power generation by railway track

1. 1
A Thesis on
Power Generation from Railway Track
Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of
Of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
Degree
In
Mechanical Engineering
Under the Supervision of
Mr. Aditya Mishra
By
Alok Singh Sisodiya (K10510)
Shakti Sharma (K10210)
Satyanarayan Rathore (K10217)
To
Career Point University, Kota
May, 2016

2. 2
Certificate
This is to certify that Report entitled “Power Generation from Railway Track” which
is submitted by Alok Singh Sisodiya (K10510) Shakti Sharma (K10210)
Satyanarayan Rathore (K10217) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award
of degree B.Tech. In Mechanical Engineering to Career Point University , Kota is a
record of the candidate’s own work carried out by him under my supervision. The matter
embodied in this report is original and has not been submitted for the award of any other
degree anywhere else.
Date: Supervisor

3. 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to express our heartfelt gratitude to our guide Assistant Professor Mr.
Aditya mishra, Department of B.Tech Mechanical Engineering for his valuable time and
guidance that made the project work a success. They have inspired us such a spirit of
devotion, precision and unbiased observation, which is essentially a corner stone of
technical study.
We are highly grateful to Ms Nikita Jain, Head of the Department of. B.Tech Mechanical
Engineering and our Guide Mr.Aditya mishra, Assistant Professor in Department of
B.Tech Mechanical Engineering, for their kind support for the project work. We thank all
our friends and all those who have helped us carrying out this work directly or indirectly
without whom completion of this project work was not possible.
We would also like to sincerely thank Vice-chancellor of Career Point University for
giving us a platform to carry out the project.
Sincerely yours,
Alok Singh Sisodiya (K10510)
Shakti Sharma (K10210)
Satyanarayan Rathore (K10217)

4. 4
ABSTRACT
An efficient electromagnetic energy harvester featured with mechanical motion rectifier
(MMR) is designed to recover energy from the vibration-like railroad track deflections
induced by passing trains. Trackside electrical infrastructures for safety and monitoring
typically require a power supply of 10-100 Watts, such as warning signals, switches, and
health monitoring systems, while typical existing vibration energy harvester technologies
can only harvest sub-watts or mill watts power. The proposed harvester is designed to
power major track-side accessories and possibly make railroad independent from national
grid. To achieve such a goal we implement the MMR, a patented motion conversion
mechanism which transforms pulse-like bidirectional linear vibration into unidirectional
rotational motion at a high efficiency. The single-shaft MMR design further improved
our previously developed motion mechanism, increased energy harvester efficiency and
expanded power harvesting potential. The proposed new design improved reliability,
efficiency, and provided steadier power output. Bench test of the harvester prototype
illustrated the advantages of the MMR based harvester, including up to 71% mechanical
efficiency and large power output.

5. 5
Contents
CERTIFICATE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS III
ABSTRACT I2
LIST OF FIGURES 3I
LIST OF FLOWCHARTS 7
LIST OF ACRONYMS IX
1. INTRODUCTION
2. COMPONENTS
2.1 Dynamo
2.2 Bride Recirifire
2.3 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
2.4 Switch
2.5 Resistors
2.6 Condensers/Capacitors
2.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
2.7.1 Testing an LED
2.7 Switch

6. 6
2.9Transistors
2.10NPN Transistor
2.11 PNP Transistor
2.12Batteries
2.13Speakers
2.14 ICs (Integrated Circuits
3 Process
3.1 SOLDERING INSTRUCTIONS
3.2 Tips for de-soldering
4 Working
5. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 SUMMARY
5.2 CONCLUSION
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
REFERENCES
ANNEXURE

7. 7
List of Figures
Figure 2.1 Resistors
Figure 2.2 Capacitor
Figure 2.3 Unpolorised Capacitor
Figure 2.4 Diode
Figure 2.5 LED
Figure 2.6 LED Colorful
Figure 2.7 Switches
Figure 2.8 Transistors
Figure 2.9 PNP Transistors
Figure 2.10 NPN Transistors
Figure 2.11 Batteries
Figure 2.12 IC Circuit
Figure 3.1 Connection 1
Figure 3.2 Connection 2
Figure 4.1 Block Diagram
Figure 4.2 Block

