Preventative control measures of rock/coal bursts in underground mines. 5706671

ENGINEERING RESEARCH METHODS
ENGG851
ASSIGNMENT – 2
Preventative control measures of rock/coal
bursts in underground mines.
ONUR TUNCAY
5706671

Autumn/2018
ABSTRACT
An analysis and optimisation of the innovative hydraulic fracturing method in underground coal mining
considering stress dynamics and displacements has been performed. The study is to take attention onto
outburst mechanism which is still a dark phenomenon and to reveal the impacts of these catastrophic
events because these extraordinary incidents destruct and threaten production sections, cause fatalities
and vital injuries, resulting in massive losses. Therefore, in order to maintain safety and sustainability in
coal mining, taking precautions need running significant inspection progresses and implementing
preventative control techniques in the early stage of the mining process. The research was performed
by conducting casual-comparative research design to investigate and maximise the most innovative,
practical and efficient preventative control measure. This research which has been proven by laboratory
and field experiments which discovered the most efficient and productive technique to drain gas and
relieve stress, hydraulic fracturing. In conclusion, it is suggested that employing hydro-fracking control
technique which is the current optimum approach. Which has many advantageous such as it is
economical, safer, faster and helpful to roof support can be implemented in coal mining headings,
resulting in maximum sustainability and safety.

CONTENTS
Abstract...................................................................................................................................... .............1
Table of Contents....................................................................................................................... .............2
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................. .............2
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................... .............5
2. Literature Review................................................................................................................... .............7
3. Research Design..................................................................................................................... .............8
4. Design Questions ................................................................................................................... ...........12
References ................................................................................................................................. ...........14
Literature Planner...................................................................................................................... ...........16
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Display of borehole and “Strong-weak” coupling circle layer pattern ....................... .............8
Figure 2. Borehole roadway face borehole positions................................................................ .............9
Figure 3. A-A sectional view of the boreholes ........................................................................... .............9
Figure 4. Cross-borehole pattern............................................................................................... ...........10

1. INTRODUCTION
Coal/rock bursts in underground coal mining are some of the most destructive events, and these
hazardous incidents are a significant menace to the production and safety (Dou et al., 2014). General
terms in coal mining industry describe that coal outbursts are sudden energy release and are outbursts-
prone (Fan et al., 2017). Approximately 40 thousand coal/rock bursts have emerged in the world since
underground coal production started and also outburst incidents in China on average occur 300 times
every year (Fan et al., 2017). In addition to China, in the United States, between 1983 and 2017, 283
outburst incidents were recorded (Mark, 2018). In other words, these energy releases have emerged so
frequently and catastrophically due to increased coal production all over the world for passing years;
unavoidably, outburst mechanisms must be now intimately investigated and be put under control to
maintain safety in underground mines, mostly in coal (Hebblewhite and Galvin, 2017). Eventually, the
key point is to not only to initiate innovative and frequent monitoring but also implemented precautions
that must be also taken carefully (Zhang et al., 2017b, Adoko et al., 2013). In this study, investigation
and exploration of the recent and current preventative control measures related to outburst
mechanism considering trigger factors are going to be evaluated.
In last decades, scholars have discovered lots of techniques to understand outburst incidents and
developed methods to forecast and monitor these fatal accidents by exploring trigger factors according
to several types of research such as drilling cutting and comprehensive index methods (Dou et al.,
2014). To the statement of Tang et al. (2016), prevention methods include the drilling gas inrush initial
velocity technique, the indices method and the R-index techniques. Additionally, forecasting methods
split into two categories: The indirect involves electromagnetic radiation technique and the acoustic
emissions method, on the other hand, direct methods consists of mostly mathematical prediction
measures such as support vector machine, the extension clustering or the fuzzy analysis methods (Tang
et al., 2016). Likewise, the recent researches have undeniably shown that common and complex
inquiries trying to explain causes lying behind the incidents are mostly stresses, geological conditions,
mining methods or coal gas pressure (Zhang et al., 2017b, Wang et al., 2014). Increasing depth of cover
is a prior criteria causing coal bursts, and in addition to mining depth, non-uniform and complex
geological conditions contributing high loading rates also addresses other significant causes for
outbursts even though the depth of cover is shallow (Dou et al., 2014, Wang et al., 2014).
Ultimately, all sort of outburst incidents have categorised in a more understandable way and with more
precise explanations (Fan et al., 2017). Also, Dou et al. emphasised that when an efficient material is
used in roof support such as U-type steels and bolt-mesh-cable combination, as it happened in the
Yuejin Coal Mine, essential prevention and investments could save lives (Dou et al., 2014). However, if
varying the overall loading rate over the roof is higher than coal pillar stiffness and strength limits, then
outburst possibility reaches the highest rate (Cao et al., 2008). In this situation, the stress field
distribution including several measures such as velocity distribution, stress concentration factor and the
velocity gradient which should be analysed before designing roof support and drift reinforcements
because, for instance velocity gradient, it is highly conducted to explore rock burst possibilities and
maintain pre-warning measures (Hu et al., 2015).
At present, the key factors trigging outburst mechanism are highly varying from mine to mine so that
more experiments analysing stress field in fracturing roof and research on monitoring systems are still

