Education at a Glance Interim Report:Update of Employment and Educational Attainment Indicators - Key Findings
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The social consequences of the crisis were still deepening in 2013, especially among the most vulnerable groups such as low-educated young adults. In most OECD countries more than four out of five younger adults have attained at least an upper secondary education, implying that one in six of them have qualifications below upper secondary education.
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Education at a Glance Interim Report:Update of Employment and Educational Attainment Indicators - Key Findings
- 1. 1 Update of Employment and Educational Attainment Indicators January 2015 Education at a Glance Interim Report:
- 2. The social consequences of the crisis were still deepening in 2013, especially among the most vulnerable groups such as low- educated young adults
- 3. Chapter 1 TO WHAT LEVEL HAVE ADULTS STUDIED?
- 4. One in six younger adults have not reached upper secondary In most OECD countries more than four out of five younger adults have attained at least an upper secondary education, implying that one in six of them have qualifications below upper secondary education.
- 5. One in six younger adults have not reached upper secondary education Chart 1.1 Educational attainment among younger (25-34 year-olds) adults (2013) 52 52 39 39 35 34 27 27 23 21 18 18 18 17 16 15 15 14 14 14 13 13 13 13 12 11 11 10 9 9 9 7 6 6 6 6 6 2 25 23 31 45 24 40 50 33 54 39 39 41 36 43 47 42 41 40 38 38 46 36 60 56 44 64 45 47 46 51 47 35 64 52 65 37 57 31 22 25 29 15 41 26 23 40 22 41 43 41 47 40 37 43 44 46 48 48 41 51 27 31 44 25 45 43 45 40 45 58 30 42 29 57 37 67 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Turkey Mexico Portugal Brazil Spain Colombia Italy Iceland Chile NewZealand Belgium Denmark Norway OECDaverage Greece Netherlands France Australia Luxembourg UnitedKingdom Latvia Ireland Germany Hungary Estonia Austria UnitedStates Switzerland Israel Finland Sweden Canada SlovakRepublic Poland CzechRepublic RussianFederation Slovenia Korea Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary
- 6. Lower proportion of older adults have tertiary credentials In 2013, on average across OECD countries, 34% of older adults (55-64 year-olds) have not attained upper secondary level. Brazil, Colombia, Italy, Mexico, Portugal, Spain and Turkey have the highest proportion of older adults with low qualifications as well as the highest share of younger adults with low qualifications.
- 7. Lower proportion of older adults have tertiary credentials Chart 1.1 Educational attainment among older (55-64 year-olds) adults (2013) 79 74 79 72 62 69 56 35 62 39 42 30 18 34 49 35 38 39 27 30 12 41 15 24 10 26 10 17 22 24 19 15 15 17 13 8 26 49 11 12 10 18 17 16 32 39 25 32 32 41 51 43 30 38 41 31 46 37 63 33 60 60 55 57 48 53 31 44 51 40 71 70 73 42 56 36 10 13 12 11 20 15 12 26 13 30 26 29 31 25 21 27 20 30 27 34 25 26 25 16 35 16 42 30 47 32 29 45 14 13 14 49 18 15 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Turkey Mexico Portugal Brazil Spain Colombia Italy Iceland Chile NewZealand Belgium Denmark Norway OECDaverage Greece Netherlands France Australia Luxembourg UnitedKingdom Latvia Ireland Germany Hungary Estonia Austria UnitedStates Switzerland Israel Finland Sweden Canada SlovakRepublic Poland CzechRepublic RussianFederation Slovenia Korea Below upper secondary Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Tertiary
- 8. There is a larger proportion of young men with low qualifications compared to young women On average across OECD countries, 18% of younger men (25-34 year-olds) have not attained an upper secondary education while the percentage among younger women is 15%. In Australia, Brazil, Colombia, Denmark, Estonia, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Latvia and Norway the gender difference across younger adults is wider than 5 percentage points, and in Portugal and Spain it is larger than 10 percentage points.
- 9. There is a larger proportion of young men with low qualifications compared to young women Chart 1.2 Percentage of younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with attainment below upper secondary education, by gender (2013) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 Portugal Spain Brazil Denmark Latvia Estonia Italy Iceland Greece Colombia Australia Norway Luxembourg Israel Netherlands Belgium Ireland Finland OECDaverage Canada UnitedStates France Slovenia Poland RussianFederation Sweden NewZealand Chile UnitedKingdom Hungary Germany CzechRepublic Korea SlovakRepublic Mexico Switzerland Austria Turkey Men Women%
- 10. The proportion of younger adults with tertiary education increased in all countries between 2000 and 2013 On average across OECD countries, the percentage of younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with tertiary education increased by 14 percentage points between 2000 and 2013. The increase was lowest in Finland (1 percentage point) and highest in Korea, Luxembourg and Poland (25 percentage points or more).