8. 8
List Of Table
Table 2.1
List of Acronyms
LDR Light Depend Resistance
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode

9. 9
1.INTRODUCTION
Rail transportation systems, including freight train, commuter rail and subways, play an
important role in people’s daily life and also provide substantial supports for the
economy. Track-side electric infrastructures are essential for the operation of modern
railroad systems. To make informed decisions and provide safe quality service, railroad
systems rely on track-side electric infrastructures. Warning and signal lights, track
switches, grade crossing signals, track-health monitoring systems, wireless
communication access points, positive train control systems, and etc. reliable and low-
maintenance power supplies are essential prerequisites. Unfortunately, railroad tracks
often exist in remote areas or certain underground regions in which there is little
electrical infrastructure. In these regions, installment of equipment such as warning signal
lights, wireless sensors for railway track monitoring, bridge monitoring, and train
positioning have limited practical deployment due to the lack of a reliable power supply
or low-maintenance battery. Some regions still only use railroad crossing signs at grade
crossings and do not implement flashing lights, moving gates, or whistles. In response to
the growing need for electronically powered trackside devices, it is worthwhile to design
a cost-effective and reliable power supply solution for track-side devices. When a moving
train passes over the track, the track deflects vertically responding to the load exerted by
the train's bogies. The majority of currently existing railway energy harvesting
technologies utilizes the peak-valley nature of the motion and focusing on piezoelectric
and electromagnetic harvesters. Many of these technologies harvest energy in the mill
watt or sub watt range, largely for wireless sensor applications. The technologies include:
tuned vibration harvesters by a British company Perpetual Ltd , coils the at induce
induction currents through passing wheels developed by Zahid F. Main, and basic
piezoelectric and electromagnetic solutions as studied by Nelson et al. At the time,
Nelson et al also looked into motion driven electromagnetic harvesters. Their first

10. 10
prototype produced 0.22 Watts in field test results for a loaded train passing at 11.5 mph.
If the oscillating vertical motion of the track can be directly used to engage and drive a
mechanical energy harvester, the power potential is enormous. The regeneration of power
can be stored and used by trackside accessories. However, there are various challenges.
Firstly, track only oscillates in small displacement in comparison to the amount of power
consumed by track-side equipment. Moreover, another major issues prevalent in
harvesting energy from railroad tracks were usually the irregular pulse-like nature of
railroad track vibrations and low amplitude of displacement of the railroad track . Motion
driven electromagnetic harvester seemed to have the most promise in dealing with these
issues because motion amplification or rectifiers can be designed to directly deal with
these issues. Otherwise, one would rely heavily on electric signal processing and
rectification . Although simple induction, piezoelectric, and tuned mass energy solutions
are viable and effective for low-power sensor applications, the focus of our studies aims
toward efficiently harvesting a larger amount of power from the rail. We intend to power
the track side equipment which has power ratings of up to 100 Watts, including safety
light, warning devices, and possibly even switching devices and crossing gates if
combined with power storage systems. To accomplish this goal, a motion driven
electromagnetic based harvester would be more appropriate.

