If a pesticide
is strongly adsorbed to soil particles, it is less likely to leach
regardless of its solubility, unless the soil particles themselves
move with the flow of water.

Absorption
• Groundwater contamination is a major concern
associated with the leaching of pesticides. Keeping our
water safe is the responsibility of everyone. As a
licensed (PMP) Pest Management Professional you
should always set an example of environmental
stewardship. Prevention is the best remedy to minimize
ground water contamination.
• There are many factors that contribute to water
contamination, pesticides, domestic waste (sewers),
landfills, industrial waste, even government produced
radioactive waste. As a PMP you should only apply
pesticides when and where necessary and only in
amounts adequate to control pests. Using pesticides
only when necessary and using only the minimum
amount necessary for effective pest management will
help to minimize potential groundwater contamination.

Protecting Ground Water
Use (IPM) Integrated Pest Management.
Combine chemical control with other
alternatives to minimize the use of
pesticides.
Consider the type of soil you are treating.
Soil texture is determined by proportions
of sand, silt and clay. In sandy soil,
percolating water moves faster and there
are fewer binding sites available for the
adsorption of dissolved chemicals.
Soil organic matter influences how much
water a soil can hold, and how well it
adsorbs pesticides. Increasing the soil
organic content, increases the soil's ability
to hold both water and dissolved pesticides
in the root zone where they will be available
to plants. The susceptibility of the particular
soil type to leaching should be determined
prior to using pesticides with the potential to
contaminate groundwater.

In the selection of the product you use, always try to choose the
pesticides that are highly soluble, relatively stable and not readily
adsorbed to soil tend to be the most likely to leach. Choose
pesticides with the least potential for leaching into groundwater.
Follow label directions. The label is the law and it carries critical
information you need to know about the proper application rates,
mixing, treatment areas, including areas to avoid. When using
products that require dilution, mix the correct amount for the job.
Adding more doesn't kill pests any more dead it just wastes
chemical and adds to the increased possibility of off target
contamination.

Calibrate your equipment. If you are using a 1/2 gallon, 1 gallon or
larger compressed air sprayer or back pack you still need to know
how much is being applied at how many seconds using each tip
at a consistent pressure. Most chemical suppliers have 1 gallon
measuring cups you can purchase for use in calibrating. As an
example, a spray wand with a cone tip verses pin stream will put
out different amounts of liquid in the same time period with the
same pressure. You should always select the correct nozzle size
and pressure for the application you are performing.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC
BY.

Beesand other
pollinators
• Restrict the application of pesticides that
are toxic to bees and other pollinators
when weeds and flowering plants are in
bloom. Pollinators are very important
to our environment. From a food
standpoint, about 1/3 of the food we eat
requires pollination.
• Do not apply pesticides that are toxic to
bees during bloom. Even shade trees
and weeds should not be sprayed when
blooming. Select the pesticide
least harmful to foraging bees. Check the
product labels for specific bee hazards

Beesandotherpollinators
• Select the safest formulation. In general,
dusts are more hazardous to bees than
sprays; wettable powders are more
hazardous to bees than either
emulsifiable concentrates or water-soluble
formulations. Granular insecticide
formulations are generally the least
hazardous while microencapsulated
formulations can be quite hazardous. The
hazard to the bees increases when the
material can be carried back to the hive.
Since microencapsulated and dust
formulations are picked up with pollen,
they are the most dangerous because
they can affect the brood as well as other
adults fed by the contaminated pollen.

Fish and
other
vertebrates
• Pesticides can be harmful to all kinds of
vertebrates. Most recognizable are the
direct effects from acute poisoning. Fish
kills often are a direct result of water
pollution by a pesticide.
• Pesticides can enter water via drift,
surface runoff, soil erosion, leaching,
and in some cases, deliberate or
careless release of the pesticide directly
into the water. Fish kills are most often
caused by insecticide contamination of
small ponds or streams with low water
volume or turnover.

Fishand othervertebrates
• The following practices can minimize negative effects to wildlife caused
by improper or unnecessary pesticide application.
• Use pesticides only when necessary.
• Select the least toxic and least persistent pesticide that will do
the job.
• Observe the environmental precautions on the label.
• Treat only the area needed.
• Avoid aquatic areas whenever possible. Leave a buffer zone
between bodies of water and the treated area.
• Avoid spraying trees that overhang streams or ponds.
• Exercise caution when placing baits or granules. Clean up
any spilled granules or completely cover them with soil.
• Be aware of the legal considerations when using pesticides. Very
strict laws have been enacted to protect pollinators and wildlife,
especially endangered species.

