This document provides an introduction to exploring the potential of cultural sites for tourism development in Kakumiro District, Uganda. It defines key terms like culture, cultural tourism, and cultural sites. It then describes several important cultural sites in the district that could be developed for tourism, including Semwema Rock Caves, Munsa Earthworks, Kooki Haibale, and Kabagole Cultural Site. Each site is explained in terms of its historical and cultural significance to help assess their potential for promoting cultural tourism in the area.

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MAKERERE UNIVERSITY
COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
SCHOOL OF FORESTRY, ENVIRONMENTAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL
SCIENCES
DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY, BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISM
THE POTENTIAL OF CULTURAL SITES FOR TOURISM DEVELOPMENT IN
KAKUMIRO DISTRICT.
A Case study of cultural sites in kakumiro district area.
BY
ATALYEBA PATRICK
215021384
15/U/21190
SUPERVISED BY
PROF BANANA
A RESEARCH PROPOSAL SUBMITTED TO THE DEPARTMENT OF FORESTRY,
BIODIVERSITY AND TOURISM FOR A PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF AN AWARD OF A
DEGREE OF TOURISM MANAGEMENT.

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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Tourism has grown at an accelerated pace over the last few decades and forecasts indicate an
ever faster rate of growth into the new millennium. One of the pillars of tourism industry has
been mankind’s inherent desire to see and learn about the cultural identity of different parts of
the world. The cultural and heritage tourism industry are among the fastest growing sectors of
the world economy (UNWTO 2015) and may be the single biggest foreign exchange earner for
some countries, growth has been fuelled by the potential of cultural and heritage tourism to act as
the alternative tourism among both international tourists and domestic travelers . Together with
increased leisure time and mobility resulting in the emergence of an industry which is driven by
the dual and often conflicting demands of economics and cultural tourism development.
The development of tourism in Africa in general and the development of cultural tourism in
particular are at its incipient stage (Akama, 2001). Cultural tourism has been identified as one of
the major growth markets in the global tourism, in all world regions; governments at national and
local level are becoming increasingly interested in the potential for cultural tourism to attract
tourists and to support cultural attractions (Richards, 2001). There is also the assumption that
because every location has “culture” that the tourist will automatically arrive once he or she is
made aware of its existence for example currently in the tourism perspective the cultural
resources in kakumiro district are not effectively exploited however, according to Richards
(2001) if such cultural resources (cultural sites) are documented, profiled and advertised to
different tourist market platforms the tourists will get acquainted by the information about them
and they will intern desire to visit them to interact with the historical cultures, traditions,
lifestyles, among others depending on their customized interests.
Governments have eagerly embraced the economic and social potential for cultural tourism
across the globe in some parts of the world however according to Richards( 1999) various
regions have not yet exploited the potential of the cultural resources they posses, this is as a
result of the mode of culture that is created by the operators in the tourist industry that is largely
based on living culture such as dance and performances in most African countries is the key in
attracting cultural visitors for example this type of culture contrast strongly with the European
cultural tourism industry which rests more heavily on monuments ,sites and other material
heritage. Therefore there is a strong need to diversify the tourism product in most African

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countries especially considering other cultural resources like cultural sites basing on local,
regional and national levels.
Cultural tourism can also be amongst a number of development processes designed to create
conditions of sustainable economic growth and social progress for the whole community with its
active participation (ATLAS, 2000)
Cultural tourism which places emphasis on cultural attraction in Uganda is a new commodity
that is gaining momentum especially with the decentralization and privatization process and
restoration of kingdoms. The kingdoms for example include Bunyoro, Tooro, Buganda are
renovating the dilapidated facilities and maintaining them however both activities require
considerable amount of money. Cultural tourism is being developed as a source of the required
funds (Nyakaana, 2000).
Background of the study
Cultural and heritage tourism
According to OECD (2009), more than 50% of tourists’ activities in Europe are generated by
cultural tourism and cultural heritage. In Uganda, the tourism sector is embedded with nature
based tourism and by far it is the most significant in terms of tourist flows and generation of
income(UTB, 2015), but the current trends in the tourism that have emerged is known as
cultural heritage tourism (Norhasimah et al… 2014). This trend is evident in the rise in volumes
of tourists who seek adventure, culture, history, archeology and interaction with local people.
Cultural heritage tourism is defined as traveling to experience the places and activities that
authentically represent the stories and people of the past and present. Cultural heritage tourism
has long existed, but recent demographic, social and cultural changes in the main source
countries have led to an increasing number of new niche markets in destination countries
including culture oriented holidays (Norhasima et al…2014).
Cultural heritage tourism is important for various reasons, it has a positive economic and social
impact, it establishes and reinforces identity, it helps preserve the cultural heritage, with culture

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as an instrument, it facilitates harmony and understanding among people, it supports culture and
helps renew tourism.
The increase in culturaltourism generates a number of benefits such as creating new jobs and
business, diversifying the local economy, creating opportunities for partnerships, preserving the
traditions and culture, generating local investments in historical monuments.
The travel through different countries, regions, will produce new cultural experience and this fact
will allow tourists to appreciate the cultural difference (Alexandra et al)
Natural cultural heritage should be considered as an important tourist attraction in terms of
intrinsic peculiarities as well as for its continuing growth in cultural purposes related to the
history of different cultures and civilization (Alexandra et al 2015)
At most times the main motivation for tourist trip is the recreation, as tourists can take
advantage of their stay in a certain region. Visit historical sites and archeological sites, museums,
attend festivals and cultural events. This intern makes the cultural heritage an important tourist
resource, increasing the tourism potential of an area for Kakumiro district area,
Cultural and heritage tourism appears as a type of tourism clearly differentiated from others
especially through the motivation and can be defined as a form of tourism mobility whose
primary goal is to broaden the horizon of knowledge by discovering artistic or architectural
natural heritage or sites and territories.
Important attractions of cultural tourism include historic building, art and crafts, archeology,
unique behaviors of the people and distinctive cultural patterns and ways of life of the host
population.
Many countries today have recognized the importance of cultural tourism and as a result they are
protecting their cultural sites for tourism purposes.

