It was created from many sources. Hopefully you guys enjoy

1. SHW 4401
(BIOTECHNOLOGY IN ANIMAL FEED)
TOPIC: ANTIBACTERIAL IN ANIMAL FEED
ANIS FAHANA NURMAISARAH BT BASRI 181832
NURSHAHIRAH BT SHAHIDAN 181715

3. Outline:
• What is antibacterial?
• Why do farmers use antibacterial in animal feed? (advantages)
• Why the used of anti-bacterial reduced nowadays? (disadvantages)
• How antibiotic are produce?
• What is the effect of restriction of antibacterial?
• What are the categories of anti-bacterial
• Where do antibiotics come from ?
• How’s CRISPR may help in antibiotic resistance
• What is phage therapy?
• How phage is more specificity than antibiotics?
• How’s the phage structure looks alike?
• How to consume antibiotic and probiotic at the same period.
• Research article

4. What is antibacterial?
• An antibacterial is an agent that inhibits bacterial
growth or kills bacteria
• Often used synonymously with the term antibiotics
• produced by either natural or fermentation process
• in animal feed, apply in feed or water supply

5. Why do farmers use antibacterial
in animal feed? (advantages)
• Can kill or inhibit microorganisms ( prevent and reduce
infection disease.)
• As growth promoter
• Improve performance

6. Why the used of anti-bacterial reduced
nowadays? (disadvantages)
• Give side effects to the consumer ( eg:
tetracyclines)
• Cause antibiotic resistance.
– The mechanisms
: enzymatic destruction of drug
: prevention of drug penetration
: alteration of drug’s target site
: rapid ejection of the drug.

7. There are 10 times more bacteria cells inside us
than our body cells.
Many of them are harmless or even beneficial(in
helping digestion and immunity).

8. These are some imaginations of bad bacteria
which cause harmful infections.

9. Fortunately we have amazing medicines
designed to fight bacteria infections.

10. Those medicine are synthesized chemically and
occuring naturally in living thing ( like mold )

11. These antibiotics will kill or neutralize bacteria
by
1. Interrupting cell wall synthesis
2. Or interfering will vital process (like protein
synthesis)

12. • Deployment of antibiotics over 20th century
cause previous dangerous deseases easily
treatable
• But today, more of our antibiotics become less
effective.

13. The problem is not with the antibiotics but the
bacteria they were made to fight.
These bacteria had undergo mutation randomly.
Many of these mutation are harmful and useless.

14. • For bacterium, mutation making it resistant to a
certain antibiotic.
• But non-resistant bacteria also exist at the same
time, and this bacteria are killed off for sure.

15. • As the non-resistant bacteria killed off, which
happen quickly in antibiotic-rich environment (like
hospitals).
• There is more room and resources for the
resistant ones to thrive.

16. How the infection is spread out between the
bacteria?
1. Through reproduction(binary fission)
2. Once a bacteria is death it will passed the ‘bad’
DNA to another bacteria.
3. Conjugation method (connecting through pili to
share their genes)

17. This is salmonella (super bacteria). Produce enzyme
like beta-lactams, that breakdown antibiotic
attackers before they can do any damage.

18. This is E. coli. Can cause diarrhea and kidney failure.
Can also prevent function of antibiotics ( by actively
booting any invaders that manage to enter the cell)

19. To overcome those problem, scientist come out
with “phage therapy” by using vaccine to prevent
infection.

20. How antibiotic
are produce?
Nature
Fermentation
most of antibiotics occur in nature, but
quantities not necessary for large-scale
production
- culture
- Fermentation
- isolation & purification
- Refining