required and should be improved (Zhang et al., 2017b). In recent developments, methodologies
conducted in studies are not sufficient to explain energy components in the description of outbursts in
hard coal seams (Dou et al., 2014). In the same manner, tensile fracturing in collar pillars and roofs is
one of the most common reasons for outbursts in coal mining. Nevertheless, evidence for primary
trigger factors regarding outburst mechanism is also primarily limited in mine roadways (Cao et al.,
2008). Moreover, there are several investigation attempts on dynamic outburst system, but a few of
these took into consideration mining intensity or coal seam thickness factors (Fan et al., 2017).
Furthermore, calibration must frequently be performed, but for instance, in Riosa-Olloniego, Spain, gas
measurements and monitoring systems are not reliable because of any calibration or a rare attempt to
calibrate equipment (Diaz A. and Gonzalez N., 2007). Even though Zhang et al. claims a different notion,
current monitoring systems have positive development and recent technologies sufficient to control
measures (Dou et al., 2009). Besides, Hu et al. allege that mechanical specifications of coal, stress
distribution on roadways and its trigger factor were taken into consideration (Hu et al., 2015). However,
Zhang et al. contradict that further studies should be conducted and trigger factors in main roadways at
present is still not unknown.
Overall, increasing mining depths as well as getting complex geological strata surrounding roadways,
high stress and high temperatures, water flows and other factors are the following the most destructive
incidents in underground coal mining. Therefore further examinations and investigations should be
conducted (Liu et al., 2018). Concerning those researches, the factors under discussion are going to be
debated in following question: What is the most efficient and practical prevention method for outbursts
in coal mining compared to others? Accordingly, this research will aim to explore and generally evaluate
outburst mechanism regarding to recent developments and measures at present such as primary
precaution ways, monitoring systems, stress dynamics, especially stress distributions and deal with
energy accumulations and various findings of trigger factors causing outbursts in underground coal
roadways.
2. LITERATURE REVIEW
In the mining industry, outburst disasters are mostly caused by instant energy releases and one of the
most catastrophic events which profoundly threaten the safety of workers in the production line, these
events need to be prevented as soon as possible in the early stages of mining development (Liu et al.,
2017, Wang et al., 2013). According to US Bureau of Mines, 172 bursts had happened between 1936

and 1993 only in the US. (Mark, 2018). Therefore, traditional preventative control methods such as
provocative blasting, water infusion with fluid pressure, hydro-fracking and stress relief drill which have
been applying for the long-term (Calleja and Porter, 2016). However, innovatively the aspects to most
practical prevention technique one is still highly preferred because of extreme work conditions and
increased operation costs, especially in high stress zones, in deeper mines at present (Wang et al.,
2018). To portray the issue, many types of research published in the literature has partially discovered
and clarified innovative approaches to feasible precautions against serious outburst events. On these
grounds, there is insufficient innovative research on these methods to comprehend outburst
mechanism including revealing key trigger measures as well as prevention methods (Konicek et al.,
2018, Shepherd et al., 1981, Fisne and Esen, 2014). Therefore, this literature review is concerned
explicitly with the issue of current and recent control methods consisting of mostly preventative
methods by considering three primary triggers of outbursts such as geological factors, stress distribution
and gas content.
In preventative methods, the available evidence seems to suggest water infusion with the fluid pressure
method into coal seam as one of the successful implementations because it extensively decreases gas
content coming through the surrounding rock (Lama and Bodziony, 1998). Similarly, the stress
accumulation could be dropped by water injection into coal and surrounding rock before the face
reaches purposed coal seam. Further evidence supports that if moisture content parallel increases with
pressure, water molecules could replace with methane molecules(Beamish and Crosdale, 1998). Even
though this method is more productive in longwalls compared to blasting and stress relief drill (Calleja
and Porter, 2016), it is extremely hard to implement in ultra-deep mines, especially where around
geological discontinuities exist such as joints or faults because stress dynamics with distributions are still
unclear in extremely deep mines (Jiang et al., 2010), and needs to be further investigated. Furthermore,
it is not practical to apply in the coal seams having high hydrophobicity (Yuan, 2016). In other words, in
a low coal permeability state, this means it is hard to drill. Yang et al. (2018) also report that water
injection is limited in coal seams with high gas pressure and this method cannot be conducted if the
pressure of gas content is greater than 0.75 MPa in China due to the regulations. Current applications of
water infusion and usage rate of the method are still ongoing but mostly limited at present, and there
are other methods which might contribute mining industry more productively and safely. Because
increasing mining operation depths all around the world lead geological complexity (Vardar et al., 2017)
which significantly limits water infusion usage and it now needs to be further investigated to obtain
considerable development and for further usage in deep mines.
Another method of preventative control measures is ground de-stressing techniques (Calleja and
Nemcik, 2016) such as gas drainages, long-hole drilling, shot firing and mostly stress relief drilling (Aziz
et al., 2011). There is growing support for the long-hole drilling and shot firing method due to cost-
saving and safer operation on topsoil (Lama and Bodziony, 1998). Similarly, pre-degassing in a coal seam
can be applied without extra working such a drilling borehole which is achieved by underworking or
overworking varies on where the coal seam drainage operation would be run. Noack (1998) notes that
how engineers successfully deal with gas content; intensively coming through surrounding rocks of the
roadways. Evacuating these drifts means to ventilate working air, contaminated by methane,
throughout ventilation tubes first into proposed mine panels and then to the surface. However, pre-
degassing systems are extremely slow, and they should frequently apply in every 5 meters of a roadway
which is going to be drained (Calleja and Porter, 2016). Therefore, it is not an appropriate technique in
mines having high production outputs. Even though removed gas can be conducted by storing on the

