In telecommunications, RS-232 is a standard for serial communication transmission of data. It formally defines the signals connecting between a DTE (data terminal equipment) such as a computer terminal, and a DCE (data circuit-terminating equipment, originally defined as data communication equipment[1]), such as a modem. The RS-232 standard is commonly used in computer serial ports. The standard defines the electrical characteristics and timing of signals, the meaning of signals, and the physical size and pinout of connectors. The current version of the standard is TIA-232-F Interface Between Data Terminal Equipment and Data Circuit-Terminating Equipment Employing Serial Binary Data Interchange, issued in 1997.

1. RS 232 Interface

2. EIA 232
• Electronic Industries Association developed this
standard
• Previously it was digital data exchange from
mainframe computer and remote computer
terminal
– These devices were linked to telephone lines through
modem
• UART - RS 232 I/O chip
• EIA 562 Standard – used on notebook and laptops

3. RS-232 Specs.SPECIFICATIONS RS232 RS423
Mode of Operation
SINGLE
-ENDED
SINGLE
-ENDED
Total Number of Drivers and Receivers on One Line
1 DRIVER
1 RECVR
1 DRIVER
10 RECVR
Maximum Cable Length 50 FT. 4000 FT.
Maximum Data Rate 20kb/s 100kb/s
Maximum Driver Output Voltage +/-25V +/-6V
Driver Output Signal Level (Loaded Min.) Loaded +/-5V to +/-15V +/-3.6V
Driver Output Signal Level (Unloaded Max) Unloaded +/-25V +/-6V
Driver Load Impedance (Ohms) 3k to 7k >=450
Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power On N/A N/A
Max. Driver Current in High Z State Power Off +/-6mA @ +/-2v +/-100uA
Slew Rate (Max.) 30V/uS Adjustable
Receiver Input Voltage Range +/-15V +/-12V
Receiver Input Sensitivity +/-3V +/-200mV
Receiver Input Resistance (Ohms) 3k to 7k 4k min.

4. RS232
• Three main signals
– Send Data, Receive Data and Signal Ground
• Signal transmission is bipolar
– Two voltage levels: 5 to 25 volts of opposite
polarity
• IDLE (MARK) state: negative signal w.r.t. common (for 1)
• ACTIVE (SPACE)state: positive signal (for 0)
– Full Duplex

5. One byte of Async Data
Signal State Voltage Assignments

6. DTE-DCE
• DTE has a male DB25 connector (usually a
computer or terminal)
• Equipment at the near end of the connection
(the telephone line interface) is named the
DCE device, has a female DB25 connector

7. Full EIA232 signal
definition for the DTE
device (usually the PC)

8. Full EIA232 signal definition
for the DCE device (usually
the modem)

9. • Secondary channel includes a duplicate set of flow-
control signals
– provides for management of the remote modem
– Enabling baud rate to be changed on the fly
– Retransmission to be requested if a parity error is detected
– Other control functions
• Secondary channel operated at a low baud rate
compared to primary channel to ensure reliability in
the control path
• It may operate as either simplex or half-duplex or full-
duplex channel depending on the capabilities of
modem

10. Conventional Usage Signaling

11. Signal Definitions
• Signal functions in the EIA232 standard can be subdivided into six
categories
– Signal ground and shield
– Primary communications channel: This is used for data interchange,
and includes flow control signals
– Secondary communications channel: When implemented, this is used
for control of the remote modem, requests for retransmission when
errors occur and governance over the setup of the primary channel
– Modem status and control signals: These signals indicate modem
status and provide intermediate checkpoints as the telephone voice
channel is established
– Transmitter and receiver timing signals: If a synchronous protocol is
used, these signals provide timing information for the transmitter and
receiver, which may operate at different baud rates
– Channel test signals: Before data is exchanged, the channel may be
tested for its integrity, and the baud rate automatically adjusted to the
maximum rate that the channel can support

12. Description Function
Signal Ground and Shield
Shield Ground
Also known as protective ground. This is the chassis ground
connection between DTE and DCE.
Signal Ground
The reference ground between a DTE and a DCE. Has the
value 0 Vdc.
Primary Communications Channels
Transmitted Data Data send by the DTE.
Received Data Data received by the DTE.
Request To
Send
Originated by the DTE to initiate transmission by the DCE.
Clear To Send
Send by the DCE as a reply on the RTS after a delay in ms,
which gives the DCEs enough time to energize their circuits
and synchronize on basic modulation patterns.

13. Secondary Communications Channel
Secondary Transmitted Data (STxD)
Secondary Received Data (SRxD)
Secondary Request to Send (SRTS)
Secondary Clear to Send (SCTS)
These signals are equivalent to the corresponding signals in the primary
communications channel. The baud rate, however, is typically much slower in
the secondary channel for increased reliability.

14. Modem Status and Control Signals
DCE Ready
Known as DSR. Originated by the DCE indicating that it is
basically operating (power on, and in functional mode).
DTE Ready
Known as DTR. Originated by the DTE to instruct the DCE to
setup a connection. Actually it means that the DTE is up and
running and ready to communicate.
Ring Indicator
A signal from the DCE to the DTE that there is an incoming call
(telephone is ringing). Only used on switched circuit
connections.
Received Line Signal Detector
Known as DCD. A signal send from DCE to its DTE to indicate
that it has received a basic carrier signal from a (remote) DCE.
Data Signal Rate Select
(DTE/DCE Source)
A control signal that can be used to change the transmission
speed.