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1.1.1 Definition of culture.
Culture is a study of human activities, needs, behaviors which are a basic to all cultures
worldwide. But also at times different due to dynamics such as ethnicity, race, socio- political
and socio economic influences.
Culture however has been defined by different scholars in many different ways;
Crown defines culture as all accepted patterned ways of behavior of a given people. It’s a body
of common standing. It’s a sum total and to the organization or arrangements of all the groups of
thinking ,feeding and acting .it also includes the physical manifestation of the group as exhibited
in the objects they make for e.g. clothing ,shelter,tools,weapons etc.
H .won dell and copper define culture as the lite of a population isolated in particular sense and
general sense means the total of all life ways of all people.
The most critical characteristics of a culture in either of this is that its leaned, shared and patterns
of behavior which form as integrated system (also shared by Rottak).
The broadest definition of culture is by Borger and E.frost.
An integrated system of learned behaviors patterns which are characteristics of the members of
society and which are not the results of biological inheritance.
Don Bates defines culture as a system of shared beliefs, values, behaviors, customs and artifacts
that the members of the society use to open with their world and with one another and
transmitted from generation to another.
Culture is a fluid and problematic concept to deal within this context it is summarily taken to
mean both ways of life(beliefs,values,social practices, rituals and traditions)and
tangible(buildings,monuments,objects) and intangible (language, performances and festivals,
craftsmanship) expressions and manifestation of societies values and beliefs in a touristic sense,
culture refers to both peoples and their ordinary social characters ,traditions and day to today
patterns of behavior which mark them out as different as well as to more exceptional
representation of creative and artistic endeavor .it is important to recognize that increasingly the
tourism sector creativity draws upon fullest range of expressions of culture to provide it with
products and experience for tourist(UNESCO 2006).

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Culture should be regarded as the set of distinctive, spiritual, material, intellectual and emotional
features of society or a social group and that it encompasses, in addition to art and literature,
lifestyles, lifestyles, ways of living together, value systems, traditions and beliefs (UNESCO,
2001). As evidenced at Semwema rock caves individuals carrying out their traditional practices
reflects a source of exchange, innovation and creativity, cultural diversity which is necessary for
human kind as biodiversity is for nature. However, without tourism or cultural diversity is not
lived, experienced or felt through aesthetic emotions and a comprehension of values it contains
and expresses (UNESCO, 2004) therefore there is need to study these traditional
1.1.3 Definition of Cultural sites
These are areas with cultural or historical importance for instance
monuments,museums,theatres,shrines,tombs,heritage sites like Semwema rock cave,munsa,earth
works,kooki haibaale,Kasubi, tombs, Kazambi Tombs,Bigobyamugenyi, Mparo tombs and many
others in Uganda
Cultural heritage is an appearance of the ways of living developed by a community and passed
on from generation to generation including customs, practices, places, objects and artistic
expressions.
Cultural sites are also expressed as either intangible or tangible cultural heritage. According to
Norhasimah et al… (2014), cultural heritage can be distinguished into three types that is built
environment (buildings, townscapes, and archeological remains), natural environment (rural
landscapes, agricultural heritage) and artifacts (books and documents, objectives, pictures).
The major cultural heritage sites in Kakumiro district are explained in details below showing
their historical background,traditional practices and activities, people who visit them, their
location, pre-colonial and post-colonial management importance to cultural tourism as explained
below.
This introduction is intended to explain the meaning of culture in general and then the meaning
of cultural tourism as well as traditional practices, cultural sites and their details which is the

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prime focus to determine their potential towards cultural tourism development in kakaumiro
district.
This study therefore is aimed at spelling out the potential of various cultural and heritage sites in
Kakumiro district (which is the potential study area) and suggest assess the potential that can be
exploited to promote cultural tourism. The major cultural sites that will be studied include the
following;
1. Semwema Rock Caves
The site is about 2km west of Kakumiro trading Centre and 1km east of Munsa earth works in
Kakumiro district. Apart from being a tourist attraction, it is an active shrine of the Bachwezi
cult. The shrine is underneath a rock shelter which can accommodate about 200 people. The
numerical 9 within the Bachwezi cult is observed at this shrine for example the cylindrical
offertory objects in the photographs are 9, the feasting period among the Bachwezi adherents is 9
days and lastly the mourning period is 9 days. As a healing place, the divine worshipers to the
shrine place their offering on top orate the can be utilized to develop cultural tourism at
Semwema cave and rock shelter. These are viewed as traditional practices of the people leaving
at the site. At Semwema caves, one of the significant features at the site is the hole in the rock
measuring 2m deep which is referred to as KATEBOHA'S BEER POT. Also the caves have
significant trenches which its believed that the trenches were used by the legendary great king
kateboha who also believed to have reigned in the 14th century AD during the Bachwezi dynasty
in the then great Bunyoro kitara empire. After the over throw of king kateboha the caves were
left ideal which later were valued by the local spiritual leaders as areas for healing, wealth
generation and attainment, worshiping which due to that were turned into shrines and managed
by traditional healers and practitioners.
Currently Semwema caves are under the control of Bunyoro kitara kingdom regulated by the
ministry of tourism and culture in Bunyoro.
The site is also managed by the traditional cult practitioners and healers who have turned the site
into shrines hence making the area less attractive however this reflects the traditional culture and
history of how the past used to carry on their lives hence which can be documented and marketed
to diversify the tourism products and promote cultural tourism development.