surface to generate electricity (Zhang et al., 2017a), size of processing scale is reasonably small and too
narrow compared to hydraulic-fracturing (Noack, 1998). Moreover, long-hole drilling method to relieve
stress accumulation in coal seams, it highly requires low coal seam permeability and to maintain
boreholes stable for a time (Lama and Bodziony, 1998). In a result, on the basis of the evidences
currently gathered, it seems logical to contend that these methods are expected to be further
developed as well as Wang et al. (2014) claim that increasing production outputs and depth of cover
lead investigating for more effective preventative techniques.
A quick glance at the approach to the other method, hydro-fracking or hydraulic fracturing, it is applied
for fracturing the rock or coal strata with water injection and combined multi-types boreholes (Lin et al.,
2015) which are conducted to relieve the accumulated stress fields and to support the surrounding
geological strata of the underground roadways. As Zhang et al. (2017a) state that this method is mostly
conducted in thick coal seams having sandstone roof with high strength strata. However, the current
debate about extracting coal having low-permeability which could obtain an option to extract coal
efficiently whether by conducting hydraulic fracturing or not is still unclear (Lin et al., 2015). One of the
current gaps in literature shows that there is no investigation and relationship between extraction of
coal in the footwall where one of the critical strata is the intersection of reverse faults and altered coal
with low-permeability (Cao et al., 2001). Also, in the present gap, the issue under scrutiny that might
cause significant damage in the roof, longwall face, room and pillar operations (Karacan et al., 2011). On
the contrary, hydro-fracking is substantially a economical cutting method due to its labour-saving, high-
efficiency implementation and time-saving. (Lin et al., 2015). Meanwhile, during the previous decades,
water injection with high pressure has considerably developed, and it seems that now allows
applications of borehole drilling for gas drainage and stress relief purposes combined with high-pressure
water jet – hydraulic slotting or fracturing. However, Dou et al. (2014) state that their experiments
employed on hydraulic fracturing successfully achieved relief in great amount of accumulated dynamic
load in the roof. Also, Wang et al. (2014) state that they had combined hydraulic fracturing technique
with reservoir reconstruction method in their field experiments in a mine in China, and they successfully
achieved proposed amount of gas extractions up to 1.730 million m3
and reduced significant amount of
accumulated stress around the roadway. Therefore, this preventative method in rock bursts is slighty
efficient and different from others, sometimes in coal bursts as well. When it is combined with gas
extraction methods and main triggers such as geological conditions, enourmous stress accumulations
and high gas content are taken into consideration, it should be highly preferred preventative method.
This literature review of relevant aspects aims to investigate preventative control mechanisms of
outburst in both way of coal bursts and rock bursts and to the point of the significance of understanding
main factors causing outbursts such as increasing depth of cover which follows geological complexity,
high methane content and extreme stress dynamics, in order to take a precaution by conducting
preventative control measures. Water injection method and de-stressing measures have many gaps and
disadvantages in the literature compared to hydraulic fracturing method to prevent outbursts. Similarly,
most of the gas drainage systems are not adequate for high productive mining operations. In addition to
preventative methods, general knowledge of predictive control measures have lack of information and
investigations, therefore, taking precaution is the primary task for miners to maintain safety in
workplace and sustainable production in a long term. In this review, the question under discussion was
to examine and discover the most practical and economical approach to resolve current gaps in the
literature regarding preventative control measures against outbursts in coal mining. To be clear, high
stress zones force geological strata into the squeezed state, especially in deep mines, in a result,

porosity reduces and then permability closes zero. In this case, to relieve stress zones or distribute loads
is only way out which should be followed. According to the gathered evidences, even though there are
many research gaps in the literature, hydraulic slotting/fracturing method may lead to the most current
appropriate technology to relieve stress and drain methane in coal mining, especially low-permeability
coal seams.

3. RESEARCH DESIGN
a) Research Question
Accumulated stress is one of the primary triggers causing outburst, and this stress load should be
distributed by determining on the most accurate preventative method to maintain safety in
underground mining (Lin et al., 2015). Accordingly, the proposed review firstly aims to compare the
primary preventative control methods for outbursts and then to determine the most efficient and
practical one among them. As a result, hydraulic slotting technique can be selected as the most
appropriate measure because it is a very efficient due to efficient stress relieves, its economical, safer
and faster compared to other methods.
b) Related Work
The research performed by Yang et al. (2018) contributed to the review, in order to decrease gas
pressure and the ground stress surrounding the roadway by implementing a new developed method as
called “strong-weak” coupling has been employed, as it is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Display of borehole and “Strong-weak” coupling circle layer pattern (Yang et al., 2018)
As it can be seen in Figure 2-3, to reduce the gas pressure and gas content in the coal seam, the process
was firstly employed by drilling boreholes from the heading wall to the coal seam, then the condition in
the coal seam could intensified by injecting water liquid and inserting anchors in it.
This method could drop the ground stresses and increase the coal strength in the seam at the same
time unlike other conventional methods do. In addition, proposed duration of gas drainage dropped
from 2 years to 5 months, in greater short time than others. Also, during this time, the structure could
resist any outburst by means of its protective mechanism compared to others. On the other hand, when
the coal seam was weakened, implementation has been done, and the gas pressure has not been taken
into consideration.
The research contributed this literature review by proving an optimum solution which is one of the most
efficient and practical approaches in the literature by successfully combining hydraulic fracturing water
injectory.
Figure 2: Borehole roadway face borehole positions (Yang et al., 2018)

Figure 3: A-A sectional view of the boreholes (Yang et al., 2018)
A-A Section

Secondly, by help of the research explored by (Lin et al., 2015), a new hydraulic slotting technique has
been introduced which is substantially similar with its hydraulic fracturing except its water jet
technology. The Figure 4 shows that borehole drillings are employed from the rock roadway to the coal
seam. Injection process of extremely high water pressure into the coal seam created a void in the seam,
and then deformations and strain could be observed. During the process, stress relief successfully
achieved and the gas accumulated into the void has been drained.
Figure 4: Cross-borehole pattern (Lin et al., 2015)
Likewise, employed previous traditional methods are compared; the volume of gas drainage in a slotted
borehole of fracturing method could increase by 20%. In addition, inspection periods to meet
requirements could be dropped from 6 months to 4 months. By help of the research, this study
contributed the literature review by providing slightly different approach to the issue.
c) Design
The concept of design is based on casual-comparative research method comparing a group of
preventative measures, and the most efficient and practical one is selected among them by comparing
these techniques.
Firstly, stress dynamics and displacement on the face have been observed and monitored by drilling
boreholes, laboratory experiments numerical methods and 3D modelling. The second step is to apply a
preventative method by conducting hydraulic fracturing. Borehole drillings are applied to the coal seam
to reduce the gas pressure and gas income rate. Then, throughout the borehole, water slurry is injected
and anchors are applied. In the proposed research, groups are considered as primary preventative
methods involving water injection, de-stressing methods and hydraulic fracturing. Determination of the
method, fifty borehole drillings would be applied into the heading face, and then these could be sent to
the laboratory involving calibrated gadgets to verify the results.
The best practical approach is the hydraulic fracturing method because it is highly efficient, providing
more removal amount of the gas simultaneously, economical, faster and very helpful to roadway

support, and these are why this method is selected. Additionally it is possible to add and manipulate
plenty of sub-variables such as borehole diameter, borehole length, and water pressure and injection
time in the research. On the other hand, limitation of the study is a lack of manipulating some of the
significant measures such as location of the boreholes and laboratory process times because of weak
clarity of complex geological strata. Also, the applications in coal seams with high permeability are
extremely difficult to drain the gas content, and operations are getting slower in ultra-deep mines
because of ventilation problems and extra complex geology.

