2. Participants will gain an understanding
of:
• On Scene Arrival & Scene Safety
• Patient Assessment and Positioning
• Rescue Breathing & Airway Management
• Transfer of casualties to the Hospital
• Recovery
3. On scene arrival & On scene safety
• Arriving on scene of a major incident can be
both mentally challenging and physically
dangerous
4. Site Awareness
• Staying alert and aware on the scene of any
accident should be a responders number 1
duty. Remember, you can help no one if you
are injured!
5. Mental Concerns
• Overwhelming number of victims
• Difficulty finding a clear place to start
• Tunnel Vision ( Situation without proper
regards for possible consequences or
alternative approach).
• Need to control and direct both arriving
support and victims
• Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
6. Techniques to Counter Mental
Stressors
Stressor : An agent, stimuli which elicit a stress
reaction.
• Divide the scene into discernable section
(e.g. quadrants)
• Begin triage i.e. decide the order of treatment
of ( patients or casualties).
• Move on to victim care
• Avoid tunnel vision by a constant
reassessment of the situation
7. Techniques to Counter Mental
Stressors
• PTSD is a serious condition that often effects
personnel who have responded to large
horrific events.
• Responders should be brought together after
the event and given an opportunity to discuss
their feelings and concerns.
• Mental health professionals should be made
available to the responders.
8. Physical Concerns
• Unstable environment
• Crowd Control
• Risk of whatever caused the original event
(e.g. explosive, chemical spill, fire)
9. Techniques to Control Physical
Concerns
• Thorough Scene Evaluation
• Remember to not focus on just one thing –
keep an eye on the big picture
• Employ any available help to assist in
crowd control
• Proper Personal Protective Equipment.
10. Caution
• All scenes present a potential risk
to responders
• The responders primary obligation is to ensure
they do not become a victim
• An organized, controlled response ensures
resources are adequately and
appropriately used
11. Responsibilities at the Scene
• Responsibilities for the first person on-scene
may include:
• Taking appropriate personal protective
measures
• Advising personnel in the area of any
potential threat and/or initiate evacuation
procedures
• Eliminate potential ignition sources
• Notifying Supervisory Personnel and/or
Incident Commander of the incident
12. Responsibilities
• • Take any other steps necessary to minimize
any threat to health and safety
• Request medical assistance, if necessary
• Verify substance released and obtain
Material Safety Data sheets, as necessary
• Identify and isolate source to minimize
product loss
• Coordinate further response actions with
Incident Commander and local responders
13. Responsibilities
• • Take any other steps necessary to minimize
any threat to health and safety
• Request medical assistance, if necessary
• Verify substance released and obtain
Material Safety Data sheets, as necessary
• Identify and isolate source to minimize
product loss
• Coordinate further response actions with
Incident Commander and local responders
14. Supervisory Personnel responsibilities
may Include:
• Restrict access to the incident scene and
surrounding area as the situation demands.
• The number of personnel required to staff
the Emergency Response Team will depend on
the size and complexity of the incident. The
duties of each position may be performed by
the Incident Controller directly or delegated as
the situation demands.
15. Incident Controller.
• The Incident Controller should always be
responsible for directing the response
activities and should assume the duties of all
the primary positions until the duties can be
delegated to other qualified personnel. The
more knowledgeable individuals are of their
roles and responsibilities during an emergency
event, the better prepared a team can be to
implement a streamlined response.
19. Life saving techniques
• Basic life saving techniques
with a goal of stabilizing
victims and prolonging life
until advanced care is
available.
20. Assessment Basic
• The following items are
the areas of assessment
in order of performance
– Airway
– Breathing
– Circulation
– Control of Blood Loss
– Other ancillary issues
(e.g. Broken Bones
21. Breathing Basic
• You may feel the victim’s breath against your
chest.
• You may Hear the air entering or escaping the
victim’s lungs.
• You may see the chest rise and fall with each
breath.
• You may Smell the breath of the victim as they
exhale.
22. Chest Compression
Technique
The goal is always to compress in the center of
the chest, regardless of the shape or size of the
patient. This means that compressions are to
performed on the sternum or breastbone of the
patient, in line with the casualty’s armpits or
nipple line.
Give 30 chest compression in a row, and then
(2) rescue breaths.
23. Rescue Breathing
• The act of providing oxygen to a
patient who has difficulty or is
unable to breath on their own.
24. Rescue Breathing Steps
1. Attempt to open the
airway using the
methods the previous
slide.
2. If patient does not
begin to breath on
their own insert a
Mask
3. Begin using the
Barrier mask
4. Maintain a rate of 12
25. Shock & Treatment
• Shock can refer to a range of related medical
conditions in which the victim’s heart, lungs
and blood cannot deliver oxygen to the body
properly. An emotion of sudden upset or
surprise.
• Signs: Early Phase.
• A fast pulse, Pale, cool, clammy skin, sweating
profusely, flushed face , Anxiety or agitation.
26. Signs
• Developing Phase.
• Blue skin on lips & nail beds, Cold, damp skin.
• Weakness & dizziness, Nausea & possible
vomiting. Thirst, rapid, shallow breathing.
• Weak, very rapid “ thready” pulse.
• Confusion, disorientation.
27. Shock signs
• Advanced phase.
• Lack of pulse in wrists of feet.
• Restlessness and aggressiveness
• Yawning and gasping for air
• Unconsciousness.
• Final phase.
• Multiple organ failure
• Cardiac arrest.
29. Treatment
• Apply the following steps. (WARRI)
• Warm
• ABC (Airways, Breathing, Circulation.)
• Rest & Reassurance.
• Immediate transport/ transfer of victim to the
hospital.