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Currently the area is mainly visited by the traditional healers and people who believe in spiritual
powers such as healing, source of wealth among others; however the area is also visited by local
people in areas of Kakumiro, Kibaale, Kagadi, Hoima, and Mubende and from various areas
around Uganda.
It was formed through a process of volcanicity (intrusive volcanicity) due to the presence of heat
and pressure within the earth's crust which forced the mantle to melt which ^to pressure the
molten mantle was forced to move upwards inform of convictive currents that lost pressure and
solidified within the earth's crust. Later the denudation process of soil erosion exposed the
intrusive solidified magma (inselberg) that was also later acted upon by physical weathering
forming various trenches on top of the rock and caves.
2. Munsa Earthworks.
Munsa earthworks are the second largest in Uganda .Their name is derived from the Runyoro
expression Mu-esa which means place of trenches. The earth works consists of a network of
trenches .the earthworks are 7m wide and 3 feet deep and V shaped and were definitely
excavated to safeguard the Bachwezi from possible outside attacks .The Bikekete hill which is
surrounded by the earth works is of particular interest because recent archeological studies have
revealed discoveries of an intact day furnace used in smelting iron ,glass beads suggesting trade
with coastal Swahili and a royal burial chamber deduced as such from the evidence of human
skeletons with one underneath the other. a burial accorded kings in which a subject was buried
with the king to look after him in the afterlife .At Bikekete hill there is also a cave once inhabited
by Bachwezi prince kateboha .the earth works are found in Kakumiro District away from
Mubende district 40km north.
Munsa earth works are believed to be only second in size to Bigobyamugenyi in Sembabaule
district.
The trenches on Munsa Earth works were used historically to guard against enemies from
gaining entry into the king’s palace which was located in the same area (king Kateboha palace).

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3. Kooki Haibale
The site is about 10-12 km from Kakumiro trading center in BwanswaSub County and 1km off
the main road from Kakumiro to Nkooko Kooki haibale is specified by Haibale name because of
its location on and surrounded by elongated landscape rock surface. it sis the birth place of saint
Andréa Kaggwa (Kahaawa ) in Buyer one of the two prominent martyrs in Bunyoro region.
St Andrew Kaggwa Muddu-aguma mugoowa was a munyoro from Bugangaizi county .his
ancestral home is kakaumiro district in Buganagizi County; Hoimadiocese .He was captured
during tribal conflicts and taken to the kabakas palace where he served as a page, where he soon
became a favorite among the top order.
Kaggwa married a prudent and well behaved muganda woman, Maria Clara batudde Nazibwe of
nakinsige clan. They were married in the Catholic Church.
He first practiced Islam before he became Anglican, however when the catholic missionaries
arrived in Uganda in1879, he converted to Catholicism .he was baptized on April 30 1882.
Although Kaggwa was kabakas favorite, theKabaka ordered his execution when he refused to
denounce Catholicism. He was captured from his homeland by Buganda guards. on the day he
met his death, he was arrested at his home and taken to the chancellor ,Mukasa who ordered the
executioners to cut off his arms, he was later beheaded and hacked to pieces at munyonyo .he
died in the afternoon of Wednesday may 26 1886.
The unique traditions and features at the site .the beliefs people have towards his birth place have
attracted more Christians tourists to come and visits the site for example at its thee is a foot print
of Andréa which people step in and pray for blessings. Among other unique features is a pair of
seizers, Board game, and drum all attached to the stone (Haibale)
4. Kabagole Cultural Site
The site is about 4 km from Kakumiro trading center .it is located at Bigoma area in Bwanswa
sub county .Kabagole historical site stand out predominantly in a rock structure .The rocks
appear in a structure of persons who were on a historical traditional wedding that is the bride and
the best man at a given distance.

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This site is unique in cultural traditions of the historical ethnic group and currently the Banyoro
.This site displays the historical traditional wedding format of the people who lived in the past
centuries of 13 AD. It is believed that the site came into existence during the traditional wedding
of two couples that is the bride as he came out of his house and said (I have survived being a
bachelor) there and then he turned into a rock the there and then the same as his wife. This is
because it is believed that the past ethnic folklore had a tradition that the brides and grooms were
not allowed to look behind after leaving their homes on their way to go for the wedding.
The unique features that bring out this historical story at the kabagole include tables, cups,drums,
spears, beads which are found under the cave which are believed to have been used by the bride.
The site also has an underground cave, water pot and a rock well.
Currently the site is managed by the owner with authority given by the chairperson of Bigoma.
The visitors at the site include word of mouth tourists, local people ,nearby schools however
given its potential to attract more potential tourists its potential has not been exploited hence
being neglected by many potential visitors (tourists) both at local and regional level.
In the incense of cultural tourism the site can over learning about traditional wedding format of
the long ago ethnic tribes, lifestyle of past and present people, cultural interactions, and
recreationfor example, hiking, sight-seeing among others.
Therefore the potential of kabagole tradition site can only be exploited by documenting the
historical importance of it publishing and marketing it to potential cultural tourists.
5 Kitanda Historical Site
This is located in Kyabasaija village 2-3km off Kakumiro-Bukuumi main road. Kitanda is a
unique and important historical site in Western Uganda at large. According to the history in
missionary activities it is believed that religion in Western Uganda started at this point that is
Kitanda.
The missionaries first arrived at Kitanda before starting their activities of spreading faith in
Western Uganda. The major missionary to first arrive at Kitanda was called Pere act (Portuguese

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missionary). He camped in the place for a while before moving out to spread missionary
activities throughout the region.
The site is currently a praying center and many pilgrims visit the site in May to commemorate
the site. Many people visit the site to trace the trails where missionaries started Christianity in
Western Uganda.

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1.2 Problem statement
Cultural tourism most especially the segment of cultural sites in Uganda has so far attracted little
attention and is poorly managed, given a growth trend in demand of cultural and heritage tourism
products both at national, regional, continent and world level, (Akama, 2000), that is tourism
development most especially is focused on nature, community walks, cultural dances outlying
the unique heritage product, different areas can offer to potential clients inform of historical
encounter with a given cultural tribe, distinctive cultural patterns and ways of life of the host
community, exploring caves, exploring stories, ways of life, traditions of the people in the past
and present among others this in turn has reflected a low value attached to these cultural sites by
the local people and communities hence destroying them which has affected their unique
sustainability.
Because of little attention given to these sites, most especially the cultural heritage sites in
Kakumiro district, most of them are not available to the tourists for example in terms of
documentation, profiling, advertisement, and research and few which are available are very hard
to access due to poor infrastructure, with inadequate staff, poor structural organization in
operation and poor facilities in their vicinity among others which are also currently absent or
inadequate at the cultural sites in Kakumiro district.
Therefore the various cultural sites need to be examined, studied, documented and profiled in the
context of cultural and heritage tourism and their potential exploited to broaden the range of
tourism products in Uganda which will also contribute to the development of cultural and
heritage tourism circuit in Bunyoro region furthering tourism development in Kakumiro district
and Uganda at large.