4. DESIGN QUESTIONS
a) What are experimental and correlational designs? What are the strengths and weaknesses of the
designs?
Experimental design: It is an analysis of collected statistical data by considering experimental
control/uncontrolled measures and identifying following units: experimental components, variables,
design and treatment structures.
Advantages:
- Easy to visual statements (graphs, figures or etc.)
- Repeatable so that results can be work over several times
- Working in controlled environment so that the experiment can easily adjust and modify to
avoid irrelevant variables
Disadvantages:
- It needs to be extensively worked on so that may lead human sourced faults.
- Because of based on the controlled variables, it does not represent real life
- Conduct of ethics is essential to verify results
Correlational design: It is a quantitative research method analysing the relationship between two
variables which place in a same group.
Advantages:
- Permits collecting more data than experimental design
- Unlike experiments in controlled environment, it represents real life
- Provides good start point to make connections between variables
- Allows researchers to narrow the results down for further studies
Disadvantages:
- Weak to clarify why questions
- Mostly needs further researches to make a clear statements
- A possible third variable may cause these two variables
b) What are some of the key ethical issues associated with research involving human participants?
What processes and considerations are needed?
Respect for human beings: The experiment should be informed sufficiently to the participants about
the research what it is exactly and its purpose.
Research merit: Following the scientific methods such as many attempts for clarifying hypothesises
instead of making up a theory, and proper citation.
Justice: Participants have rights to claim a share of the gains from the research, and it is under the cover
of National Statement on Ethical Conduct in Human Research 2007, in Australia.
Harm minimisation: The main aim should be not to harm any human being in any condition.
c) Consider the following table outlining an analysis of results from an experiment. What can you say
about the results between the various groups?

Group Effect on Performance p-value
Y vs Z 3.75 2.350
X vs Z 2.35 0.002
X vs Y 5.12 0.235
If the p-value is reflecting probability value, these results should place at following numeric interval: 0 to
1. Therefore, the results in first and last rows of p-values seem wrong.
Table placed above can be divided following categories: Group, control group (effect on performance)
and outcome measure (p-value). Group of X vs Y has the maximum effect on performance and the
minimum rate of effect on performance belongs X vs Z. Effect of X on performance seems greater than
Z, and effect of Z on performance less than Y, if the relationships among groups could be cumulative.

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LITERATURE PLANNER
Student Name: Onur Tuncay Student Number: 5706671
Topic: Preventative control measures of rock/coal bursts in underground mines.
Reference Number: 1
Title of Article: Assessing coal burst phenomena in mining and insights into directions for future research
Authors: Chengguo Zhang, Ismet Canbulat, Bruce Hebblewhite, Colin R. Ward.
Publication: International Journal of Coal Geology
Type: Review
Year Published: 2017 Number of citations: 1 (Google Scholar)
Primary or Secondary: Primary
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 4.58 Rank: 1/25 Percentile: 98th
In-Category: Earth and
Planetary Sciences Economic Geology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What do we know about a coal burst? How does it emerge?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Causes of coal burst, mechanisms of outburst,
precautions and predictions, control of energy release, source and storage.
Design: Understanding existing researches.
What was the finding? Innovative coal burst aspects, control techniques and coal burst process.
What were the gaps? How do I determine quantity of energy components? Which method is reliable for
monitoring static and dynamic loading? Monitoring systems have weak guidance and theories in practice, and
are still need to be developed
Reference Number: 2
Title of Article: Coal-like material for coal and gas outburst simulation tests
Authors: Qianting Hu, ShutongZhang, GuangcaiWen, LinchaoDai, BoWang
Publication: International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences
Type: Jornal
Year Published: 2015 Number of citations: 6 (Scopus)
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Geotechnical
Engineering and Engineering Geology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What is the mechanism of coal bursts and their reactions?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Cement mass ratio, uniaxial compression experiment,
effect of elasticity modulus on coal specimen, adsorption and desorption indexes, density of samples
Design: Simulation, experiment,
What was the finding? Relationship between uniaxial compressive strength and proportion of gas release
What were the gaps? Why are there so few of successful research for coal burst mechanism?
Reference Number: 3

Title of Article: Rockburst mechanism in soft coal seam within deep coal mines
Authors: Zhang Junfei, Jiang Fuxing, Yang Jianbo, Bai Wushuai, Zhang Lei
Publication: International Journal of Mining Science and Technology
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What is the rock burst mechanism and its factors in soft coal seams?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Rock burst prevention and mechanism, comparison of
rockburst in soft and hard coal seams.
Design: Modelling,
What was the finding? Differences between soft and hard coal seams, comparison of soft and hard rock to
understand burst probability, causes of roadway rock bursts
What were the gaps? How I will find information with detail for outburst mechanism in hard coal seams?
Reference Number: 4
Title of Article: A review of the geomechanics aspects of a double fatality coal burst at
Austar Colliery in NSW, Australia in April 2014
Authors: Hebblewhite Bruce, Galvin Jim
Type: Journal
Primary or Secondary: Secondary
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? Why did the coal burst at Austar Colliery occur? What are the results and
key factors of the accident?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Triggers factors causing outburst, future prevention,
control and predictions of coal burst process, effect of stress and geological strata
Design: Interpretation of evidences, statistical analysis.
What was the finding? The triggers causing the accident such as seismic activity and structural geology
squeezed by high stress
What were the gaps? Not explored the apparent causes of the accident