11. 11
2. Components
2.1 Dynamo
An electrical generator is a device that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy,
generally using electromagnetic induction. The source of mechanical energy may be a
reciprocating or turbine steam engine, water falling through a turbine or waterwheel, an
internal combustion engine, a wind turbine, a hand crank, or any other source of
mechanical energy.
2.2 Bride Recirifire
A bridge rectifier makes use of four diodes in a bridge arrangement to achieve full-wave
rectification. This is a widely used configuration, both with individual diodes wired as
shown and with single component bridges where the diode bridge is wired internally, it is
used here to convert any polarity to required polarity
2.3 LEDs (Light Emitting Diodes)
LEDs are simply diodes that emit light of one form or another. They are used as
indicator devices. Example: LED lit equals machine on. The general purpose silicon
diode emits excess energy in the form of heat when conducting current. If a different
semiconductor material such as gallium, arsenide phosphide is used, the excess energy
can be released at a lower wavelength visible to human eye. This is the composition of
LED. They come in several sizes and colors. Some even emit Infrared Light which
cannot be seen by the human eye.
2.4 Switch
This is a mechanical part which when pressed makes the current to flow through

12. 12
It. If the switch is released the current stops flowing through it. This helps to control a
circuit.
A rechargeable battery or storage battery is a group of one or more
electrochemical cells. They are known as secondary cells because their electrochemical
reactions are electrically reversible. Rechargeable batteries come in many different
shapes and sizes, ranging anything from a button cell to megawatt systems connected to
stabilize an electrical distribution network. Several different combinations of chemicals
are commonly used, including: lead-acid, nickel cadmium (NiCd), nickel metal hydride
(NiMH), lithium ion (Li-ion), and lithium ion polymer (Li-ion polymer).
Rechargeable batteries have lower total cost of use and environmental impact than
disposable batteries. Some rechargeable battery types are available in the same sizes as
disposable types. Rechargeable batteries have higher initial cost, but can be recharged
very cheaply and used many times.
2.5 Resistors
This is the most common component in electronics. It is used mainly to
control current and voltage within the circuit. You can identify a simple
resistor by its simple cigar shape with a wire lead coming out of each end. It
uses a system of color coded bands to identify the value of the component
(measured in Ohms) *A surface mount resistor is in fact mere millimeters in
size but performs the same function as its bigger brother, the simple
assistor. A potentiometer is a variable resistor. It lets you vary the resistance
with a dial or sliding control in order to alter current or voltage on the fly.
This is opposed to the “fixed” simple resistors.

13. 13
Resistor values - the resistor color code
Resistance is measured in ohms, the symbol for ohm is an omega .
1 is quite small so resistor values are often given in k and M .
1 k = 1000 1 M = 1000000 .
Resistor values are normally shown using coloured bands.
Each color represents a number as shown in the table.
Most resistors have 4 bands:
• The first band gives the first digit.
• The second band gives the second digit.
• The third band indicates the number of zeros.
• The fourth band is used to shows the tolerance (precision) of the resistor, this
may be ignored for almost all circuits but further details are given below.
Figure 2.1 Resistor
This resistor has red (2), violet (7), yellow (4 zeros) and gold bands.
So its value is 270000 = 270 k .
On circuit diagrams the is usually omitted and the value is written
270K.
Small value resistors (less than 10 ohm)
The standard colour code cannot show values of less than 10 . To show
these small values two special colours are used for the third

14. 14
band:gold which means × 0.1 and silver which means × 0.01. The first
and second bands represent the digits as normal.
For example:
red, violet, gold bands represent 27 × 0.1 = 2.7
blue, green, silver bands represent 56 × 0.01 = 0.56
Tolerance of resistors (fourth band of colour code)
The tolerance of a resistor is shown by the fourth band of the colour
code. Tolerance is the precision of the resistor and it is given as a
percentage. For example a 390 resistor with a tolerance of ±10% will
have a value within 10% of 390 , between 390 - 39 = 351 and 390 +
39 = 429 (39 is 10% of 390).
A special colour code is used for the fourth band tolerance:
silver ±10%, gold ±5%, red ±2%, brown ±1%.
If no fourth band is shown the tolerance is ±20%.
Tolerance may be ignored for almost all circuits because precise resistor
values are rarely required.