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1.3 Objectives of the study
1.3.1 Overall objective.
To identify, examine, document and profile the potential of cultural heritage sites for cultural and
heritage tourism development in Uganda.
1.3.2 Specific objectives.
To identify and document the cultural sites in Kakumiro district.
To examine the potential facilities and services at the cultural sites to support tourism
development in kakumiro District.
To examine the challenges facing cultural sites in Kakumiro district.
1.4 Research questions.
What are the cultural sites found in Kakumiro District?
What is the status of facilities and services available at different cultural sites to support cultural
and heritage tourism development in Kakumiro District?
What are the challenges facing the cultural sites in Kakumiro district?
1.5 Scope of the study.
The study will cover all culturalheritage sites and the principle sites being Semwema rock caves,
then other related sites like munsa earth works, Kooki haibaale, Kabagoole rocks, kitanda
historical site, Nyante River, Chwezi historical site, tomb of Omukama Yosiya.
Other related attractions like infrastructure and other facilities will be visited to determine how
successful the service industry is the intention of visiting these places will be to inspect how
they provide their services to the visitors they receive also to know the attitudes towards cultural
tourism development in the area.

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1.6 Significance of the study.
The findings of the study will help in the tourism marketing; tour operators can use this
information to extend their cultural tour itinerary and package of a client by including theses
cultural heritage sites as part of attractions in kakaumiro district.
The study will also help in developing policies for instance the government can decide to extend
its services like infrastructure services to help improve the status of these cultural sites.
The study will also help in informing the local communities especially from kakaumiro about the
importance of cultural sites thus emphasize their preservation.
The findings of this study will also be used for complimentary study for instance from
researchers and other academicians, tourism organizations and government agencies.

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CHAPTER TWO
LITEATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
A lot of information has been provided by different scholars and researchers about culture and
heritage but culture keeps on changing today mainly because of the elements of civilization,
modernization and other elements change the real culture.
Culture and heritage is very vulnerable to change and needs constant research especially as an
attraction in order to fight the fierce competition in the tourism industry,
There is need to recognize and document the potential of various cultural heritage sites in
Kakumiro especially in the light with tourism which will help to supplement other tourist
attractions in Uganda and this will also help to develop tourism in Kakumiro specifically
focusing to cultural tourism.
2.2 Culture
Culture could generally be called the study of humanactivities, needs and behaviors that are also
times different from each other culture has quite adverse in nature, it may be hard to define
culture however there are different definitions that are given by scholars.
Culture is the cumulative deposit of knowledge, experience, beliefs, valuesattitudes, meanings,
hierarchies, religion, and nations of times,roles,spatial relations, concepts of the universe and
material objects. And possession acquired by a group of people in the course of generations
through individuals and groups striving (Hofstde, 1997).
Cultures are created over a period of time thus it is the history of traditional practices that will
explain the existence of the cultures of the host community. Uganda’s history holds a lot for the
different cultures of the host community. Almost for all traditional practices at cultural sites a
growing interest in history has meant the visitors will go beyond more gazing in owe at the
attractions but to further learn more about the attractions and cultures that surround it.

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Literal(1997) argues that culture can be viewed as comprising what people think attitudes,
beliefs, ideas and what people make(artworks,artifacts,cultural products).
Culture is therefore composed of processes like buildings, artifacts art etc. Looking at culture in
this way, cultural tourism is not just about visiting sites and monuments, which has tended to be
the traditional view of cultural tourism but it is also involves consuming the way of life of the
areas visited.
Every society has a culture and culture is changing all the time whether slowly or rapidly. The
word culture covers many things as the way people live, behave and act and their physical as
well as intellectual achievements. Culture shows itself in art and literature, dance, music and
drama, in the styles of building houses and of the people’s clothing, in the customs and
institutions of the people in their values and laws and in the economic life. Each Ugandan
cultural has its own cultural heritage; stories, proverbs, riddles, myths and legends are found in
large numbers among all Ugandan peoples. Music and dance are also found in the community,
arts and crafts including the making of the ports, baskets, tools, utensils, spears, shields, bows
and arrows, masks and carving are produced in different communities and cultural sites.
(ATLAS, 2000).
2.2.0 Cultural sites
Cultural sites have to show a masterpiece of human creativity or an important exchange of
human values over a long period.
This exchange must be seen in architecture or technology .the planning of the town or city and
the design of the landscape .it has to show evidence of the tradition or civilization that has
disappeared or is still alive. It can also be a very good example of a type of building, group of
building, use of technology or reflect important stages in human history.
Cultural heritage sites are areas with cultural or historical importance for instance monuments,
museums, theatres, shrines, tombs and heritage sites.
Cultural heritage sites can be expressed as structures and remains of archeological, historical,
religious and cultural areas of aesthetic and cultural value. This focuses on intangible and
immovable cultural property comprising of archeological sites, building complexes, architecture,