Reference Number: 5
Title of Article: A Review of Uncontrolled Pillar Failures
Authors: O. Vardar, F. Tahmasebinia, C. Zhang, I. Canbulat, S. Saydam
Publication: Procedia Engineering
Type: Conference Proceeding
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Engineering General
Engineering CiteScore Year: 2017
What was the research question? What is the relationship between pillars and rock/coal burst? What are the
key factors causing a coal burst? Why post-peak stiffness of the pillars and geological strata stiffness are so
important key factors playing active role causing outbursts?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Stiffness of the geological strata, how potential
energy converting to kinetic energy during outburst, post-peak modulus, how pillar failure occur
Design: Empirical analysis, numerical modelling
What was the finding? When width per height ratio goes up, test specimen stress-strain curve drops
What were the gaps? Is there any sufficient modelling and description for avoiding rock burst after
uncontrolled pillar situation occur?
Reference Number: 6
Title of Article: Prevention and forecasting of rock burst hazards in coal mines
Authors: Hamid Malekia, Heather Lawson
Publication: Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of China University of Mining and Technology
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Geotechnical Engineering and
Engineering Geology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? How is determined the model of deformation and failure because of rock
burst in underground mining? What is the efficient way to control weak geological strata?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Brittle – plastic and elastic model for outburst failure,
acoustic emission, electromagnetic emission, microseism, the intensity weakening theory, 3S theory,
parameters of hydraulic fracturing
Design: Laboratory experiments, field analysis, simulation
What was the finding? Efficient methods for hydraulic fracturing against rock bursts, positive impact in
investigation of drill holes, benefits of hydraulic prop, the tendency for rock bursts.
What were the gaps? Not explored: Prediction of rock bursts in roadways is only covering EME, MS and AE
methods but further research on other methods is needed.

Reference Number: 7
Title of Article: Safety technologies for the excavation of coal and gas outburst-prone coal seams in deep
shafts
Authors: Liang Wang, Yuan-pingCheng, Chun-guiGe, Jia-xiangChen, WeiLi, Hong-xing Zhou, WangHai-feng
Publication: International Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 3.19 Rank: 7/167 Percentile: 96TH
In-Category: Geotechnical Engineering
and Engineering Geology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are the occurrence factors of relief zone in the working face?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Relationship of outburst and depth of cover, grout
injection and metal skeletons to maintain safety conditions
Design: Case study, experiment
What was the finding? Safer excavation method such as specific drill bits for particular coal seams or usage of
concave water pocket. There are three methods to avoid gas bursts: Technical, accelerated and safety
measures.
What were the gaps? What is the most relevant factor causing complexity to prevent and predict outbursts?
What is the most effective method for forecasting and avoiding rock/coal bursts?
Reference Number: 8
Title of Article: Focal mechanism caused by fracture or burst of a coal pillar
Authors: CAO An-ye, DOU Lin-ming, CHEN Guo-xiang, GONG Si-yuan, WANG Yu-gang, LI Zhi-hua
Publication: Zhongguo Kuangye Daxue Xuebao/Journal of China University of Mining and Technology
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 1.05 Rank: #56 / 167 Percentile: 66th
What was the research question? What is the appropriate method for predicting coal/rock burst in advance?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Monitoring with micro-seismic signal technology and
TDS-6 method, behaviour and reaction of coal pillars when rock burst occur,
Design: Monitoring, experiment, simulation
What was the finding? Storage of stress causing rock burst in coal pillars, coal breakage result of shear
stresses.
What were the gaps? Not explored: Why collapses in a mine is result of tensile failure

Reference Number: 9
Title of Article: Research progress of monitoring, forecasting, and prevention of rock burst in underground
coal mining in China
Authors: Linming Dou, Zonglong Mu, Zhenlei Li, Anye Cao, Siyuan Gong
Publication: International Journal of Coal Science and Technology
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.96 Rank: 12/167 Percentile: 93rd
What was the research question? What are the tips of the rock bursts occurred in coal mines? What is the
investigation methodology of rock bursts? What are these principles of outburst?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Three types of rock bursts, forecasting methods,
mechanism of outbursts, electromagnetic radiation technology, elastic and seismic waves, strong-soft-strong
(3S) theory, the directional hydraulic fracturing, appropriate roadway support design for prevention.
Design: Theoretical analysis, laboratory experiment, field test.
What was the finding? Loading rate
What were the gaps? Not explored: Essential and proved main parameter causing rock burst expect useful
aspects. What are the adequate and efficient theories, monitoring methods or rules describing and clarifying
rock bursts?
Reference Number: 10
Title of Article: Time Effect of Water Injection on the Mechanical Properties of Coal and Its Application in Rock
burst Prevention in Mining
Authors: Xiaofei Liu, Guang Xu, Chong Zhang, Biao Kong, Jifa Qian, Dong Zhu and Mingyao Wei
Publication: Energies
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Computer Science
General Computer Science CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? Can rock bursts be prevented by using water injection method in coal
seams? What is the effect of soaking time on coal samples which may hold evidence to forecast and prevent
outbursts?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Water injection on a coal seam, the efficiency of
injection in practice, porosity and mechanical features of coal samples, investigating coal samples porosity by
using electron microscope technology, water injection with FLAC-3D
Design: Simulation, in-situ tests
What was the finding? Accurate evidence as a parallel proportion between filling water into pore structure
and rock prevention
What were the gaps? Why is the water injection not effective in all rock burst prevention cases?

Title of Article: Rock burst risk in an island longwall coal face by stress field
Authors: Liu, G., Mu, Z., Chen, J., Cao, J.
Publication: Geosiciences Journal
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Environmental Science:
General Environmental Science CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are the parameters effecting stress field distribution and precautions
which can be taken?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Explanation of the stress field distribution consist of three
measures which are stress concentration factor, velocity distribution and velocity gradient
Design: Theoretical analysis, modelling, tomography (seismic computing), examining elastic thin-plate theory in
practice.
What was the finding? Velocity gradient positively indicates that can be used as a pre-warning measure,
explored the stress field ILCF to maintain specific signs of rock burst possibility.
What were the gaps? Not explored: Experiments in fracturing roofs.
Title of Article: Coal bursts that occur during development: A rock mechanics enigma
Authors: Mark, C.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What are reasons and similarities of coal burst events which occurred in
development stage of the US mines?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Analysing bursts in retreat mining and development
stage, pillar recovery, analysing 24 case studies for coal bursts in development including Colorado Mines and
Central Appalachian coalfields
Design: Statistical analysis and comparison
What was the finding? Bursts in development stage mostly occur because of seismic energy
What were the gaps? Not explored: Reason of outburst in Deer Creek Mine, the reason for the relationship
between seismic events and outbursts in these cases, the explanation for occurrence frequency of outbursts in
retreat mining and developments stages.