15. 15
Resistor values - the resistor colour code
Table 2.1
2.6 Condensers/Capacitors:
Capacitors, or "caps", vary in size and shape - from a small surface mount model
up to a huge electric motor cap the size of a paint can. It storages electrical
energy in the form of electrostatic charge. The size of a capacitor generally
determines how much charge it can store. A small surface mount or ceramic cap
will only hold a minuscule charge. A cylindrical electrolytic cap will store a much
larger charge. Some of the large electrolytic caps can store enough charge to kill
a person. Another type, called Tantalum Capacitors, store a larger charge in a
smaller package.
This is a measure of a capacitor's ability to store charge. A large
capacitance means that more charge can be stored. Capacitance is
measured in farads, symbol F. However 1F is very large, so prefixes are
used to show the smaller values.
The Resistor
Colour Code
Colour Number
Black 0
Brown 1
Red 2
Orange 3
Yellow 4
Green 5
Blue 6
Violet 7
Grey 8
White 9

16. 16
Three prefixes (multipliers) are used, µ (micro), n (nano) and p (pico):
• µ means 10-6
(millionth), so 1000000µF = 1F
• n means 10-9
(thousand-millionth), so 1000nF = 1µF
• p means 10-12
(million-millionth), so 1000pF = 1nF
Capacitor values can be very difficult to find because there are many
types of capacitor with different labelling systems!
There are many types of capacitor but they can be split into two
groups, polarised and unpolarised. Each group has its own circuit symbol.
Polarized capacitors (large values, 1µF +)
Figure 2.2 Capacitors
Examples: Circuit symbol:
Electrolytic Capacitors
Electrolytic capacitors are polarized and they must be connected the
correct way round, at least one of their leads will be marked + or -.
They are not damaged by heat when soldering.
There are two designs of electrolytic capacitors; axial where the leads
are attached to each end (220µF in picture) and radial where both leads
are at the same end (10µF in picture). Radial capacitors tend to be a
little smaller and they stand upright on the circuit board.
It is easy to find the value of electrolytic capacitors because they are

17. 17
clearly printed with their capacitance and voltage rating. The voltage
rating can be quite low (6V for example) and it should always be
checked when selecting an electrolytic capacitor. It the project parts list
does not specify a voltage, choose a capacitor with a rating which is
greater than the project's power supply voltage. 25V is a sensible
minimum for most battery circuits.
Tantalum Bead Capacitors
Tantalum bead capacitors are polarized and have low voltage ratings
like electrolytic capacitors. They are expensive but very small, so they
are used where a large capacitance is needed in a small size.
Modern tantalum bead capacitors are printed with their capacitance and
voltage in full. However older ones use a colour-code system which has
two stripes (for the two digits) and a spot of colour for the number of
zeros to give the value in µF. The standard colour code is used, but for
the spot, grey is used to mean × 0.01 and white means × 0.1 so that
values of less than 10µF can be shown. A third colour stripe near the
leads shows the voltage (yellow 6.3V, black 10V, green 16V, blue 20V,
grey 25V, white 30V, pink 35V).
For example: blue, grey, black spot means 68µF
For example: blue, grey, white spot means 6.8µF

18. 18
For example: blue, grey, grey spot means 0.68µF
Unpolarised capacitors (small values, up to 1µF)
Figure 2.3 Unpolarised Capacitors
Examples: Circuit symbol:
Small value capacitors are unpolarised and may be connected either
way round. They are not damaged by heat when soldering, except for
one unusual type (polystyrene). They have high voltage ratings of at
least 50V, usually 250V or so. It can be difficult to find the values of
these small capacitors because there are many types of them and
several different labelling systems!
Many small value capacitors have their value printed but without a
multiplier, so you need to use experience to work out what the multiplier
should be!
For example 0.1 means 0.1µF = 100nF.
Sometimes the multiplier is used in place of the decimal point:
For example: 4n7 means 4.7nF.
Capacitor Number Code
A number code is often used on small capacitors where printing is
difficult:

19. 19
• the 1st number is the 1st digit,
• the 2nd number is the 2nd digit,
• the 3rd number is the number of zeros to give the capacitance in pF.
• Ignore any letters - they just indicate tolerance and voltage rating.
For example: 102 means 1000pF = 1nF (not 102pF!)
For example: 472J means 4700pF = 4.7nF (J means 5% tolerance).
Diodes:
Figure 2.4
Diodes are basically a one-way valve for electrical current. They let it flow in one
direction (from positive to negative) and not in the other direction. This is used to
perform rectification or conversion of AC current to DC by clipping off the negative
portion of a AC waveform. The diode terminals are cathode and anode and the
arrow inside the diode symbol points towards the cathode, indicating current flow
in that direction when the diode is forward biased and conducting current. Most
diodes are similar in appearance to a resistor and will have a painted line on one
end showing the direction or flow (white side is negative). If the negative side is
on the negative end of the circuit, current will flow. If the negative is on the ositive
side of the circuit no current will flow.
2.7 Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)
Example: Circuit symbol:
Fig 2.5 LED

20. 20
Function
LEDs emit light when an electric current passes through them.
Connecting and soldering
LEDs must be connected the correct way round, the diagram may be
labelled a or + for anode and k or - for cathode (yes, it really is k, not c,
for cathode!). The cathode is the short lead and there may be a slight flat
on the body of round LEDs. If you can see inside the LED the cathode is
the larger electrode (but this is not an official identification method).
LEDs can be damaged by heat when soldering, but the risk is small
unless you are very slow. No special precautions are needed for
soldering most LEDs.
2.7.1 Testing an LED
Never connect an LED directly to a battery or power supply!
It will be destroyed almost instantly because too much current will pass
through and burn it out.
LEDs must have a resistor in series to limit the current to a safe value,
for quick testing purposes a 1k resistor is suitable for most LEDs if your
supply voltage is 12V or less. Remember to connect the LED the
correct way round!
Colours of LEDs

21. 21
LEDs are available in red, orange, amber, yellow, green, blue and white. Blue and white
LEDs are much more expensive than the other colours.
The colour of an LED is determined by the semiconductor material, not by the colouring
of the 'package' (the plastic body). LEDs of all colours are available in uncoloured
packages which may be diffused (milky) or clear (often described as 'water clear'). The
coloured packages are also available as diffused (the standard type) or transparent.
Fig 2.6
2.8 Switch

22. 22
Fig 2.7
This is a mechanical part which when pressed makes the current to flow through
it. If the switch is released the current stops flowing through it. This helps to
control a circuit.
2.9 Transistors
Fig 2.8
The transistor performs two basic functions. 1) It acts as a switch turning current
on and off. 2) It acts as a amplifier. This makes an output signal that is a
magnified version of the input signal. Transistors come in several sizes depending

23. 23
on their application. It can be a big power transistor such as is used in
power applifiers in your stereo, down to a surface mount (SMT) and even down
to .5 microns wide (I.E.: Mucho Small!) such as in a microprocessor or Integrated
Circuit.
2.10NPN Transistor:
Bipolar junction perform the function of amplifications where
Fig 2.9
a small varying voltage or current applied to the base (the lead on the left
side of the symbol) is proportionately replicated by a much larger voltage or
current between the collector and emitter leads. Bipolar junction refers to
sandwich construction of the semiconductor, where a wedge of "P" material is
placed between two wedges of "N" material. In this NPN construction a small
base current controls the larger current flowing from collector to emitter (the lead
with the arrow).