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and monument, remains left by human inhabitants and considered part of country and cultural
heritage (UNESCO 1972)
Cultural heritage sites are one of the most important tourist attractions Africa is richly imbued in
that is the natural capital and cultural sites upon which tourism depends (Rumishae, Juliana
losaru 2017).
Cultural sites are part of tourism cultural capital that attracts outsiders to a destination to meet
there cultural desires and expectations (Akama, 2000). Tourism cultural capital is a new
phenomenon in cultural tourism and has been conceptualized because cultural sites are an
economic asset and therefore because these sites have economic value for examples in Kakumiro
district their potential to develop cultural tourism in such areas need to be examined to make the
tourist attain information about them.
According to Runmushazi and JulianaLosaru (2017) cultural sites are other tourist attractions
which transcends the old realm of artifacts, architecture and history. Italso deeply covers
historical languages, folklores, ethnological objects, traditional national environments and
intangible culture such as roads, buildings, graveyards, archeological sites, rockpaintings,
oldsettlements, museums and immemorial sites (UNESCO).
Cultural sites also provide usefulbackup facilities for other forms of tourism for example cultural
tourism whose primary nature is quite different to providing excursions possibilities to visitors
where in transit to other tourist are for example cultural sites visits in kakaumiro can contribute
to ones travel circuit while on a visits in Bunyoro region.
Tourists often travel to the heritage sites to experience diverse and unique cultures as well as the
pride and identify of the host country. Most countries in Africa are blessed with an abundant
amount of cultural heritage resources but the degree of appreciation of their uniqueness and
destination, competiveness has not translated into them being regarded as important. (OECD
2009).This has not only meant that the competitive advantage of a tourist destination has not
been recognized to enable tourists to experience new culture (Salim and Mwaipopo 2016).

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2.2.1 Cultural sites and the local community
Culture and cultural sites are used to meet a need taking part in traditions which gives a sense of
a home, a tie that grounds one to something in that past (Rumishael P and Juliana Lusaro 2017).
In sharing a common history customs, beliefs one feels a sense of belonging and identity. Sites
constitute the core reason of being, for a kind of creature that evolved inside each community
and in its relationship with others. Cultural sites among other things helps to forge individual
community and national identities and may have educational, scientific and conservation
significance. They also provide tangible and intangible links between the past, present and future
generations.
Cultural resources are commodities within local communities that can be sold by allowing
people to see or visit them for purposes of visual enjoyment and recreation, memorial curiosity
and historical satisfaction, academic and scientific investigations, camping and picnic and
souvenir.
Cultural heritage sites belong to the respective local community, therefore they are underfunded
therefore need tourist money for sustainable protection of such cultural tourist attractions. (Julian
Losarua, 2017). They are a mirror of different ways of lives and habitats, in other words,
different cultures and eras of the mankind and the society they live in. A well preserved heritage
enables communities to learn about their cultural history truly and chronologically.
Places of heritage have an intrinsic value for all people as an important basis for cultural
diversity and economic development. The long term protection and conservation of living
culture, heritage, places collections, their physical and ecological integrity and their environment
context, should be an essential component of social, economic, political, cultural and tourism
development policies (ICOMOS 1999).
Cultural and historical sites can be seen as a business enterprise .they generate cash at the site
and stimulate spending in the surrounding areas. So it is important to consider a sites economic
potential to the local community and the nation as a whole.
According to Prof Dr Ebru, As rural and regional economies go through difficult times of
change, cultural heritage may seem to some local communities that heritage can help in terms of
economic gains, when what is old and valued in the community can no longer serve its original

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function, surely it can still attract funding and tourism as a part of cultural heritage hence locals
will benefit through employment for example as guides, local business, transport services, which
in turn can help preserve their identity, culture and improve their lives.
2.3 Cultural sites and tourism development.
Cultural sites provide useful backup facilities for other form of tourism development.
2.3.1 Cultural tourism.
The term cultural tourism has been applied to a bewildering array of different tourist activities
.these includes urban tourism, ethnic tourism and even community based tourism all which seem
to encompass an element of cultural tourism.
Cultural tourism is often cited as being a growth industry and a sector of tourism which is
becoming more diverse .it is therefore necessary to consider some sub sectors or sub segments of
the product and the market. (Hughes 1996). Differentiate between universal, wide, narrow and
sectored cultural tourism. These definitions corresponds broadly to perceiving culture as a whole
way of life ;to engaging with specific ethnic and indigenous groups to experiencing the artistic
and intellectual actives of a society and to visiting specific heritage attractions ,arts venues.
Hughes (1996) describes a fairly comprehensive typology of cultural tourism including the
following;
Heritage sites e.g. archeological sites, whole towns, monuments and museums. Performing arts
venues e.g. theatres, concerts, cultural centers.
Visual arts e.g. galleries, sculptures, parks,photography,museums, architecture.
Festivals and special events e.g. music festivals, sporting events, carnivals.
Religious sites e.g. cathedrals, temples, pilgrimage destinations, Eco museums.
Rural environmentse.g. villages,farms,national parks,eco museums.
Indigenous communities and traditions e.g. tribal people,ethnic groups, minority cultures.
Arts and crafts e.g. textiles,potterelry,painting, sculpture.
Language,learning and practice.

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Gastronomy, wine testing, foodsampling, cookery.
Industry and commerce e.g. factory visits, mines, breweries and distillers, canal trips.
Modern popular culture eg pop music.
Creative activities e.g.painting, photography, dance.
According to (ATLAS 2009) cultural tourism involves all movements of persons to specific
cultural attractions such as heritage sites, artistic sites, cultural manifestations arts and drama
outside their normal place of residence.
All movement of persons might be included in the definition because they satisfy the human
need for diversity intending to raise the cultural level of the individual and giving rise to new
knowledge, experience and encounters.
Movement of persons for essentially cultural motivations such as study tours, performing arts
and cultural tours, travel to festivals and other cultural events, visits to sites and monuments
(UNWTO).
According to UNWTO definition the programmed event and site seeing of so called high or elite
culture provides the basic attraction for cultural tourism. In this respect monuments and heritage
sites, festivals, exhibition, and museums, visiting theatres and concert, pilgrimage or study tours
are the basic products of cultural tourism.
In the 18th century and 19th century what would be considered as the cultural attractions would
have been the pyramids of Egypt, cathedrals and historical monuments .today attractions vary
from traditional farm cottages, old canals and water ways, wine making to practically living the
lifestyle (eating food, living in their huts, hunting, worship small gods, traditional practices like
sacrificing to spirits, traditional healings, traditional wealth such among others.
According to Taylor (1871) culture is that complex whole which includes knowledge ,beliefs
,art, morals ,laws ,customs and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society. This definition seems to be favorable approach to our investigation as well since the
determination can be used in a wide content opening the possibility to the possible connection
with other discipline and at the same time the definition is exact and concrete.

