HYBRID SEED PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF SOYBEAM

1. BLACK GRAMSOYBEAN

2. • Introduction
• Uses of Soybean
• Area, Production & Productivity
• Land preparation
• Source of seed
• Fertilizer
• Seed treatment
• Seed rate
• Sowing & spacing
AGENDA

3. AGENDA
• Anthesis and flowering
• Flower morphology
• Emasculation & Pollination
• Hybrid seed production
• Pest and Diseases
• Harvesting
• Seed standards & Field
standards
• New hybrids & varieties
• Recent work

4. • Soybean is the major legume crop of the world in terms of total
production
• Soybean is an important global crop and processed soybean is
the largest source of protein feed and second largest source of
vegetable oil in the world
INTRODUCTION
Glycine max China
Legumninoseae/
Fabaceae
Chromosome
Number
OriginScientific Name Family
2n = 40

5. Life Cycle of
Soya bean

6. Uses of Soybean
 Food for Humans - Soybean oil is used in cooking and frying foods.
 Food for Animals - The high-protein fiber is toasted and prepared
into animal feed for poultry, pork, cattle, other farm animals and
pets.
 Biodiesel — biodiesel fuel for diesel engines are produced from
soybean oil by a simple process called transesterification
 Bio composites are building materials made from recycled
newspaper and soybeans
 Candles made with soybean oil burn longer but with less smoke and
soot
 Soy based foams are currently being developed for use in coolers,
refrigerators, automotive interiors and even footwear.

7. Structure of
Soya bean

8. Area, Production & Productivity
Country Avg. Area (lakh
ha)
Avg. Production
(lakh tonnes)
Avg. Yield
(Kg/ha)
USA
324.01 1010.74 3119
Brazil
310.22 918.00 2959
Argentina
194.30 558.35 2874
China
68.33 120.83 1768
India* 114.92 103.27 899
Paraguay
32.00 87.45 2733
Canada
20.87 58.29 2794
Ukraine
17.64 35.35 2004
Uruguay
11.77 28.30 2405
Russia
17.38 22.35 1286
Others
54.24 98.32 1813
World
1164.84 3030.62 2602
Source: FAO/USDA. *As per the estimates of DES, DAC&FW

9. Area, Production & Productivity
State Avg. Area
(lakh ha)
Avg.
Production
(lakh
tonnes)
Avg. Yield
(Kg/ha)
MP 59.32 54.99 927
Maharashtr
a
37.05 31.14 840
Rajasthan 11.02 9.76 886
Telangana 2.42 2.56 1058
Karnataka 2.41 2.12 880
Others 3.58 3.56 993
All India 114.92 103.27 899

10. Area, Production & Productivity
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
1970-71 1980-81 1990-91 2000-01 2010-11 2015-16
Area in million ha
Production in million tonnes
Yield in qtl/ha

11. LAND PREPARATION
MANUAL LAND PREPARATION : Machetes &
hoes
MECHANIZED LAND PREPARATION : Use of
tractors and animal traction
MINIMUM/ZERO TILLAGE : Application of
glyphosate at rate of 3-5l/ha
Three Main Methods

12. Source of seed
 Proper class of seed should be used for seed
production
 The breeder seed should be used for
foundation seed and foundation seed should
be used for certified seed

13. Fertilizer
Application
 Apply 20 kg N and 80 kg P2O5 and 40 kg
K2O and 40 kg of S as gypsum (220
kg/ha) /ha as basal dressing
 Soil application of 25 kg ZnSO4/ha under
irrigated condition
 Foliar spray of NAA 40 mg/l and Salicylic
acid 100 mg/l once at pre-flowering and
another at 15 days thereafter
 Foliar spray of DAP 20 g/l or urea 20 g/l
once at flowering and another at 15 days
thereafter

14. Seed treatment
• Slurry treat with carbendazim @ 2g kg-1 of
seed along with carbaryl @ 200 mg kg-1 of
seed.
(or)
• Treat the seeds with Carbendezim or Thiram
@ 2g/kg of seed 24hrs before sowing or with
talc formulation of Trichoderma viride @ 4
g/kg seed (or) Pseudomonas fluorescens @ 10
g/kg seed. Biocontrol agents are compatible
with biofertilizers. First treat the seeds with
biocontrol agents and then with Rhizobium.