- 11. The proportion of younger adults with tertiary education increased in all countries between 2000 and 2013 Chart 1.4 Percentage of younger adults (25-34 year-olds) with tertiary education (2000 and 2013) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Korea Poland Luxembourg Latvia Ireland UnitedKingdom SlovakRepublic Slovenia CzechRepublic Switzerland Portugal Hungary Netherlands Australia OECDaverage Turkey Greece France Italy Estonia Denmark Norway NewZealand Sweden Austria Japan Iceland Canada Mexico Spain UnitedStates Belgium Germany Finland 2000 2013%
- 12. Chapter 2 HOW DOES EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT AFFECT PARTICIPATION IN THE LABOUR MARKET?
- 13. Employment rates increase with education in all countries On average across OECD countries the employment rate of 25-64 year-olds without an upper secondary qualification was 55%, and 83% for those with a tertiary education. For adults without an upper secondary qualification the employment rate was lower than 40% in the Slovak Republic, Hungary and Poland. For adults with a tertiary qualification the employment rate was about 90% in Austria, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and Switzerland.
- 14. Employment rates increase with education in all countries Chart 2.1 Employment rates among adults (25-64 year-olds) by educational attainment (2013) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Greece Spain Turkey Korea Italy SlovakRepublic Mexico Ireland Hungary Portugal UnitedStates Japan Canada RussianFederation OECDaverage Estonia Australia Colombia Slovenia Finland Belgium Chile France UnitedKingdom Poland Luxembourg CzechRepublic Brazil Israel Latvia NewZealand Denmark Austria Germany Netherlands Switzerland Sweden Norway Iceland Tertiary education Upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary Below upper secondary%
- 15. More tertiary educated young men are employed but more women have tertiary credentials On average across OECD countries there is a gender gap in employment even for tertiary educated young adults: 87% of tertiary-educated men are employed versus 78% of tertiary educated women. Even if employment is higher among tertiary educated men, 25-34 year-old women have consistently higher attainment rates at the tertiary level compared with men of the same age. Across OECD countries, 46% of young women have reached tertiary education while it is the case for 35% of young men.
- 16. More tertiary educated young men are employed but more women have tertiary credentials Chart 2.2 Employment rates among young adults (25-34 year-olds) with tertiary education, by gender (2013) 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 Greece Italy Korea Turkey Czech Republic Slovak Republic Spain Estonia Hungary Mexico Japan Portugal Finland OECD average Australia United States New Zealand Colombia Poland Slovenia Ireland Chile Iceland Canada United Kingdom Latvia Israel Luxembourg Denmark Austria France Germany Sweden Switzerland Belgium Brazil Norway Netherlands Russian Federation Employment Women Men 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Greece Italy Korea Turkey Czech Republic Slovak Republic Spain Estonia Hungary Mexico Japan Portugal Finland OECD average Australia United States New Zealand Colombia Poland Slovenia Ireland Chile Iceland Canada United Kingdom Latvia Israel Luxembourg Denmark Austria France Germany Sweden Switzerland Belgium Brazil Norway Netherlands Russian Federation Tertiary education attainment
- 17. Small gap in unemployment among tertiary educated men and women On average across OECD countries the gender gap in unemployment for tertiary educated young adults is very small: 7% of tertiary-educated men are unemployed versus 8% of tertiary educated women. In some countries tertiary-educated women have lower unemployment rates than men. This is the case in Canada, Estonia, France, Ireland, Japan, Korea, Luxembourg, Mexico, the Netherlands, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States.
- 18. Small gap in unemployment among tertiary educated men and women Chart 2.5 Unemployment rates among young adults (25-34 year-olds) with tertiary education, by gender (2013) 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 Turkey Portugal Greece Slovenia Colombia SlovakRepublic Poland Brazil Austria Italy Spain NewZealand CzechRepublic Hungary OECDaverage Israel Chile Belgium Latvia Australia RussianFederation Germany Denmark Finland Sweden Switzerland Mexico Japan UnitedKingdom UnitedStates Estonia Canada France Ireland Netherlands Korea Luxembourg Women Men% Data for Greece: Women= 36%; Men= 30%
- 19. The gender gap widens among young adults with low qualification Across OECD countries, the gender gap is larger for young adults without an upper secondary education compared with young adults with a tertiary qualification: 67% of young men and 43% of young women without upper secondary education are employed. The gender gap is over 40 percentage points in Colombia, Mexico and Turkey.