23. - Before fermentation, choose desired antibiotic that producing by organism.
- Need to increase the population – culture the sample inside of flask which
contain nutrients for growth.
- After 24-28 hr, transfer to fermentation tanks
- Fermentation tank is able to hold about 30,000 gallons.
- It is filled with the same growth environment for growth - keep the temperature
between 73-81° F (23-27.2 ° C) Since pH control is vital for optimal growth,
acids or bases are added to the tank as necessary.
- microorganisms are grow and multiply. During this process, they excrete large
quantities of the desired antibiotic.
- After 3-5 days, the maximum amount of antibiotic produced - isolation process
begin
- Purification method depend on type of antibiotic produce ( either ion-exchange
or solvent extraction method )
-purified powdered form of the antibiotic is produced , which can be further
refined into different product types
- They can be sold in form of solutions, in pill or gel capsule form and as
powders
Culture
Fermentation
Isolation &
purification
Refining

24. What is the effect of restriction of antibacterial?
• In poultry
- Discontinuance use of penicillin in poultry feeds would have little effect,
because this antibiotic is not used extensively
- Penicillin - treatment of erysipelas in turkeys
- elimination use of higher levels of tetracycline ,
-would create problems in the control of bacterial diseases in
young chickens and turkeys
-in maintaining optimum performance of laying hens
*lead to increased cost of medication

25. • In swine
- Eliminate of antibiotic as feed additive will effect weaning
age ↑, breeding herd efficiency ↓, productivity ↓
• In ruminants
- tetracycline to prevent certain disease problems (bacteria
enteritis, pneumonia, heartwater )
- Disease problems and carcass condemnations would increase,
and therapeutic use of antibiotics would increase

26. What are the categories of anti-
bacterial
• Antibiotics
Antimicrobial drugs produced by
microorganisms
• Synthetic drugs
Antimicrobial drugs synthesized in the lab

27. Where do antibiotics come from ?
• Several species of fungi including Penicillium
and Cephalosporium
• Species of actinomycetes
• Many from species of Streptomyces.
• Also from Bacillus
• A few from myxobacteria.

28. How’s CRISPR may help in antibiotic
resistance
ELIGOBIOTICS
-It is new smart drug that attack harmful bacteria precisely.
-it’s can fight with antibiotic resistant diseases
-eligobiotics can precisely intervene (alter) on the microbiome
(community of microbes) ;which is means targetting specific bacteria
for interventions of our choice
-we can adress the cause and the symptoms of bacteria associated
diseases
-CRISPR role : scan the bacteria & deliver the precise cut to its genetic
code to wipe it out completely.
-eligobiotics can be taken as pill instead of by injections.
(this is summary from the video)

29. What is Phage therapy?
• Is the use of viruses as biocontrol agents to combat
pathogenic bacteria.
• Phage therapy have higher specificity than antibiotics.
• However, in 1928 human more prefer to consume antibiotic
instead of phage due easy manufacture the antibiotic
• Example:
BACTERIOPHAGE :bacteriophage is a virus a.k.a bacteria eater,
function to attack and destroy bacteria.

30. How phage is more specificity than
antibiotics?
• Phages are engineered to encode the cas9-nuclease, trans-
activating RNA (tracRNA) and genome targeting CRISPR RNA
• Then, this phage only target resistant bacteria
• Thus, converting resistant pathogenic bacteria into non-
resistant

31. How’s the phage structure looks alike?
Have 6 legs or filaments
which attach them to
bacteria.
The tail work like a
hyperdermic syringe
which injects the gene
inside the bacteria
Head where
DNA stored

32. • Antibiotic
– kills bacteria
• Probiotic
- Microorganism that have a beneficial effect on the
intestinal microbial balance
- Advantages of Probiotic
- Stimulate immune system
- Improve feed intake and digestion
- Maintain normal intestinal microbial
How to consume antibiotic and
probiotic at the same period.