Title of Article: Coal and gas outburst in footwalls of reverse faults
Authors: Cao, Y., He, D., Glick, D.C.
Publication: International Journal of Coal Science and Technology
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Economic Geology
CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are the principal factors which maintaining coal bursts regarding to
reverse faults?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Geological investigations related to reverse faults of
four catastrophic accidents occurred in China
Design: Statistical analysis
What was the finding? High proportion of outbursts occurrence in tectonically deformed areas, proportionally
high risk of outburst occurrence in the footwall
What were the gaps? What are the stress measurements which should be considered? Not explored:
Relationship of various fault tips, the geometry of outburst areas, coal characteristics with reverse faults
Title of Article: Characteristics of gas disaster in the Huaibei coalfield and its control and development
technologies
Authors: Wang, L. Cheng, Y.-P., An, F.-H., Zhou, H.-X., Kong, L., Wang, W.
Publication: Natural Hazards
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Earth and Planetary
Sciences CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are the parameters controlling gas and coal outbursts?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Gas disaster characteristics, controlling factors,
occurrence reasons and types, geological strata evolution in coal
Design: Statistical analysis in the field and theoretical analysis
What was the finding? An innovative reservoir reconstruction method contributing the development of gas
resources, improve health and safety conditions in coal mining, and
What were the gaps? Not explored: Why is there so high gas content in the North and West areas compared
to others?

Title of Article: Line prediction technology for forecasting coal and gas outbursts during coal roadway
tunnelling
Authors: Tang, J., Jiang, C., Chen, Y., Li, X., Wang, G., Yang, D.
Publication: Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Energy Engineering and
Power Technology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are the positive and negative sides of the current predicting outburst
methods? Why are coal and gas outbursts occurring?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Evaluation of gas rates flowing throughout boreholes,
relationship ground stress and borehole length.
Design: Theoretical analysis, statistical analysis
What was the finding? A new index for gas emissions, line prediction method for gas content
What were the gaps? Why are some direct prediction methods so sensitive or hard to rely on?
Title of Article: Control of coal and gas outbursts in Huainan mines in China: A review
Authors: Yuan, L.
Publication: Journal of Rock Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering
Type: Review
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What are recent precaution methods and technologies used in Huainan?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Strategies in coal burst control, key factors in
outburst, recently technology in use, prediction methods?
Design: Statistical analysis
What was the finding? Two-legged approach for gas drainage
What were the gaps? Not explored: Evaluation in green and intelligent mining

Title of Article: Coal and gas outburst dynamic system
Authors: Fan, C., Li, S., Luo, M., Du, W., Yang, Z.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What are the significant measures in dynamic outburst system in coal
mining?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? The relationship between coal-gas medium, mining
disturbance and dynamic geology environment, determination of dynamic system’s magnitude by using
coupling model
Design: Theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, laboratory experiments,
What was the finding? Results with a stress-seepage-damage coupling model
What were the gaps? Not explored: No taking an account for other factors such as mining intensity or coal
vessel thickness.
Title of Article: Control and preventation of gas outbursts in coal mines, Riosa-Olloniego coalfield, Spain
Authors: Diaz Aguado, M.B., Gonzales Nicieza, C.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Economic Geology
What was the research question? How is the gas behaving and reacting in deep Spain mines? How could the
working conditions in deep mines be improved by conducting the data received in situ?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Evaluation of data and gas pressure rate received by
gas measurement tube, high-pressure water infusion, utilisation of a warden coal seam, coal permeability
Design: Controlling parameters and monitoring, analysing in situ data,
What was the finding? Gas pressure rates in this coalfield, safer and more accurate mining method
What were the gaps? Not explored: Reliable gas measurement because of no calibration.

Title of Article: Rockburst characteristics and numerical based on a new energy index: A case study of a tunnel
at 2,500 m depth
Authors: Jiang, Q., Feng, X.T., Xiang, T.B., Su, G.S.
Publication: Bulletin of Engineering Geology and the Environment
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? How could a new energy index determine a rock burst mechanism?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Local Energy Release Rate, by monitoring maximum
and minimum values of elastic strain to obtain energy release time and position, elastic-brittle-plastic mode
Design: Simulation, numerical modelling, experimental prediction
What was the finding? Strain energy causing rock burst, a new energy index, prediction method of rock burst
intensity and location
What were the gaps? No explored: Determination of thresholds of rock burst occurrence
Title of Article: Experimental analysis of the intensity and evolution of coal and gas outbursts
Authors: Wang, C, Yang, S., Yang, D, Li, D., Jiangi, C.
Publication: Fuel / The Science and Technology of Fuel and Energy
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Energy Fuel Technology
What was the research question? What is the relationship among various measures such as temperature,
thickness of coal or gas pressure? Is it possible to obtain outcomes reducing coal burst risk through conducting
IEERG method?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Determining of expansion energy of releasing gas
(IEERG) of coal samples, gas pressure contributing required energy to be revealed
Design: 22 outburst simulations, statistics, laboratory experiments
What was the finding? The temperature has the lowest impact affecting or trigging coal bursts.
What were the gaps? Not explored: Content of multiple sub-outbursts. How many cycles does an outburst
have?

Title of Article: Long-Term Czech Experiences with Rock bursts with Applicability to Today’s Underground Coal
Mines
Authors: Konicek, P., Ptacek, J., Waclawik, P., Kajzar, V.
Publication: Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What the primary causes in Ostrava Coalfield leading outburst should be
highlighted?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Rock characteristics in the Karvina Coalfield,
geological properties of the rock mass, history of rock bursts in the field, mining method causing the incident
Design: Mathematical modelling, statistics, laboratory experiments
What was the finding? Abnormal stress distributions, ultra-disturbed geological strata because of non-
accurate mining method, more expensive production which supposed to not be
What were the gaps? Not explored: Approach to solve primary factors causing outbursts in the field,
Title of Article: Outburst mechanism of tunnelling through coal seams and the safety strategy by using
“strong-weak” coupling circle-layers
Authors: Yang, W., Wang, H., Lin, B., Wang, Y., Mao, X., Zhang, J., Lyu, Y., Wang, M.
Publication: Tunnelling and Underground Space Technology
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.90 Rank: 14/167 Percentile: 91st
What was the research question? What is the most appropriate preventative method in coal mining,
especially in this experiment?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Outburst mechanism in mine tunnelling, displacement
and stress in the coal face, stress drop rate, control methods, circle layers with strong weak strategy, injecting
water slurry, hydraulic fracturing
Design: Numerical modelling, laboratory experiments, field experiments
What was the finding? Reduced coal and rock strength, reduced stress concentrations, shorter uncovering
time, main cause following outburst due to disturbing the coal face
What were the gaps? Not explored: consideration of main causes, comparison of traditional techniques, a
weak data proving advantageous sides of the hydraulic fracturing