Birds
• Birds killed from pesticides can
occur in many ways. Birds can
ingest the toxicant in granules,
baits or treated seed; they may be
exposed directly to the spray; they
may consume a treated food
source; they may drink or use
contaminated water; or they may
feed on pesticide-contaminated
prey.Animals often mistake
granules or pellets for food. Pets,
birds and other wildlife can be killed
when baits are left unattended or
improperly placed. Granule
pesticides are particularly attractive
to birds, since they are often
mistaken for food.

WHERE DO PESTICIDES GO?
Run off
Surface
Water
Root Zone
Water Table
Uptake
(absorption
)
Percolation
/Leaching
Adapted from University of Illinois General Standards Manual
Soil surface
Evaporation/Volatilization
Pesticide spray
Drift
Plant
Precipitation
Ground Water
Photo Degradation

• WHERE DO PESTICIDES GO?
• Any off-target pesticide is a pollutant and can harm animals and/or the
environment.
• Many pesticide labels list environmental effects such as contamination
of groundwater or toxicity to pollinators, birds, or aquatic organisms as
reasons for restrictions. The environment comprises everything around
us. It includes not only the natural elements that the word
“environment” most often brings to mind but also people and the
manufactured components of our world.
• The environment is also not limited to the outdoors—it also includes
the indoor areas in which we live and work.

• Anyone who uses a pesticide must consider
how that pesticide affects the environment.
The applicator must ask two questions:
• Where will the pesticide go in the
environment after it leaves its container or
application equipment?
• What effects can this pesticide have on
nontarget sites, plants, and animals it may
reach in the environment? A spilled or
mishandled pesticide may enter the
environment without ever being applied to a
target site, while pesticides that are applied
properly can enter the nontarget environment
in a variety of ways, such as:
• Volatilize (turn into a gas) from treated
surfaces.
• Rinse off a treated surface and enter the soil.
• Be carried laterally by runoff or soil erosion.
• Leach laterally or horizontally through the
soil.
• Overspray
• Overspray is the application of a pesticide
beyond the boundaries of the target area.
Overspray can occur indoors and outdoors.

Drift
• Drift is the movement of
a pesticide in air currents
or by diffusion onto
property beyond the
boundaries of the target
area. Drift may occur
either as solid or liquid
particles or as vapors.
Pesticide drift, like
overspray, often implies a
lack of due care on the
part of the applicator. You
are responsible for
confining pesticide
applications to the target
area, and for taking
precautions to prevent
unwanted exposure to
persons or property of
others.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

Runoff
Runoff and/or leaching can occur when pesticides are carried off the
application site into water such as rivers, lakes and streams, wells, storm
sewers, or into groundwater. Runoff occurs on the surface while
leaching occurs below the surface. Leaching can occur vertically and
horizontally.
PESTICIDE CHARACTERISTICS
To understand how pesticides move in the environment, you must first
understand certain physical and chemical characteristics of pesticides
and how they determine a pesticide’s interaction with the
environment. These characteristics are solubility, adsorption, volatility,
and persistence. Understanding these factors will help you determine not
only the risk a pesticide application poses to the environment, but whether
or not the pesticide will remain at the site of application long enough to be
effective.
To understand how pesticides move in the environment, you must first
understand certain physical and chemical characteristics of pesticides
and how they determine a pesticide’s interaction with the environment.
These characteristics are solubility, adsorption, volatility, and persistence.
Understanding these factors will help you determine not only the risk a
pesticide application poses to the environment, but whether or not the
pesticide will remain at the site of application long enough to be effective.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC
BY-ND.

Solubility
Solubility is a measure of how easily a chemical will dissolve in a
solvent, usually water. Pesticides that are highly soluble in water
dissolve easily. These pesticides are more likely to move with water in
surface runoff— leaving the application site quickly and possibly
contaminating nearby areas. Highly soluble pesticides can also leach
downward through the soil, potentially contaminating groundwater.
Adsorption
Pesticides may settle or attach to surfaces such as soil, called
adsorption. They vary in their degree of attachment. Strongly adsorbed
pesticides are less likely to be carried from the treated area by water
runoff or to leach through the soil into the groundwater. They may,
however, move readily by soil erosion.
This Photo by Unknown
author is licensed under CC
BY-SA.