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According to HOFSTED(1997) culture refers to the cumulative deposit of
knowledge,experience,beliefs,values,attitudes,meaning, hierarchy ,religion,notionso time,
rolesrelations,concept of the universe and material objects and possession acquired by a group of
people in the course of generation through individual and group striving.
According to HOFSTEDE (1997) the core of a culture is formed by the value which in terms of
tourism will be the basics for attraction to a given destination well. The different of culture will
be the rituals, the heroes. The symbols of the given culture which again would serve as a basis
for tourism purpose travels. Cultural tourism involves four elements.
Tourism
Use of cultural heritage assets
Consumption of experiences
The tourist.
Cultural tourism is subset of tourism concerned with a country or regions culture, specifically the
lifestyle of the people in those geographical areas, the history of those people, theirart,
architecture,religion and other elements that helped shape their way of life.
Cultural tourism includes tourism in urban areas particularly historic or large cities and their
cultural facilities such as museums.
It can also include tourism in rural areas, showcasing the traditions of indigenous cultural
communities i.e. festivals, rituals and their values and lifestyle (Huges 2002).
Cultural tourism is also becoming generally more popular throughout the world and recent report
has highlighted the role that cultural tourism play in regional development in different world
regions.
Today cultural tourism seems to be omnipresent and in the eyes of many it also seems to have
become omnipotent it is the holy grail of quality tourism hat cares for the culture it consumes
while culturing the consumer (UNESCO).

22. 21
Growth in cultural tourism has also been stimulated by rising demand, although research
indicates that cultural tourism is growing no faster than global tourism as a whole (de haan etal
….1998).
As Njiman (1999) suggest our ability to extend our consumption of cultural products to other
locations is heavily dependent on the extension of new technology and particularly the internet.
Cultural tourists are increasingly finding information about cultural attraction over the internet,
particularly before they leave home.
The surveys indicate that a third of cultural tourists used the internet to search for information
about attractions before leaving home and more than a quarter of all internet tourists booked
travel and accommodation products via the web. therefore there is need to evaluate the potential
of the cultural sites in Kakumiro district and document them in the light of cultural tourism for
cultural tourists both locally and internationally to access them easily and understand what they
expect to see while on their travel to those cultural sites (ATLAS 2004)
Rosemary Briton (1995) tries to point out the various reasons why tourists find cultural resources
attractive.
Tourists may simply be attracted by the ancient relics of the past and at the technological
achievement of those ancient cultures .this is particularly an important fact especially for N.
America visitor to Europe. America was only colonized by Britain in the 16th century and
therefore lacks those ancient physical traces of the European culture before the date.
The tourists therefore go to Europe to familiarize themselves with those ideas of their own
cultural background.
There is a considerable interest in cultural tourism (Richards 1994) but terms and coverage are
confused. The concept of cultural tourism tends to be applied to trips whenever cultural
resources are visited regardless of the initial motivation.
The term is limited too by a failure to include entertainment therefore this should be considered
as the potential of various cultural sites is examined in light of cultural tourism.
According to Richards (1994) cultural tourism includes visits to historic sites, buildings,
museum, art galleries among others and also to view contemporary paintings or sculpture or to

23. 22
attend the performing of arts which portrays the typology of the ways of living of people either at
designated cultural sites or around them for example Semwema rock, Nakyima tree in Mubende
Kasubi tombs and the kabakas palace in Buganda region.
In most instances, it is the physical aspects of culture that is visiting cultural sites and
monuments which have tended to dominate the development of cultural tourism (Akama
2000).however ideally cultural tourism should involve both psychological and physical
expressions of people in a given setting.
Thus as Richards (2001) states cultural tourism covers not just the consumption of cultural
products of the past but also of contemporary culture or the way of life of people or region
.cultural tourism can therefore be seen as covering both heritage tourism (related to the past) and
art tourism (related to contemporary cultural products).
Cultural tourism embraces the desire and effort to travel to where a given peoples way of life in
the past and present in most striking and consumption of its cultural ideas, customs, architecture
and art (Kennedy 2000).literature reviews have shown that cultural tourism is by no means a new
phenomenon for many centuries people have travelled seeking adventure and new experiences of
different cultures. The grand tour undertaken by young English men of the 18th and 19thcenturies
to broaden their cultural knowledge of Europe and in particular of Italy was a classic example
Types of cultural tourism products, activities
Heritage tourism
• Natural and cultural heritage (very much connected to nature-based or ecotourism)
• built heritage, architectural sites, world heritage sites, national and historical memorials
• Non material literature, arts, folklore
• Cultural heritage sites - museums, collections, libraries, theatres, event locations,and memories
connected to historical persons
Cultural thematic routes
• Wide range of themes and types, spiritual, industrial, artistic, gastronomic, architectural,
linguistic, vernacular, minority

24. 23
Cultural city tourism, cultural tours
• City tourism, sightseeing
• Cultural Capitals of Europe.
• Cities as creative spaces for cultural tourism.
Traditions, ethnic tourism
• Local cultures’ traditions
• Ethnic diversity
Event and festival tourism
• Cultural festivals and events - Music festivals and events (classic and light or pop music) - Fine
arts festivals and event
Religious tourism, pilgrimage routes
• Visiting religious sites and locations with religious motivation
• Visiting religious sites and locations without religious motivation (desired by the architectural
and cultural importance of the sight)
• Pilgrimage routes
Creative culture, creative tourism
• Traditional cultural and artistic activities - performing arts, visual arts, cultural heritage and
literature as well as cultural industries sprinted works, multimedia, the press, cinema, audiovisual
and phonographic productions, craft, design and cultural tourism
2.3.2 Heritage tourism.
Heritage tourism involves traveling to experience the place and activities that authentically
represent the stories and people of the past and present, which include historic, cultural and
natural attractions. (Norhasimah et al…2014).
Heritage is viewed as taking on the identity of an interest in the past, an interest in cultures,
building, artifacts and landscapes of both the past and present.