Title of Article: Instantaneous outburst in underground coal mines: an overview and association with coal type
Authors: Beamish, B.B., Crosdale, P.J.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
Sciences Economic Geology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are the causes of outbursts? Influences of coal properties into
outburst
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Geological factors considered as primary causes,
Design: Statistics, data mining
What was the finding? What were the gaps? Not explored: A exact mechanism and explanation of outbursts,
clear prediction techniques, unpredictable results of the study due to lack of calibration in the equipment,
clarifying to contraction between bright coal bands and dull coal bands, Wrong observable reading results of
gas emission
Title of Article: Management of outburst in underground coal mines
Authors: Lama, R.D., Bodziony, J.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What are key factors and measures for designing risk management of
outburst in underground coal mines?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Trigger factors, design of control measures,
management systems for control, emergency response details, and risk analysis of outbursts,
Design: Statistics, data collection
What was the finding? Management plan reduced the risk, fatality possibilities reduced four times than before
What were the gaps? Collected data is very old even though outburst management is satisfactory, lack of
information about procedure resources

Title of Article: Outburst and geological structures in coal mines: A review
Authors: Shepherd, J., Rixon, L.K., Griffiths, L.
Publication: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? High gas emissions closing the mining structures,
outburst mechanism in the floor and roof, causes of outbursts, outburst occurrence in different countries,
Design: Mechanical model, statistics, data collection
What was the finding? Effects of mining method, coal rank, rate of advance, stress field and gas content
What were the gaps? Not explored: Mechanism of gauge and soft coal, certain approach to causing outburst,
insufficient field experiments, examination of coal at ultramicroscopic scale, prediction and mechanism,
Title of Article: A review of mechanism and preventation technologies of coal bumps in China
Authors: Jiang, Y., Zhao, Y., Wang, H., Zhu, J.
Publication: International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What are the recent preventation methods for outbursts in coal mining?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Characteristics of outbursts, difference between rock
bursts and coal bursts, roof, floor and tectonic structure failures
Design: Theoretical analysis, laboratory experiment, numerical simulation and field test
What was the finding? Coal bursts are caused by material failures, tectonic stress, and hard roof, could good
stiffness, increased gas concentration, succeed consistent roof support
What were the gaps? Not usable in strong hard coal mine, no information of constant resistance. Not explored
prediction methods, mechanism of CT technology

Title of Article: Control of gas emissions in underground coal mines
Authors: Noack, K.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
What was the research question? What is the back-return method? What are the control measures in
underground?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Panel design, pre-drainage system, control measures
of coal mining,
Design: Numerical method, laboratory experiments, field tests
What was the finding? Classification of outburst into non-classical and sudden bursts, degassing methods,
increasing efficiency of traditional methods, back-return method
What were the gaps? Not explored: Prediction of gas seams, Not explored: A exact mechanism and
explanation of outbursts, clear prediction techniques, unpredictable results of the study due to lack of
calibration in the equipment emission, not applicable suction method
Title of Article: Coal and gas outburst hazard in Zonguldak Coal Basin of Turkey, and association with
geological parameters
Authors: Fisne, A., Esen, O.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
CiteScore: 2.02 Rank: 22/79 Percentile: 72nd
Sciences CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What is the state of coal mining and gas contents in Turkey compared to
other countries?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Geological strata, depth of cover, coal seam grade,
tectonic movements, outburst experiences, mining condition, ejected material
Design: Comparison, field tests,
What was the finding? Relationship between coal ejection and gas emission, increasing depth with intensity
and back-caving, labour intensive method, geological strata
What were the gaps? The formation is not clear of Zonguldak coalfield. Not explored: appropriate distance
between the fault and outburst location,

Title of Article: Mine gas drainage and outburst control in Australian underground coal mines
Authors: Aziz, N., Black, D., Ren, T.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Engineering General
Engineering CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? What are efficient and cheaper mine gas drainage method in underground
coal mining?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Health management system, safety, management of
outburst risk
Design: Data collection, Analysing
What was the finding? Outburst rate for each threshold, protection and control, critical safety risk
management
What were the gaps? Other SHMS’S should be considering because of other countries did that as well. Not
explored: coal mining is not operated independently by fatalities and injuries
Title of Article: Cross-borehole hydraulic slotting technique for preventing and controlling coal and gas
outbursts during coal roadway excavation
Authors: Lin, B., Yan, F., Zhu, C., Zhou, Y., Zou, Q., Guo, C., Liu, T.
Publication: Journal of Natural Gas Science and Engineering
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Energy Engineering and
Power Technology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? How does hydraulic fracturing could discover the best?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review?
Design: Monitoring in the field, laboratory tests, numerical modelling,
What was the finding? Increased creating slots, 3.7 times more efficient in production rate, concentration of
boreholes increased, reducing gas drainage,
What were the gaps? Not explored: Approach to solve primary factors causing outbursts in the field, reliable
gas measurement because of no calibration.

