This document discusses hypertension, also known as high blood pressure. It defines hypertension as blood pressure above normal ranges set by the WHO. While hypertension is a risk factor, it cannot be cured but rather only controlled through medication. The document outlines the causes of hypertension including increased cardiac output and total peripheral resistance. It distinguishes between primary/essential hypertension, usually due to increased resistance, and secondary hypertension caused by underlying diseases. The document lists various types of primary and secondary hypertension and their associated causes. It concludes by discussing symptoms, complications if uncontrolled, and diagnostic techniques for measuring blood pressure.
2. HYPERTENSION
Hypertension is defined as increased blood pressure(bp).
Normal range of blood pressure according to WHO is:
Systolic blood pressure > 120 mmHg
(When heart is pumping)
Diastolic blood pressure > 80 mmHg
(When heart is at rest)
Hypertension is not a disease but an important risk factor.
4. HYPERTENSION
Once the increase of pressure has occurred, it cannot be lowered/ reduced/ decrease to
normal for cure.
It can only be controlled through medicines.
Hypertension is related with CARDIAC OUTPUT(CO) & TOTAL PERIPHERAL RESISTANCE(TPR)
An increase in cardiac output & total peripheral resistance can lead to increase in blood
pressure.
Arterial blood pressure = CO * TPR
5. HYPERTENSION
Factors which affect or alter CO or TPR may be responsible for increase in bp.
Increase CO Because of 1) Increase Extracellular volume
2) Increase venous return
3) Increase thyroid hormone
4) Increase Sympathetic activity
Increase TRP Because of 1) Ageing(Narrowing of artery)
2) Increase Viscosity
3) Increase catecholamines
4) Increase Renin Angiotensin
activity
5) Increase requirement of muscle
6) Increase lipid deposition
6. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
A) PRIMARY OR ESSENTIAL
Majority of cases due to increase TRP
responsible for high BP, whereas CO remains
normal/ slightly increased.
Structural narrowing of artery/ arterioles or
reduction in number or density of capillaries is
observed
B) SECONDARY OR NON-ESSENTIAL
Represents a very small fraction of cases.
This cause is presence of any disease or disturb
function of Heart or Kidney.
7. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
A.) PRIMARY:
1) Genetic
Family history of hypertension.
2) High salt intake
Increase NaCl causes increase in volume which causes increase in bp
8. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
A.) PRIMARY:
3) Decrease K+ uptake or diet
Decrease K+ causes increase level of Na+ which increases
the volume and finally an increase in bp
4) High alcohol intake
It contains 7 k Cal mol calorie so it increases the volume
which increases the pressure
9. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
A.) PRIMARY:
5) Stress
Increase stress means increase thoughts which Increases
catecholamines and increase in adrenaline
causes increase Heart Rate & BP.
6) Cigarrate Smoking
Nicotine causes vasoconstriction which increases BP
10. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
A.) PRIMARY:
7) Diabetes Mellitus/ Obesity
Increases glucose level causes increase in volume that
increases the blood pressure
8) Ageing
Due to increase in age the cellular functioning decreases which
increases the blood and oxygen demand resulting in rigidity of
veins. This increases the TRP
and increase in BP
11. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
B.) SECONDARY:
1) Renal Diseases
Renal diseases like Glomerulonephritis, Renal artery sclerosis
Increases Renin that increases angiotensin II and this increases
Vasoconstriction resulting into increase in BP
2) Hyperaldosteronism
This condition increases aldosterone and this leads to increase
Sodium water resulting into increase BP
12. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
A.) SECONDARY:
3) Hyperglucocortieodism (Cushing’s Syndrome)
It increases catabolism that cause an increase
in sodium water resulting into increase bp.
4) Pheochromocytoma (Tumor of adrenal gland)
It increases adrenaline that cause an increase in
CO resulting into high bp.
13. HYPERTENSION
TYPES OF HYPERTENSION:
B) SECONDARY:
5) Drugs like steroids
Steroid drugs increases the volume that Increases
the blood pressure.
Example- Contraceptive pills
6) Preeclampsia
If high bp occurs during pregnancy after 20 weeks
Condition known as Preeclampsia occurs.
It can be diagnosed by protein in urine
15. HYPERTENSION
COMPLICATIONS:
If blood pressure is not managed than
1)Increased bp – increases force – increases pressure and decreases volume – nephrons can damage
RENAL
DISEASE
2) Increase Bp – increases heart rate – decreases CO – increases oxygen demand
HEART DYSFUNCTION(ARRYTHAMIA)
3) VISION LOSS