- 20. The gender gap widens among young adults with low qualifications Chart 2.3 Employment rates among young adults (25-34 year-olds) with attainment below upper secondary education, by gender (2013) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Portugal Spain Norway Switzerland SlovakRepublic Ireland Korea RussianFederation Netherlands Austria Iceland Belgium Denmark Germany Latvia Greece Finland OECDaverage Hungary CzechRepublic Canada Luxembourg France Estonia Australia UnitedKingdom Poland Sweden Italy UnitedStates NewZealand Brazil Slovenia Chile Israel Colombia Mexico Turkey % Women Men
- 21. Higher employment rates for vocational qualifications among upper secondary education Across OECD countries, among 25-64 year-olds with upper secondary education as highest level of education the employment rate of adults with vocational qualifications was 75% on average, while it was 69% on average for those with general qualifications. In Denmark and Germany employment rate for adults with a vocational upper secondary education is 15 percentage points or more above the employment rate for adults with a general upper secondary education.
- 22. Higher employment rates for vocational qualifications among upper secondary education Chart 2.4 Employment rates among adults (25-64 year-olds) with upper secondary education as highest level of education attained, by type of programme (2013) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Greece Spain Turkey Ireland Hungary Slovenia SlovakRepublic Luxembourg Latvia Italy France Finland Chile Estonia OECDaverage Belgium CzechRepublic RussianFederation Austria Netherlands Israel Canada Denmark Germany Australia Switzerland NewZealand Sweden Iceland % Vocational General
- 23. Chapter 3 TRANSITION FROM SCHOOL TO WORK: WHERE ARE THE 15-29 YEAR-OLDS?
- 24. Almost one in five 20-24 year-olds is NEET Among the 20-24 year-olds, about 55% were not in education of which 36% were employed, 10% unemployed and 9% not looking for a job. So, about 19% can be seen as NEET (people neither employed nor in education or training). The NEET population is over 25% in 7 countries: Colombia, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Mexico, Spain and Turkey.
- 25. Almost one in five 20-24 year-olds is NEET Chart 3.1 Distribution of 20-24 year-olds not in education, by work status (2013) 49 47 54 33 46 52 43 45 49 26 45 44 35 30 46 37 33 42 33 35 36 34 21 33 19 29 36 34 28 37 36 32 26 19 22 11 5 7 9 10 5 7 6 4 17 5 6 4 13 5 11 14 7 16 13 10 11 25 8 26 16 8 8 12 4 4 5 5 10 6 15 20 12 27 9 6 12 10 7 17 9 7 19 13 5 8 8 5 5 6 9 7 8 8 7 6 6 8 8 6 6 0 8 4 2 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 Colombia Mexico Israel Turkey UnitedKingdom Austria UnitedStates NewZealand Norway Italy Australia Canada Korea Hungary Switzerland Belgium Ireland Sweden SlovakRepublic France OECDaverage Latvia Spain Estonia Greece Portugal CzechRepublic Finland Poland Germany Netherlands Iceland Denmark Slovenia Luxembourg Employed Unemployed Inactive %
- 26. 30% of the employed 15-29 year-olds not in education are not working full time Among the 15-29 year-olds who are not in education and are working, 68% were working 35 hours or more per week. Among young adults who are working and are not in education, 40% or more are working less than 35 hours per week in Denmark, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands and Sweden.