24. 24
2.11 PNP Transistor
Fig 2.10
Similar to NPN transistors, PNP's have a wedge of "N" material
between two wedges of "P" material. In this design, a base current regulates the
larger current flowing from emitter to collector, as indicated by the direction of the
arrow on the emitter lead. In CED players, PNP transistors are used less
frequently that the NPN type for amplification functions.
2.12Batteries

25. 25
Fig 2.11
Symbol of batteries shows +ve terminal by a longer line than the –ve terminal.
For low power circuit dry batteries are used.
2.13Speakers:
Fig 2.12
These convert electrical signals to accoustic viberations. It comprises a permanent
magnet and a moving coil (through which electrical signal is passed). This moving coil is
fixed to the diaphram which vibrates to produce sound

26. 26
fig 2.13
2.14 ICs (Integrated Circuits):
Integrated Circuits, or ICs, are complex circuits inside one simple package. Silicon and
metals are used to simulate resistors, capacitors, transistors, etc. It is a space saving
miracle. These components come in a wide variety of packages and sizes.
You can tell them by their "monolithic shape" that has a ton of "pins" coming out Of
them. Their applications are as varied as their packages. It can be a simple Timer, to a
complex logic circuit, or even a microcontroller (microprocessor with a Few added
functions) with erasable memory built inside.
3 Process
3.1 SOLDERING INSTRUCTIONS
Cleaning for soldering:
1. Ensure that parts to be soldered and the PCB are clean and free from dirt or
grease.
2. Use isopropyl alcohol with the help of non-static bristol brush for

27. 27
cleaning.
3. Use lint-free muslin cloth for wiping or alternatively use mild soap
solution followed by thorough rinsing with water and drying.
1.2 Tips for good Soldering:
1. Use 15 to 25 watt soldering iron for general work involving small
joints and for CMOS IC’s, FETS and ASIC’S use temprature controlled
soldering station ensuring that the tip temperature is maintained
within 330-350 deg. centigrade.
2. For bigger joints use elevated temperature as per job.
3. Before using a new tip, ensure that it is tinned and before applying
the tip to the job, wipe it using a wet sponge.
4. Use 60 : 40 (tin : lead) resin core (18-20 SWG) solder.
5. Ensure that while applying the tip to the job, the tip of the soldering
iron is held at an angle such that the tip grazes the surface to be heated and ensure that it
does not transfer heat to other joints/ components in its vicinity at the same time heating
all parts of joint equally.
6. Heat the joint for just the.right amount of time, during which a very short length of
solder flows over the joint and then smoothly withdraw the tip.
7. Do not carry molten solder to the joint.
8. Do not heat the electronic parts for more than 2-4 seconds since most of them are
sensitive to heat.
9. Apply one to three mm solder which is neither too less nor too much and adequate for
a normal joint.
10. Do not move the components until the molten solder, at the joint has cooled.
_

28. 28
3.2 Tips for de-soldering:
1. Remove and re-make if a solder joint is bad or dry.
2. Use a de-soldering pump which is first cocked and then the joint
is heated in the same way as during soldering, and when the
solder melts, push the release button to disengage the pump.
3. Repeat the above operation 2-3 times until the soldered component
can be comfortably removed using tweezers or long nose
pliers.
4. Deposit additional solder before using the de-soldering pump for
sucking it in case of difficulty in sucking the solder if it is too
sparse as this will hasten the de-soldering operation.
5. Alternatively, use the wet de-soldering wick using soldering flux
which is nothing but a fine copper braid used as a shield in coaxial
cables etc. and then press a short length of the wick using
the tip of the hot iron against the joint to be desoldered so that
the iron melts the solder which is drawn into the braid.
6. Do not allow the solder to cool while the braid is still adhering to
the joint.
7. Solder the component again after cleaning by repeating the steps
under sub Para A and B above.
8. Allow it to cool and check for continuity.

29. 29
1.4 Precautions:
1. Mount the components at the appropriate places before soldering.
Follow the circuit description and components details, leads
identification etc. Do not start soldering before making it confirm
that all the components are mounted at the right place.
2. Do not use a spread solder on the board, it may cause short
circuit.
3. Do not sit under the fan while soldering
4. Position the board so that gravity tends to keep the solder where
you want it.
5. Do not over heat the components at the board. Excess heat may
damage the components or board.
6. The board should not vibrate while soldering otherwise you have
a dry or a cold joint.
7. Do not put the kit under or over voltage source. Be sure about the
voltage either dc or ac while operating the gadget.
8. Do spare the bare ends of the components leads otherwise it may
short circuit with the other components. To prevent this use sleeves
at the component leads or use sleeved wire for connections.
9. Do not use old dark colour solder. It may give dry joint. Be sure
that all the joints are clean and well shiny.