Volatility
Some pesticides are volatile. The volatility of a pesticide is a measure
of its tendency to turn into a vapor or gas.
Volatility increases as the temperature and wind increase and
humidity decreases. As a pesticide turns into a vapor, it can drift
and cause problems downwind.
Persistence
Persistence is the ability of a pesticide to remain in an active form in
the environment. Persistence may be either desirable or undesirable.
Where the objective is long-term control, a persistent pesticide
with residual activity may be desirable—persistence and residual
activity are often used interchangeably.
Persistence beyond the time it is needed, however, is undesirable and
the remaining pesticide is usually referred to as residue. The longer a
pesticide persists, the more chance it will have to remain active when
it moves from the target site.

Chemical
degradation
Degradation
Degradation is the process of pesticides breaking down into simpler, and often
less toxic, compounds. Pesticides vary substantially in their susceptibility to
degradation and are broken down by the environment in different ways.
Photodegradation
Microbial degradation
Chemical degradation
OSU Pesticides and Groundwater Contamination

PESTICIDE ACCUMULATION IN ANIMALS
Pesticides that end up offsite can cause harm to people, plants, and
animals in various ways. The following section discusses how pesticides
get into animals and water sources, even when neither appears to
be present at the site of the application.
Bioaccumulation
Some pesticides can accumulate in the bodies of animals (including
humans), particularly in fat tissue. Instead of the body getting rid of the
chemicals as waste, they are stored in fat tissue and build up,
or accumulate, over time. This process is called bioaccumulation.
Because of this long-term accumulation, these pesticides can
sometimes reach harmful levels, even though the animal or person only
ingests a small amount at a time.

Biomagnification
Biomagnification occurs when the pesticide moves up
through the food chain. A food chain is the sequence of
plants and animals that feed on each other. For example,
microscopic plants and animals in water take up a
pesticide. Small animals eat those plants and fish eat the
smaller animals. Larger fish eat the smaller fish, and a
bird of prey (or human) eats the big fish. At each level of
the chain, the organism eats many of those below it (e.g.,
a largemouth bass will eat many minnows). This is how a
pesticide becomes increasingly concentrated as it moves
up the food chain, with each level up getting a larger dose,
magnifying the effect.
With this process, an animal at a higher level (e.g., a bird
of prey or a human) can become poisoned without ever
directly being near the pesticide application. To
summarize, bioaccumulation occurs when a pollutant
builds in concentration within a species, usually by
absorption from surroundings (air, water, or soil).
Biomagnification occurs when pollutants are magnified
through the consumption of food, starting with lower food
sources to higher-level organisms. Biomagnification
occurs between species and is closely related to predator-
prey relationships. A tenfold increase in contaminant
concentrations has been noted in tissues from prey to
predator.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC.

Bioaccumulation
Contaminate Levels
Biomagnification
Biomagnification of Contaminates
Water table
Fractured Bedroc

GROUNDWATER
Everyone who uses
water from a well uses
groundwater. Groundwater is
water contained in the cracks
and pores of rocks and the
space between sand grains
and mineral particles
underground. Once
groundwater
becomes contaminated, it is
difficult, if not impossible, to
do anything about it other
than to stop the source
of contamination and allow
enough time for the level of
contamination to decrease.
The best solution is to
prevent contamination in the
first place.

WELL
Water table
Gravel
Unsaturated zone
Saturated zone (aquifer)
Surface Water
Fractured Bedrock
Adapted from Penn State Pesticide Education Manual

SURFACE WATER
Pesticides can reach surface water through sewers,
in runoff, or in contaminated groundwater that
is discharging to surface water. Be aware that
conditions that reduce the threat of groundwater
contamination may increase the threat of surface
water contamination. For example, pesticides that
strongly adsorb to soil particles may not leach
downward into groundwater but may be carried into
surface water if runoff causes soil erosion. Runoff
into surface water is likely if the soil is crusted,
compacted, or frozen—particularly on sloping sites or
applying on or near pavement that may drain to a
sewer.

Sources of Water Contamination
Surface or groundwater contamination results from either point source or
nonpoint source pollution. Point source pollution comes from a specific,
identifiable place such as:
•Pesticide spills entering a storm sewer.
•Back-siphoning.
•Repeated spilling of pesticides at mixing and loading sites.
•Careless spilling of wash water at equipment cleanup sites.
•Improper handling of spills and leaks at storage sites.
•Improper disposal of containers, rinsate, and excess pesticides.
Nonpoint source pollution comes from a widespread area. Runoff, seepage,
and leaching from areas of application take the pesticide into areas it
should not occur.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.