Title of Article: Coal mine methane: A review of capture and utilization practices with benefits to mining
safety and to greenhouse gas reduction
Authors: Karacan, C.Ö., Ruiz, F.A., Cote, Phipps, S.
Type: Journal
Publication Rating:
In-Category: Earth and
Planetary Sciences Economic Geology CiteScore Year: 2016
What was the research question? How could be hydraulic slotting applied efficiently?
What themes were discussed in the Literature Review? Cross-borehole, high pressure water injection,
hydraulic slotting method, high-low permeability,
Design: Field tests, laboratory experiments, numerical modelling
What was the finding? Faster method, hydraulic slotting more expensive than others, increasing gas
extraction,
What were the gaps? What is the mechanism of the soft coal, certain approach to causing outburst?
Not explored: High gas emissions closing the mining structures, outburst mechanism in the floor and roof,
causes of outbursts, outburst occurrence in different countries

PREVENTING AND
PREDICTING OF COAL
BURSTS
Description and
introduction of
coal/rock burst
Precautions / prevention of
coal/rock
Forecasting and monitoring
methods
Trigger factors
and main
causes
In coal mining, coal bursts are the most
catastrophic incidents which threaten
safety of workers and productivity of
mines. (Zhang et al. 2017)
Terminology in underground coal mining
states that coal/rock bursts are typically
defined as a sudden energy revealing
which are also called coal bumps and coal
pressure (Zhang et al. 2017)
According to researchers’ common
view, main causes of coal burst are
consisting of mechanical
measurements of coal, in-situ
stresses and coal gas pressure. (Hu
et al. 2015)
Stresses (both of dynamic and static)
caused by depth of cover and geological
conditions and mining methods are the
most crucial factors in relation to coal
burst incidents. (Junfei et al. 2017)
For instance, outburst tendency, stiffness,
strength, “Voussoir Beam” and “key strata”
are several theories to explain coal bursts
(Junfei et al. 2017))
Increasing support and
reinforcement capacity of roadways
and placing roads as far as possible
from geological discontinuities.
(Junfei et al. 2017)
Need for the measurements
decreasing loading rate and
stress level on roof (Dou et
al. 2009).
Efficient and frequent
monitoring is mandatory.
When depth of cover
increases, afterwards it
definitely follows high
dynamic stress causing coal
burst (Dou et al. 2014)
Nonuniform & ultra-complex
geological strata and high loading
rates rather than normal state are
the reasons why coal bursts also
occur in shallow mines. (Dou et al.
2014)
There are several techniques to forecast coal
burst incidents such as “”electromagnetic
radiation methods””, “”drilling cutting
method””, “”microseismic method”” and
“”comprehensive index or multi-factor coupling
method””. (Dou et al. 2014)
Researchers divide coal burst tips into four
catagories regarding danger level: A (No
danger), B, C and D (most dangerous).
(Dou et al. 2014)
Safety management and
forecasting systems for
outbursts
Efficient and
successful safety
management. (Dou
et al. 2014)
Strong-soft-strong structure
intensifies roadway support
in a long term (Dou et al.
2014)
Intensity weakening theory is
now commonly utilised by
researchers to monitor measures
for a possible coal/rock burst.
(Dou et al. 2014)
In hard and dense roofs, “”high
pressured directional hydraulic
fracturing”” is fast to apply,
labour-friendly, secure and
efficient way. (Dou et al. 2014)
Materials absorbing the effect of tremor such as U-
type steels and bolt-mesh-cable support
combination successfully saved human life and
mining equipment when recent coal burst accident
emerged in Yuejin Coal Mine (Dou et al. 2014)
Pre-de-stressing, long and
greater hole measurements
should be implemented
Coal features, gas
and rock pressure
Coal bursts are extreme complex incidents
and generally occur in result of multiple
measures. (Wang et al. 2017)
Crosscuts and shafts are one
of the most dangerous mine
sites regarding coal burst
because of placing intensive
and extraordinary stress fields
(Wang et al. 2017)
The range between coal vessel
and the working face declined,
the gas pressure rate increases.
(Wang et al. 2017)
The stress distribution is
extraordinary in geological
strata surrounding shaft wall at
same depth. (Wang et al. 2017)
A borehole drilling for
monitoring the geological
layers is essential
(Cao et al. 2008)
Coal seam has the excessive stress
field and is weak zone of the
mines even support designs are
applied well. (An-ye et al. 2008)
HowQuestion: How will I find information
with detail for outburst mechanism in hard
coal seams?
Not explored: Essential main parameter causing rock
burst in roadways.
Question: What are the adequate theories,
monitoring methods or rules describing and clarifying
rock bursts?
If loading rate of over layers is
greater than coal pillar stiffness rate
and its strength limit, danger rock
burst occurrence is highly possible.
(An-ye et al. 2008)
Tensile failures in collar pillar
and roof falls on roadways
are considered main causes
but these are more complex
to prove. (An-ye et al. 2008) Much stiffness of coal pillars
becomes great, stabling coal
bursts are easier to control
and manage. (An-ye et al.
2008)
Not explored: Why collapses occur in a mine is result of
tensile failure.
Possibility of emergence of rock burst
depends on mining techniques, production
speed and retreat rate and (Zhang et al. 2017)
Is not clear to determine and clarify
quantity of energy components
(Zhang et al. 2017)
However, investigations show that monitoring systems
still have weak guidance and theories in practice, and are
need to be developed (Zhang et al. 2017)
There are all sorts of coal burst
failures, formations, tips and effects
have been clarified as tables. (Zhang
et al. 2017)
Researcher’s state that research
priority steps in short and long term
is essential to prevent and monitor
coal bursts. (Zhang et al. 2017)
Classification exists but the methodology is
usually not applicable in practice.
Monitoring and conducting a research have plenty of useful
themes however some study cases contradict
Coal pressure decreased 5 MPa
when fracturing radius is around
10m (Malekia et al. 2009)
One of methods for prevention
and monitoring is deep hole shot
for relief purposes as called as
intensity weakening. (Malekia et
al. 2009)
Hydraulic prop has been initiated to
be utilized in several mines. This
device creates anti impact
immediately when coal burst emerge
suddenly. (Malekia et al. 2009)
Discovered recent devices to prevent and stop coal
burst effects are widely used in many mines all
around the world. (Zhang et al. 2017)
Not explored: Accurate prediction case studies
for rock bursts
Question: How do I determine quantity of energy
components?
Question: Which method is more reliable for
monitoring static and dynamic loading?
Innovative coal burst
aspects
Question: How I will find information with detail for
outburst mechanism with detail in hard coal seams?
Hydraulic fracturing,
benefits of hydraulic
prop, the tendency for
rock bursts.
Explanation of the stress field distribution consist of
three measures which are stress concentration factor,
velocity distribution and velocity gradient which are called
pre-warning signs (Liu et al. 2018)
Velocity gradient positively indicates that can be
used as a pre-warning measure, explored the
stress field ILCF to maintain certain signs for rock
burst possibility (Junfei et al. 2017)
Not explored: Experiments in
fracturing roofs.

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