25. 24
In Uganda unfortunately heritage sites have not yet been developed and even the few which are
somehow developed are not up to date thus to suit the demands of tourists. Heritage tourism
involves interpretation of cultural heritage which is an integral aspect of both visitors experience
and conservation of heritage.
According to Norhasimah et al… cultural heritage is an appearance of the ways of living
developed by a community and passed on from generation to generation including customs,
practices, places, objects and artistic expressions. Heritage is also expressed as either intangible
or tangible heritage. It can be distinguished into three types, built environment (buildings,
townscapes, and archaeological remains), natural environment (rural landscapes, coasts and
shorelines, agricultural heritage) and artifacts (books and documents, objects, pictures).
Figure1. Different types of cultural heritage on which heritage tourism focuses.
Heritage tourism provides an opportunity for people to experience their culture in depth, whether
by visiting attractions, historical or culturally relevant Places, or by taking part in cultural
activities Heritage Tourism Travelers who are interested in cultural heritage tourism would visit
or take part in any of the following:
• Historical attractions, monuments, or landmarks
• Museums, art galleries, or theaters
• Festivals, concerts, or performances
• Culturally significant neighborhoods or communities
Cultural heritage
Natural
Environment
Built
environment
Artifacts

26. 25
Tourists who are interested in cultural heritage generally want to learn something about the
beliefs and
Practices and the struggles and successes that shaped the shared identity of a people. Some of
these
Tourists may share a degree of ancestry with the people whose history they are interested in.
2.3.3 Impact of cultural heritage tourism development.
The impact of culturalheritage tourism focuses on the meaning of cultural manifestation is
discussed at broad below,
One of the most advantageous parts of cultural tourism is to be used as a vehicle for economic
development or regeneration Richards (2003).
Cultural tourism has been placed at the center of many urban regeneration strategies, because it
can provide the basis to reanimate town centers, rejuvenate existing cultural facilities, create new
cultural centre, make the community stand out from other areas and change community images
(Bianchini, 1990, Herero etal 2005).
The relationship between cultureand tourism is widely regarded as mutually beneficial. Itis
claimed for instance that it creates extra revenue streams for both a bad as a consequence,
sustains and enhances cultural resource that otherwise might disappear (Hughes 20000).
Similarly cultural tourists have themselves been regarded favorably as for instance being
typically well educated, affluent and broadly travelled and they generally represent a highly
desirable type of upscale visitor (Holcomb, 1999).
KapodiniDimitradi (1999) also argued that cultural tourism is seen by many policy makers as a
means of developing quickly quality tourism and attracting high spending consumers.
According to Richards (1996) it is also needed to be recognized that cultural tourism market is
becoming increasingly competitive and cultural attractions must fight for a share of the tourism
market, not only with other cultural attractions but with other tourist attractions as well.
Cultural heritage tourism has great potential and can make a huge contribution if properly
managed and developed. This is evident from its contributions to the tourism industry in

27. 26
developed countries especially in Europe and North America where cultural heritage has reached
its high level despite the low cultural resources available (Rumishael P and Juliana Losaru,
2017).
According to UNESCO (2001, 2003) cultural tourism is important for various reasons. It has a
positive economic and social impact it establishes and reinforces identity, it helps to build image,
it helps preserve the cultural historical heritage with culture as an instrument it facilitates
harmony and understanding among people. It supports culture and helps renew tourism.
The economic and social impact is caused by incomes created by the cultural tourism business
and supporting business for example accommodation near the cultural sites that tourists visits to
interact with local cultures. There will be an increase in local production since cultural tourism
activities are strongly connected with other branches of the economy. As cultural tourism is
employment demanding, there is an increase in employment in the area as guests participate and
appreciate local culture .this helps keep people in the region which is a positive catalyst for
regional development.
Cultural tourism thus improves the demographic situation in regional areas by giving a
perspective to the youth for example acting as tour guides, cleaners, drivers, security guards
among other activities to keep them busy as they also earn income.
according to UNESCO (2003) cultural tourism leads to better overall infrastructure and living
environment not only for tourists but also for the host community as well as the activities
encompasses the whole territory of the destination .as cultural tourism gives the destination an
identity, it gets known, this attracts interests and people which intern helps to make and market
local production in general. Most importantly for economic and social development is that
cultural generates new ideas and a wish to cooperate among the local population.
Cultural tourism helps to establish and reinforce an identity .this is an essential element in
preserving and enhancing national and local pride and spirit.
culture and heritage features for example in Kakumiro district are essential in building a
countries image thus cultural tourism can be one of the key instruments in developing a positive
image of the area ,district ,region and the country internationally.

28. 27
Cultural tourism helps preserve the cultural and historical heritage .tourism makes an important
contribution to culture and historical heritage by providing means of keeping the traditions alive
and finances the protection of heritage as well as increase visitor appreciation for that heritage
(cultural sites).
In short more public interest and more funds for protection .tourism interests in the cultural sites
can be the key in providing political support for the management and protection of the sites in
question. Well managed cultural tourism can encourage the revival of tradition and the
restoration of sites and monuments for example in Kakumiro district.
Cultural tourism makes it possible to find the balance between protection and the use of cultural
sites. If over used, the sites are ruined and there will be no future income in such away there is
natural need for sustainable thinking (UNESNO 2001, 2003).
in a world that is troubled by conflicts and xenophobia often based on misunderstanding cultural
tourism can facilitate cultural harmony and understanding among people .more in depth
knowledge of other peoples culture will stimulate understanding and cooperate hence it
promotes communication and integration.
Cultural tourism brings extra income to culture and is very important. Supporting factor for
culture itself.
And as cultural tourism helps differentiate demands and expands the season, it is essential in
further developing the tourism industry. cultural tourism is more in line with modern trends and
is thus likely to see a further increase within the tourism sector (UNESCO).cultural tourism is in
line with the demand created by the rising educational level, the aging population, the increasing
economic role of women, the increase in short drips and the general search for meaning among
people .the cultural tourists spend more money than the average tourist travel for a longer time.
According to UNESCO (2003) as the increasing pace of life creates need for free time and
preservation of past, cultural tourism becomes big, efficient and effective business.