• Health and Economic Costs of Water Contamination
• The human health impact of pesticides in water sources depends on the
chemical present, the amount that is in the water, and the amount of water
that a person drinks or comes in contact with over time. To avoid health
problems, federal and state drinking water guidelines for pesticide residues
set limits on the amount of contamination that may be present in drinking
water.
• The costs to society of pesticide contaminated water are difficult to
quantify. Losses of pesticide chemicals through leaching represent lost
investments by the applicator. Contaminated groundwater can be very costly
to the communities and families that rely on it for drinking water. For
example, when household well water has levels of pesticides exceeding
health standards, the family must get water from another source.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-ND.

Contamination
Factors Affecting Ground and Surface Water Contamination
The factors that influence whether a pesticide will reach groundwater or surface
water after normal use include the characteristics of the pesticide itself, conditions
at the pesticide handling site, and application practices.
To prevent spills or poor pesticide handling, follow the label guidelines regarding the
proper transport, storage, mixing, and disposal of pesticides. Some key steps
include:
•Securing pesticide containers in the back of a vehicle to prevent spills during transport.
•Storing pesticides over an impermeable floor and checking frequently for damaged
containers.
•Storing bulk pesticides in secondary containment.
•Mixing or loading pesticides only over an impermeable pad.
•Using an air gap or backflow protection device when mixing pesticides.
•Disposing of pesticide waste properly.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND.

Always keep in mind: THE LABEL IS THE LAW!

• The IPM approach to pest management differs in
several ways from "conventional" or "traditional" urban
pest control that relies primarily upon pesticide
use. First, it is not merely a reaction to a pest problem. It
is a process which when followed, provides effective
control. Second, it considers threshold levels of pest
presence. The third difference between conventional
pest control and the IPM approach is the application of
two or more pest management procedures to reduce
or limit population levels. A forth difference is that pest
management involves a truly integrated approach where
all pests are considered in the development in the pest
management process. Included in this portion of
the course is sanitation, mechanical control, cultural
control, chemical control and the evaluation of the
effectiveness of your plan.
Being Part of the Solution
IPM

•In recent years, the term "Integrated Pest
Management" and its acronym "IPM" have received
much press in the pest control arena. There have
been dozens of articles written on the subject during
the past decade. It has been heralded as the "new
approach" to pest control. Those who have been less
than encouraging have generally cited its lack of
acceptance by the pest control industry. Neither view
is correct. Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is
neither a "new approach" to pest control, nor is it
practiced by only a limited number of pest
management companies. It predates recorded
history and is practiced universally.

•The inspection should be an orderly, organized
procedure to determine the above information. It
should include all areas of the premises - both
indoors and outdoors. All levels of the structure
should be inspected including attics, living or
public floors, basements, crawl spaces, etc. No
area should be overlooked because an infestation
may have its beginnings in such an area or may,
because of favorable conditions, move into this
area.

INSPECTION The first step in any IPM program is
a thorough inspection. There are several reasons
for inspecting the premises including:
•Determine the location of the infestation
•Determine the extent of the infestation
•Note damage to the structure or commodities
•Determine conditions conducive to the infestation
•Identify harborage areas
•Identify sanitation deficiencies
•Identify avenues of possible entry
•Identify items or factors which would impact
program development

IDENTIFICATION
•Before an effective integrated pest management
program can be developed and implemented, it is
necessary to know the pest or pests with which we
are dealing. Identification is an integral part of any
IPM program. This knowledge enables us to
determine what control measures to employ and
when, where and how to employ them. Without a
thorough understanding of the pest and its habits,
habitat, life cycle and biology, we cannot be
effective. In addition, several states require that
any chemical applications performed be for a
specific pest and that this pest be listed on the
treatment record.

• While the customer can often identify many pests
by general categories such as cockroach, fly,
beetle or rodent; they are seldom able to make
more a specific identification. Such specific
information is necessary so that the proper
management program can be developed. The
reason for this is simple: even though two pests
may be of the same group or family (cockroach, fly,
etc.) their food, shelter and habitat requirements
may be quite different.

• In addition, the damage they may cause can vary
greatly. Similar looking beetles, for example, may
damage wood members, stored products, carpets
and houseplants. Each would require a different
control method. It is important, therefore, to assure
that proper identification is made.