15. Seed rate
 Seed rate of soybean depends upon germination
percentage, seed size and sowing time.
 If seed is of 80 per cent germination, 70-80 kg seed per
hectare is required.
 For late planting and for spring crop, seed rate should be
100-120 kg per hectare

16. Sowing & spacing
• Dibble or drill the seeds.
• The seed should be placed at a depth of 3/5 cm. The
shallower depths are recommended for heavy and/or
wet soils and deeper depth are chosen for dry/light soils.
• This should be followed by inoculation with rhizobium
culture. The seed plot is sown with a cleaned seed drill in
rows 45 cm apart.
• A gap of 1 m is kept after every 18-20 rows for inspection
of the plants.

17. Anthesis & flowering
Starts in morning around 6 am and
continues till 11 am
Maximum flower opening – 11am
to 5pm

18. Anthesis & flowering
• Soybean has perfect flower consisting of calyx, corolla,
pistil and stamens
• The corolla begins to emerge from the sepals
• There ate five petals one standard, two keel and two
wing petals
• The keel petals encloses the pistal and the stamen which
are 10 in number & diadelphous, nine are united to form
a tube around the ovary and the tenth is free

19. Anthesis & flowering
• The pistal has single ovary with generally 2 or 3
ovulues a long style and stigma
• The stigma is hairy and covered by the keel
• Fruit is a legume

20. Flower Morphology

21. Flower Morphology

22. Growth Stages

23. Growth Stages

24. Growth Stages

25. Growth Stages

26. Steps for
Emasculation
• Select the inflorescence containing young buds
for emasculation
• Remove immature buds
• Remove the corolla by grasping with a forceps
above the calyx scar and lifting them upward
• Remove all the diadelphous stamens with the
help of forceps or needle

27. Steps for
Emasculation

28. Steps for
Pollination
• Pollination is done in the next morning
• Collect all the pollen from the male parent by
removing organs with the forceps when Anthers
are gently brushed on the stigma until the pollen
is clearly
• Bag the pollinated inflorescence

29. Hybrid seed
production
• An efficient method of
producing hybrid F 1 soybean seeds is provided.
• A male sterile female parent line having a male
sterile gene linked to a herbicide resistance gene
is crossed with another male
fertile soybean variety to produce hybrid
soybean seeds.
Cytoplasmic - genetic male sterility

30. Pest

31. Diseases
• Occurs on leaves of the soybean
 Small angular spots
 Appear yellow at first
 Later turn to brown to black
 Diseased leaves eventually die and fall
• Spots can spread from leaves to stem and
pods
• Can spread rapidly in a field
• Bacteria are seed borne

32. Harvesting
• Soybean seed is harvested using a combine to separate
the seed from the point
• The seed is hauled from the field in a truck or wagon
• The seed pods must be dry enough for the combine to
separate the seed from the pod
• If there has a heavy dew or
rains the pods may take
several hours to dry out
enough to harvet

33. New hybrids & varieties
S.No
.
State Varieties
1 MP JS-95-60, JS-97-52, JS-93-05, JS-
335, MACS-1188, MACS-1281,
NRC-7, , NRC-37, NRC-86
2 Maharashtra MAUS-81, MAUS-61-2, MACS-
450,MACS-1188, MACS-1281, JS-
335, KDS-344, RKS-18
3 Rajasthan RKS-45, JS-335, JS-93-05, JS-95-
60
4 Karnataka MAUS-2, RKS-18, DSb-1, DSb-21,
JS-93-05, JS-335
5 Telangana JS-335

34. Seed & Field
standards

35. Recent Work
• Karpo R2* : It is a new high-yielding RR2 soybean for
the early-mid soybean zone with 00.2 relative maturity.
Karpo R2* has excellent tolerance to white mould, and
is a tall plant with a great look.
• Lassa R2X : It is a new roundup ready 2 Xtend soybean
worth excellent yield, white mould rating and soybean
cyst nematode resistance. Lassa R2X is a 000.9 relative
maturity bean making it a great fit in the very early
soybean zones

36. THANK
YOU