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CHAPTER THREE
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.0 INTRODUCTION.
This chapter presents methods used during the research study. It comprises of the methodological
and practical aspects of how the research will be conducted. The methods will be used with an
intention of acquiring appropriate data from the field due to their credibility. The major sections
include area of the study, research design, sample population, sample design, data collection and
processing and data analysis.
3.1 AREA OF STUDY.
The study will be conducted in Bunyoro region in kakaumiro district where the cultural heritage
sites are found. The study will focus on nine cultural heritage sites where the prime five of the
sites are located closer to Kakumiro town council and the others are found in the outskirts of the
district.
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN.
The descriptive survey method will be used, that is it will include both primary and secondary
data collection whereby primary data will be gathered through the use of observation,
questionnaires and interview schedules. Secondary data will be collected through documentary
study like magazines, articles as well as relevant published journals. The research will basically
focus on assessing the potential of cultural heritage sites to cultural tourism development in
Kakumiro district.
3.3 SAMPLE POPULATION.
The first category population to sample will consist of Bunyoro Tourism Board officials,
Department of antiquities under the Ministry of Tourism, wildlife and antiquities.

30. 29
The second category will comprise of the cultural sites managers, officials, keepers and the local
people, local tourists, foreign tourists and students.
All the respondents will be chosen on the basis of their knowledge in culture, cultural tourism
and tourism in general. The estimated population will contain approximately to 50 respondents.
3.4 SAMPLE DESIGN.
Purposive sampling will be used to select the population of cultural sites managers, officials, and
keepers, tourism related institution officials, students and tourists.
Random sampling will also be used to select local respondents to be given questionnaires to aid
in generation of relevant data from the study.
Table 1: Distribution of respondents
RESPODENTS NUMBER OF THE SELECTED
BUNYORO TOURISM BOARD OFFICIAL 1
DEPARTMENTS OF ANTIQUITIES
OFFICIAL
1
CULTURAL SITE MANAGERS 5
TOURISTS 13
LOCAL PEOPLE 30
TOTAL 50
Source: Research Field work data, 2018
3.5 TOOLS TO USE
Basically four tools will be used for data collection. These include interview schedules,
observation, questionnaires and documentary study.
3.5.1 INTERVIEW SCHEDULES.
This is the most convenient method that involves face to face interaction between the researcher
and different researcher and different respondents. This method will be used so as to collect
information easily from the relevant persons as compared to other methods. The information
gathered by this method will focus mostly on crucial issues like stakeholder involvement, the
potential cultural sites have towards cultural and heritage tourism development and their future
prospects. This method will be more useful since it will aid the researcher to seek for more
clarification of the information pertaining the study.

31. 30
3.5.2 OBSERVATION.
This will be used by the researcher to observe by the use of his sense of sight to get firsthand
information from the field during my study. The information required will be obtained directly
rather than through other difficult procedures. For example, the potential cultural tourism
products at the sites as well as authentic activities being undertaken.
Under observation the researcher will also use recording which involves writing and sketching of
information got from the field. This method will enable the researcher to note down important
points that could be forgotten after visiting the field where research will have been conducted.
3.5.3 QUESTIONNAIRES.
This will be the major instrument to use for data collection during my study. The questions will
be both open and closed ended and will be self-administered. The set of questions will be clear,
focused, and detailed addressed to the respective respondents. It will also give the respondents an
assurance and confidentiality of the information given.
3.5.4 DOCUNENTARY REVIEW.
It will involve the use of library and other organizational records, tourism reports, books,
journals and brochures. From these sources the information regarding the potential of cultural
heritage sites to cultural tourism development will easily be attained. These therefore will
support the data obtained by other data collection methods.
3.6 DATA ANALYSIS AND PRESENTATION.
36.1 DATA HANDLING.
After collecting the qualitative and quantitative data obtained from the study. It will be grouped
manually into themes that will relate to the objectives of the study, ideas, opinions and
recommendations by individuals, summarized in a tabular form and figures comparisons of the
objectives and ideas will lead to the finds and interpretation of findings for the study

32. 31
3.6.2 EDITING.
The researcher will edit the data gathered from the study by looking over each completed
questionnaire, searching for incomplete questions, answers the question will be misunderstood.
Therefore the researcher will use this editing to analyze data.
3.6.3 CODING.
Answers that will be given in the questionnaires and interview schedules will be classified into
meaningful categories. This will enable the researcher to bring out essential pattern from the data
that will aid organized presentation.
3.6.4 DATA ANALYSIS.
Various responses from local people and relevant respondents from the study area both primary
and secondary data will be compared. The responses will be grouped into qualitative and
quantitative data for easy analysis. The relationships will be established between cultural
heritage sites and cultural tourism development which are the major variables of the study as
well as the challenges facing cultural heritage sites development.
3.7 Ethical consideration
The management at the cultural heritage sites will be notified of the study and its objectives.
Their support will be sought.
There will be consent by conducting in depth interviews. Explanations will be given, objectives
and purpose of the study and information obtained from the respondents will be treated with
utmost confidentiality.
The researcher will organize or set up appointments and to keep time.
The researcher will report the procedure and findings accurately. In this case the researcher
exaggerates information
The researcher will inform the respondents about the study, interest and the consequences for the
respondents to make their decisions on whether to participate or not to participate on the study.

33. 32
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