30. 30
1.5 Illustrations showing correct/wrong insertion of components
and their soldering:
Corrected assembling and soldering process can provide the product
in the best performance.

31. 31
Fig 3.1

32. 32
Fig 3.2
4 Working
An electrical power generation system comprises a variable capacitor and a power
source. The electrical power generation system is configured to generate electric power
via movements of the rail. The power source is used in the form of a generator to prime
the variable capacitor that effectively multiplies the priming energy of the power source
by extracting energy from the passing vehicle.
By alternately priming the variable capacitor using charge from the power source and
discharging it at a later time in a cyclic manner to change the capacitance, a significantly
large amount of electrical energy is produced due to change in capacitance than from the
power source itself.
Traditionally, operation data related to railroad traffic and railroad assets is gathered at
manned junctions, such as a rail yard or a rail depot. By way of example, railroad
workers often inspect rails for damage and loading conditions. As yet another example,
railroad workers often inspect and inventory the incoming and outgoing railcars, to
manage and facilitate the flow of traffic on a railroad network. However, railroad
networks often span thousands of miles and traverse through sparsely populated and
remote regions.
Unfortunately, traditional automated devices generally obtain operating power from an
external power source, which is not generally available in remote areas. That is, the
automated device receives operating power that is generated at a remote location and that
is delivered over a power grid, and coupling the grid to the device can be a costly
proposition, especially in remote areas. In certain instance, local power sources, such as
batteries, have been employed.
In any event, even if a local or external power source is provided, these power sources
may not provide a cost effective mechanism for producing sufficient levels of power.

33. 33
Therefore, there is need for a system and method for improving electric power generation
with respect to rail systems.
As the vehicle passes over the railway track the load acted upon the track or plant setup
is there by transmitted to rack, pinion and chain sprocket arrangements, were the
reciprocating motion of the track is converted into rotary motion. Then this rotatory
motion is then fed on to the gear drives which multiplies its speed. This speed which is
sufficient to rotate the rotor of a generator is fed into the generator were an electro motive
force is produced. The generated power can be used for the lamps near the railway station
or connected to grid and this will be a great boon for the rural villages too. e.g., The
mass of a vehicle moving over the track =57.0 to 69.9 kg/m (assumption ) and Height of
spring to be 20cm, then Power developed for 1 vehicle passing over the
spring arrangement for one minute= 4.0875 watts and The Power developed for
60minutes(1hr)=245.25watts.
For railway in India has a number of tracks .By just placing a unit like the
“Power Generation Unit from railway track ”, so much of energy can be tapped. The
utilization of energy is an indication of the growth of a nation. One might conclude that
to be materially rich and prosperous, a nation should concentrate more on conservation
and production of Eco friendly power.
Hardware Requirements:
• Rack and pinion setup
• Generator
• Gear drive
• Battery

34. 34
Advantages
 It saves human time.
 It is easy to implement.
 It produce more energy
 No fuel cost and no-pollution
 Reliable
First we convert 220V ac to 12 v ac with the help of step down transformer, over project
work in dc supply so we convert 12v ac to 12 v dc, for this we use bridge rectifier, it is
consist with four diode 1N4007, and make a ripples free dc supply with the help of 1000
uf /25 electrolytic capacitor, our both NE555 ics is waiting for input, our first in LDR get
interrupted by vehicle it give signal to first NE555 ic, it become on and give output from
pin-3 to first transistor, it will go the ULTRA BRIGHT LED’S, when vehicle pass throw
second out LDR it give signal to second NE555 ic, it will on and give signal to second
transistor, it become on and give signal to first IC it will become off, and it will also off
the first transistor, if will automatically of the ULTRA BRIGHT LED’S.

