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Katia Karousakis - Marine protected areas and their role in ecosystem-services
1. MARINE PROTECTED AREAS
AND THEIR ROLE IN ECOSYSTEM
SERVICE PROVISION, SUSTAINABLE
FISHERIES AND TOURISM
Katia Karousakis
Biodiversity Team Leader
OECD Environment Directorate
CBD COP13
UNCTAD UNEP and CAF side-event on Oceans Economy and Ecosystem Services
Monday 5 December 2016
2. Overview
• Current and projected pressures
• The role of Marine Protected Areas (MPAs)
• How MPAs contribute to sustainable fishing
and tourism
• The need for effective policy mixes
3. Pressures on marine ecosystem
services and biodiversity
Over-fishing
Pollution
Habitat degradation
Climate change
Invasive alien species
4. The future of the Ocean Economy…
Total ocean industry value-added expected to double by 2030
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
USD billion
Overview of industry-specific value-added in 2010 and 2030
2010
2030
Source: OECD (2016) The Ocean Economy to 2030
5. Policy instruments for marine biodiversity
conservation and sustainable use
Regulatory (command-and-
control) instruments
Economic instruments
Information and
voluntary approaches
Marine protected areas
Taxes, charges, user fees (e.g.
entrance fees to marine parks)
Certification, eco-labelling
(e.g. MSC)
Marine spatial planning
Individually Transferable Quotas
(ITQ) for fishing
Voluntary agreements,
such as public-private
partnerships (which can
include e.g., voluntary
biodiversity offset
schemes)
Spatial and temporal fishing
closures; limits on number and
size of vessels (input controls);
other restrictions or
prohibitions on use (e.g. CITES)
Reform of harmful subsidies - and
use of subsidies to promote marine
conservation and sustainable use
Catch limits or quotas (output
controls)
Payments for Ecosystem Services
(PES)
Standards (e.g. MARPOL for
ships); bans (e.g. dynamite
fishing)
Marine biodiversity offsets
Licenses e.g. aquaculture and
offshore windfarms
Non-compliance penalties
Planning requirements
e.g. EIA and SEA
Fines on damages
6. Trends in Marine Protected Areas
Source: Adapted from UNEP-WCMC (2016)
7. MPAs and sustainable fishing
• MPAs, especially no-take marine reserves,
have helped to address overfishing
• Stocks recover, catch and catch-per-unit-
effort (CPUE) increases
– Meta-analysis by Starr et al. (2015), Mesnildrey et al (2013), amongst others
• Responses vary depending on taxonomic
groups, size of reserve, protection level,
enforcement, time.
8. MPAs and sustainable tourism
• MPAs also being used as tools for sustainable
tourism (e.g. Galapagos marine reserve, MPA network Pacific Coast
Canada)
• Natural and cultural resources in MPAs attract visitors.
Sustainable tourism generates revenue and supports
local communities
• Examples from Sweden, Tanzania, United States, Vietnam…
9. The need for effective policy mixes
Ecosystem
Protection
(MPA)
Reduced
Subsidies
Effective
fisheries
management
Potential for
Illegal Fishing
Potential for
Recruitment
overfishing
Potential for growth overfishing
10. Key messages for more effective MPAs
• Better understanding of costs and benefits
• Effective siting of MPAs to address pressures
• More robust monitoring and reporting
• Enhanced compliance and enforcement
11. Thank you!
OECD work on biodiversity and ecosystems:
Biodiversity Indicators, Valuation and Assessment
Economic Instruments, Incentives and Policies for Biodiversity
Biodiversity Finance, Development and Distributional Issues
Visit: www.oecd.org/env/biodiversity
www.oecd.org/environment/resources/mainstream-biodiversity/
Selected OECD reports:
• Marine Protected Areas: Economics, Management and
Effective Policy Mixes (OECD, forthcoming 2017)
• Overcoming Barriers to Effective Biodiversity Policy Reform
(OECD, forthcoming 2017)
• The Ocean Economy in 2030 (OECD, 2016)
• Green Growth in Fisheries and Aquaculture (OECD, 2015)
• Biodiversity Policy Response Indicators (OECD ENV WP No.
90, 2015)
• Scaling Up Finance Mechanisms for Biodiversity (OECD, 2013)
Hinweis der Redaktion
31% percent of fish stocks over-exploited; 58% fully-fished
Pollution: Most sources of marine pollution (80%) are land based.
Habitat degradation - 60% of the world’s major marine ecosystems degraded or used unsustainably (UNEP, 2011). An estimated 20% of global mangroves have been lost and 19% of coral reefs have disappeared since 1980s (UNDP, 2012).
Maritime and coastal tourism to double
Marine aquaculture to triple
Industrial-scale capture fisheries to more than double – hence pressures on marine ecosystems likely to rise as well.
An oversimplification, but allows to discuss some important aspects of effective policy mixes
Three elements to an effective policy mix:
Effective management (good regulations)
Ecosystem protection (call this MPAs for short)
Reduced subsidies (rational economic incentives)
If you have all three, you are in heaven at the centre of the venn where they all overlap. In the three lobes where only two of the three are in place, you are missing something and you risk problems:
If you have effective management and good ecosystem protection, but subsidies that increase capacity and desired effort, you have pressure for illegal fishing
If you have ecosystem protection and reduced subsidies, but bad management then you have potential for recruitment overfishing, where the fish stock is drawn down dangerously
If you have effective management and reduced subsidies but no ecosystem protection, you have potential for growth overfishing, where juvenile fish are harvested before they are optimal size.