33. • Antibiotics are important – when get have a bacterial
infection
• side effects - including diarrhea, liver disease and changes to
the gut microbiota
• Taking probiotics during and after a course of antibiotics can
help reduce the risk of diarrhea and restore gut microbiota
• eating high-fibre foods, fermented foods and prebiotic foods
after taking antibiotics may also help re-establish a healthy
gut microbiota

34. • Must waiting 1 or 2 hours after taking antibiotics before
taking your probiotics
• After 1 or 2 hours, the antibiotics will have passed through
the body, and at this stage it is safe to take a probiotic without
worrying about the natural bacteria being destroyed
• Example (human) : yogurt, kefir, dark chocolate, tempeh
• Example (animal) : use microorganism as probiotic,
aspergillus, bacillus, lactobacillus

35. Research Article

36. Objective:
1. to identify the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance patterns of E. coli
and Salmonella enterica subsp. in Canadian domestic rabbits kept in a
variety of settings (farm, laboratory, companion, and shelter)
2. to evaluate the association of AMR with antimicrobial use in commercial
meat rabbits
Sampling of faecal material:
1. Commercial meat rabbit from weanling and adult commercial taken
during summer and winter (n=100, 27 farm)
2. Companion rabbit (n=53)
3. Research/ laboratory rabbit (n=14, 8 laboratory facilities)
4. Shelter rabbit (n=15, 4 shelter)
Total sample = 182 sample

37. Result:
• 17 of 23 (73.91%) farms reported using at least one antimicrobial
routinely in feed (16/23) or water (1/23) for all animal age groups
• 11 of 17 farms (64.7%) also routinely use antimicrobials to new
animals brought onto farm
• The majority (12/17, 70.59%) of farms that reported routinely using
antimicrobials at least two different antimicrobials in combination
• Antimicrobials were not used routinely in laboratory rabbits
• In total, 314 E. coli were identified from 182 faecal samples

38. • E. coli was more prevalent in samples of commercial farms and
shelters than companion animals
• less prevalent in samples from companion animals than laboratory
animals
• prevalence of E. coli were differed when comparing animal age
group by season. Prevalence of E. coli was greater in does in
summer compared to winter
• 3 of S. enterica subsp. were identified in fecal samples from farmed
rabbits
- S. enteric serovar London also were identified in two pooled summer
samples taken from each of growers and does from the same farm
- S. Kentucky was also identified in one pooled summer sample taken
from does on a different farm

39. • at least one antimicrobial will resistance to at least one
E. coli per facility
• higher in both farmed and laboratory rabbit samples
than in companion animal samples
• Resistance to tetracycline was most frequently observed

40. Discussion
• E. coli majority found in farmed, laboratory, and shelter rabbit faecal
samples and only few in companion rabbit
• higher E. coli observed in farmed meat rabbits compared to companion
rabbits (environmental, housing and feed factors)
• Commercially farmed rabbits kept in high density housing and fed pelleted
diets(high in protein, carbohydrate and low in fibre) which can predispose
to E. coli proliferation (Bennegadi et al., 2001; Carrilho et al., 2009)
• high prevalence of E. coli in laboratory rabbits may be attributable to
higher density rearing and laboratory housing conditions, limited dietary
fibre
• shelter animals- the increased stress and higher density of a shelter
environment, combined with mixing of animals of unknown health status,
and a predominantly pelleted diet

41. Research paper

42. • Purpose: To describe the current standards of
care and major recent advances with regard to
antimicrobial resist- ance (AMR) and to give a
prospective overview for the next 30 years in
this field
• Result :some promising antibiotics currently in
phase 2 and 3 of development will soon be
licensed and utilized in ICU

45. References:
• Kylie, J., McEwen, S.A., Boerlin, P., Reid-Smith, R.J., Weese, J.S. and
Turner, P.V., 2017. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in
fecal Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica in Canadian
commercial meat, companion, laboratory, and shelter rabbits
(Oryctolagus cuniculus) and its association with routine
antimicrobial use in commercial meat rabbits. Preventive
veterinary medicine, 147, pp.53-57.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK216502/
• http://www.bmj.com/bmj/section-
pdf/724777?path=/bmj/347/7917/Head_to_Head.full.pdf
• http://www.sustainabletable.org/257/antibiotics
• https://www1.udel.edu/chem/C465/senior/fall97/feed/present.html