35. 35
FIG 4.1
First we convert 220V ac to 12 v ac with the help of step down transformer, over project
work in dc supply so we convert 12v ac to 12 v dc, for this we use bridge rectifier, it is
consist with four diode 1N4007, and make a ripples free dc supply with the help of 1000
uf /25 electrolytic capacitor, our ic NE555 ic is waiting for input, when our LDR get
light it off the NE555 ic, when it will not get light, it will on the NE555 ic, it produce

36. 36
output from pin 3, to relay driver transistor, it will become on, and on the relay also, relay
give 12dc supply to other circuit.
Fig 4.2

37. 37
5. FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 SUMMARY
We can generate electricity by pushing one plate of capacitor against another
plate( which is also connected with small power source).Generated electricity is way
more than electricity we supplied with the help of power source.
To produce good amount of electricity significantly we need to stimulate the variable
capacitor using power from external source and discharging it at a later time in a cyclic
manner to change the capacitance.
The key element of this project is a variable capacitor, which can
convert mechanical energy into electrical with the help of work done by an external force
against the electric field formed between the two plates of the capacitor.
5.2 CONCLUSION
Unfortunately, traditional automated devices generally obtain operating power from an
external power source, which is not generally available in remote areas. That is, the
automated device receives operating power that is generated at a remote location and that
is delivered over a power grid, and coupling the grid to the device can be a costly
proposition, especially in remote areas. In certain instance, local power sources, such as
batteries, have been employed.
In any event, even if a local or external power source is provided, these power sources
may not provide a cost effective mechanism for producing sufficient levels of power.
Therefore, there is need for a system and method for improving electric power generation
with respect to rail systems.

38. 38
5.3 FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
In other words, the gradient of the linear ramp function appearing across the capacitor
can be obtained by using the constant current flowing through the capacitor.
A critical component in any component of a life support device or system whose failure
to perform can be reasonably expected to cause the failure of the life support device or
system, or to affect its safety or effectiveness.
• In future the additional power generated can be supplied to the nearby villages.
• In future we can add all details of the vehicle in the RFID tag so it can be helpful to
vehicle security when the vehicle is stolen.
• In future load sensors (piezoelectric sensors) can be installed on the roads and on the
railway tracks for the generation of electricity.

39. 39
REFERENCES
[1] “A method for generating electricity by capturing tunnel induced winds” by REKHI,
Bhupindar, Singh.
[2] C.J. Baker (1986), “Train Aerodynamic Forces and Moments from Moving Model
Experiments”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 24(1986), 227-
251.
[4] Stephane Sanquer, Christian Barre, Marc Dufresne de Virel and Louis-Marie Cleon
(2004), “Effect of cross winds on high-speed trains: development of new experimental
methodology”, Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 92(2004),
535-545
[5] www.wikipedia.com
[6] www.google.com

40. 40
ANNEXURE
There are 14,300 trains operating daily on 63,000 route kilometers of railway in India.
This technique would be capable of producing 1,481,000 megawatt (MW) of power in
India alone. There are some specially designed wind turbines. Traditionally wind turbines
have three-blade, „open rotor‟ design. A common method of this design is that even small
turbines require a fast wind before they start operating. Small turbines can be used to
generate more power and can be used for commercial applications as we store the
retrieved energy in batteries.
The present technique relates generally to rail based devices and, more specifically, to an
energy co-generation device for generating electric power in response to vehicular traffic
on a rail.
Traditionally, operation data related to railroad traffic and railroad assets is gathered at
manned junctions, such as a rail yard or a rail depot. By way of example, railroad
workers often inspect rails for damage and loading conditions. As yet another example,
railroad workers often inspect and inventory the incoming and outgoing railcars, to
manage and facilitate the flow of traffic on a railroad network. However, railroad
networks often span thousands of miles and traverse through sparsely populated and
remote regions.