- 27. 30% of the employed 15-29 year-olds not in education are not working full time Chart 3.4 Number of hours worked in a week, by 15-29 year-olds not in education (2013) 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 Netherlands 37 Sweden 38 Ireland 34 Finland 32 Denmark 29 Iceland 34 United Kingdom 43 Canada 43 Spain 27 Switzerland 44 Austria 45 Italy 28 France 36 OECD average 37 Belgium 38 Portugal 31 Luxembourg 36 Germany 37 Greece 24 Israel 43 Slovenia 30 Czech Republic 40 United States 39 Colombia 42 Estonia 37 Mexico 42 Australia 42 Hungary 34 Slovak Republic 37 Poland 34 Latvia 39 Turkey 32 Distribution of working hours among 15-29 year-olds not in education and employed 35+ 10-34 1-9 0 Unknown Number of hours worked in a week: Employed(%)
- 28. Find out more about our work at: www.oecd.org/edu/eag.htm www.oecd.org/edu/eag-interim-report.htm - The publication - The methodologies - The complete database Email: Andreas.Schleicher@OECD.org Twitter: SchleicherEDU and remember: Without data, you are just another person with an opinion Thank you
Hinweis der Redaktion
- Chart 1.1 Note: Data for Japan are not displayed because disaggregation between below upper secondary education and upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is not available. Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in ascending order of the proportion of 25-34 year-olds with attainment below upper secondary education. Source: OECD. Table 1.4. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 1.1 Note: Data for Japan are not displayed because disaggregation between below upper secondary education and upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is not available. Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in ascending order of the proportion of 25-34 year-olds with attainment below upper secondary education. Source: OECD. Table 1.4. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 1.2 Note: Data for Japan are not displayed because disaggregation between below upper secondary education and upper secondary or post-secondary non-tertiary level is not available. Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in descending order of the difference in the proportion of 25-34 year-old men with attainment below upper secondary education and the proportion of 25-34 year-old women with attainment below upper secondary education. Source: OECD. Table 1.4. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 1.4 Note: Data for Brazil, Columbia, Israel and the Russian Federation are not presented in this chart because data were not available for year 2000. Countries are ranked in descending order of the difference in the proportion of tertiary educated 25-34 year-olds in the year 2013 and the proportion of tertiary educated 25-34 year-olds in the year 2000. Source: OECD. Table 1.4. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 2.1 Note: Data for below upper secondary education are not available for Japan. Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in ascending order of the employment rates of 25-64 year-olds with tertiary qualifications. Source: OECD. Table 2.2. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 2.2 Note: Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in descending order of employment rates of 25-34 year-old women with tertiary qualifications. Source: OECD. Tables 1.3 and 2.2. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 2.5 Note: Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in descending order of the difference in the proportion of unemployed 25-34 year-old women with tertiary education and the proportion of unemployed 25-34 year-old men with tertiary education. Source: OECD. Table 2.4. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 2.3 Note: Data for below upper secondary education are not available for Japan. Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in descending order of the difference in the proportion of the employed 25-34 year-old men with attainment below upper secondary education the proportion of the employed 25-34 year-old women with attainment below upper secondary education. Source: OECD. Table 2.2. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 2.4 Note: Disaggregated information on vocational and general programmes is not available and it is therefore not displayed for the following countries: Brazil, Colombia, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Norway, Poland, Portugal, the United Kingdom and the United States. Data for the Russian Federation refer to 2012. Data for Chile refer to 2011. Countries are ranked in ascending order of the proportion of employed adults with an upper secondary education with vocational orientation as highest level of attainment. Source: OECD. Table 2.5. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 3.1 Note: Data for 20-24 year-olds are not available for Japan. Countries are ranked in ascending order of the proportion of 20-24 year-olds in education. Source: OECD. Table 3.3. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).
- Chart 3.4 Note: Countries for which the proportion of unknown is higher than 10% are not presented in this chart. 1. Hours worked are representing the actual number of hours worked per week, including overtime. When the actual number of hours worked per week could not be provided for a specific country, the usual hours worked were provided instead. The distribution is calculated based on the data presented in table 3.7. For example, in Turkey 32.3% of the 15-29 year-olds are not education and working and 28.0% of the 15-29 year-olds are not education and working 35 hours or more per week. The proportion shown in the graph for 35+ for Turkey is therefore 28.0% divided by 32.3% and multiplied by 100: 87%. 2. Respondents are classified as having worked zero hours if they did not work during the reference week while being in employment. 3. “Unknown” represents the 15-29 year-olds who are working and are not in education for which the information on the number of hours worked could not be collected or published. 4. For Australia, the number of actual hours worked in a week was missing. Data on usual number of hours worked in a week were available and displayed here in place of the number of actual hours worked in a week. 5. Number of hours worked per week is provided for 10-35 hours in Denmark instead of 10-34 hours. Countries are ranked in descending order of the proportion of 15-29 year-olds who are working 35 hours per week or more. Source: OECD. Table 3.7. See Annex for notes (www.oecd.org/edu.eag.htm).