• Once a pest has been correctly identified, its food
preferences, harborage sites, behavioral patterns,
biology, habits, potential for damage and options
for control measures may be determined. An
important adjunct to identification is submitting
information detailing when and where the
collection was made, and the name of the
collector.

•ESTABLISHMENT OF THRESHOLD LEVELS
•The concept of threshold levels originated in the
area of agricultural pest control. The pest population
levels at which control measures are undertaken are
called "economic thresholds" and are based upon
the value of the commodity (or its anticipated market
value), the amount of damage the pest population
could cause, and the cost associated with
implementing particular control measures.

Although the cost of potential control measures in an
urban setting can be determined, it is difficult to
assign a value to the economic consequences of an
infestation. For example, while the presence of
cockroaches in some locations within a facility may
be tolerated, their presence in the food preparation or
consumption areas would not. Consequently, in this
case, the threshold level would be zero.
Occasionally, a pest management decision may
depend upon the cost of potential control measures
as weighed against the benefits received.

•The concept of threshold levels originated in the
area of agricultural pest control. The pest
population levels at which control measures are
undertaken are called "economic thresholds" and
are based upon the value of the commodity (or its
anticipated market value), the amount of damage
the pest population could cause, and the cost
associated with implementing particular control
measures.

•Although the cost of potential control measures in
an urban setting can be determined, it is difficult to
assign a value to the economic consequences of
an infestation. For example, while the presence of
cockroaches in some locations within a facility may
be tolerated, their presence in the food preparation
or consumption areas would not. Consequently, in
this case, the threshold level would be zero.
Occasionally, a pest management decision may
depend upon the cost of potential control
measures as weighed against the benefits
received.

As a result,
urban pest
management
decisions are
generally
influenced by
three factors:
Health and safety danger created by the pest
Legal restrictions on pest infestation
The levels of pest tolerance exhibited by the customer

• EMPLOYMENT OF TWO OR MORE CONTROL
• MEASURES
• It is at this stage of the pest management
process that we see the true integrated approach
come into play. The primary objective of an IPM
approach is to design a program that uses more
than one strategy or control measures.

The strategies chosen should be
ones that are:
▪ most likely to produce a permanent reduction of the pest population
▪ easiest to carry out effectively
▪ most cost-effective over the short and long term
▪ least disruptive of natural controls
▪ least hazardous to human health
▪ least toxic to non-target organisms
▪ least damaging to the general environment

MECHANICAL
• Mechanical, or physical control involves the use
of traps, caulks, seals or barriers to prevent pests
from entering, establishing and living in an
undesired location. It may include any or all of the
measures listed on the next slide.

MECHANICAL
•excluding (pest proofing) pests using barriers,
including screens, seals, nets and caulking
•manually removing pests using hands, snares or
by vacuuming
•setting traps, including sticky, electric, light,
multiple catch and snap types
•the use of heat or cold to destroy pests

CULTURAL
• Cultural control involves manipulation of the
pest's environment to make it less favorable for the
pest to exist. It may also be referred to as habitat
modification or environmental alteration. To
accomplish this, the customer may have to change
some of their normal practices or habits and thus
make it harder to the pest populations to become
established or to spread.

BIOLOGICAL
• Biological control is the use of parasites,
predators, or pathogens to control or manage
pests. When available or sufficiently developed,
biological control strategies tend to be among the
least environmentally disruptive pest control
measures. Nematodes, fungus, parasitic wasps,
and even IGR's are all examples of biological
control agents in the urban arena.

EVALUATION OF EFFECTIVENESS
• The final step in the Integrated Pest Management
process is the evaluation of effectiveness. Follow-
up inspections enable the pest management
professional to assess and adjust the control
measures that have been employed.

There are
several
reasons for
re-inspecting
the account
Determine effectiveness of previous procedures
Determine
Identify areas overlooked
Identify
Eliminate entry points
Eliminate
Enhance program effectiveness
Enhance
Reapply or revise any pest management procedures as
appropriate
Reapply or
revise
Maintain good customer relations and satisfaction
Maintain

• The IPM template is a formula with which the pest management
professional can determine the appropriate control measures to
use.
• It may be expressed using the following formula:
• Account Type + Pest(s) - Restrictions = Control Measures
• The key components of the formula are the account type, the
pest or pests for which control is desired, and any restrictions
imposed by various factors including the customer, environmental
and legal restrictions. The result is the appropriate control
measure or measures to be employed.

Congratulations You have completed the course. Please continue to the
quiz.

Pesticides, The Environment and IPM.pptx

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