15. Transmitter and Receiver Timing Signals
Transmit Signal Element Timing
(DTE Source)
Timing signals used by the DTE for transmission, where the
clock is originated by the DTE and the DCE is the slave.
Transmitter Signal Element
Timing
(DCE Source)
Timing signals used by the DTE for transmission.
Receiver Signal Element Timing
(DCE Source)
Timing signals used by the DTE when receiving data.
Local Loopback / Quality
Detector
Remote Loopback
Originated by the DCE that changes state when the analog
signal received from the (remote) DCE becomes marginal.
Test Mode
Reserved for Testing

16. DB9 All-Line Direct Extension
Left Side: Connect to DTE Right Side: Connect to DCE
(computer) (modem or other serial device)
• There are no crossovers or self-connects present
• Use this cable to connect modems, printers, or any device
that uses a DB9 connector to a PC's serial port

17. DB9 Loopback Connector
• A loopback connector usually consists of a connector
without a cable and includes internal wiring to reroute
signals back to the sender
• This DB9 female connector would attach to a DTE device
such as a personal computer
• When the computer receives data, it will not know whether
the signals it receives come from a remote DCE device set
to echo characters, or from a loopback connector
• Use loopback connectors to confirm proper operation of
the computer's serial port
• Once confirmed, insert the serial cable you plan to use and
attach the loopback to the end of the serial cable to verify
the cable.
• In this case, Transmit Data joins to Received Data, Request-
to-Send joins to Clear-to-Send, and DTE-Ready joins to DCE-
Ready and Received Line Signal Detect.

18. Loopback
• Left side connect Right side: none
to DTE (computer)

19. DB9 Null Modem Cable
• Use this female-to-female cable in any application where you
wish to connect two DTE devices (for example, two
computers)
– A male-to-male equivalent of this cable would be used to connect two
DCE devices.
• The cable shown below is intended for RS232 asynchronous
communications (most PC-based systems)
– If you are using synchronous communications, the null modem will
have additional connections for timing signals, and a DB25 connector
would be necessary

20. DB25 to DB9 Adapter
• Signals on the DB25 DTE side are directly mapped to the DB9
assignments for a DTE device
– Use this to adapt a 25-pin COM connector on the back of a computer
to mate with a 9-pin serial DCE device, such as a 9-pin serial mouse or
modem. This adapter may also be in the form of a cable.

21. DB25 to DB9 Adapter
(pin 1 connected to shield)
• This adapter has the same wiring as the
previous cable (#4) except that pin 1 is wired
to the connector shell (shield)

22. DB9 to DB25 Adapter
• Signals on the DB9 DTE side are directly
mapped to the DB25 assignments for a DTE
device

23. DB25 All-Line Direct Extension
• This shows a 25-pin DTE-to-DCE serial cable that
would result if the EIA232 standard were strictly
followed
– All 25 pins plus shield are directly extended from DB25
Female to DB25 Male. There are no crossovers or self-
connects present
– This cable is used to connect modems, printers, or any
serial device that uses a DB25 connector to a PC's
serial port
– This cable may also serve as an extension cable to
increase the distance between computer and serial
device

24. Connection Diagram

25. DB25 Loopback Connector
• A loopback connector usually consists of a
connector without a cable and includes
internal wiring to reroute signals back to the
sender
– When the computer receives data, it will not know
whether the signals it receives come from a
remote DCE device set to echo characters, or from
a loopback connector
– Loopback connectors are used to confirm proper
operation of the computer's serial port

26. Loopback Connector
• Transmit Data joins to Received Data, Request-to-Send joins to
Clear-to-Send, and DTE-Ready joins to DCE-Ready and
Received Line Signal Detect

27. DB25 Null Modem (no handshaking)
• This cable employs NO handshaking lines between devices.
The handshake signals on each side are artificially made to
appear asserted by the use of self-connects on each side of
the cable

28. DB25 Null Modem
(standard handshaking)
• The cable shown below is intended for EIA232
asynchronous communications (most PC-
based systems)

29. DB25 Null Modem (unusual handshaking)
DB25 Null Modem (unusual handshaking)
In this cable, the DTE Ready (pin
20) on one side asserts the Clear-
to-Send (pin 5) and the DCE Ready
(pin 6) on the other side
Request-to-Send (pin 4) on one
side asserts Received Line Signal
Detect (pin 8) on the other side
The DTE Ready (pin 20) on one
side asserts the DCE Ready (pin
6), and Carrier Detect (pin 8) on
the other side
Request to Send (pin 4) is
unused, and Clear-to-Send (pin
5) is driven by a proprietary
signal (pin 11) determined by the
designer of this cable

30. DB25 Null Modem Cable (synchronous communications)
The null modem cable includes an
additional conductor for timing
signals, and joins pins 15, 17, and 24
on one side to pins 15 and 17 on the
other
Pin 24 on the right side should
connect to the timing signal source
DB25 Null Modem Cable (unconventional, may pose risk)

31. Connectors
• RS 232 uses RJ45 connectors: For
asynchronous applications (EIA 561)
Pin No. Signal Description Abbr. DTE DCE
1 DCE Ready, Ring Indicator DSR/RI
2 Received Line Signal Detector DCD
3 DTE Ready DTR
4 Signal Ground SG
5 Received Data RxD
6 Transmitted Data TxD
7 Clear To Send CTS
8 Request To Send RTS

32. MAX 232 IC