1. Biomes are defined as large regions characterized by distinct plant and animal life. The document discusses several major biomes including forests, grasslands, deserts, and aquatic biomes. 2. Each biome has unique abiotic factors like climate and soil that have shaped the adaptations of the plants and animals living there. For example, desert plants have small leaves or none at all to reduce water loss, while aquatic biomes range from freshwater to marine environments. 3. Many biomes are threatened by human activities such as deforestation, pollution, and climate change. Conservation efforts aim to protect biodiversity and restore degraded ecosystems.

1. BIOMES
MAJOR BIOMES
OF THE WORLD
ANJALI KUMARI, NIHARIKA
AND TEAM

2. BIOMES
• A biome is a collection of plants and animals that have
common characteristics for the environment they exist
in.
• They can be found over a range of continents. Biomes
are distinct biological communities that have formed in
response to a shared physical climate.
• Biome is a broader term than habitat; any biome can
comprise a variety of habitats.
• he term was suggested in 1916 by Clements.
Grassland
Desert
Forest
Aquatic
Tundra

3. AQUATIC
LOCATION
GREAT BARRIER REEF
(AUSTRALIA)
NILE RIVER
(AFRICA) MANDOVI ESTUARY
(GOA)
GREAT SLAVE LAKE
(NORTH AMERICA)
TITICACA LAKE (SOUTH
AMERICA)

4. AQUATIC
ABIOTIC FACTORS
• DEPTH - The deepest part of the ocean, the Mariana Trench, is about 11,000 m (about 6.8
mi) deep.
• CLIMATE - Varies from - 40 degrees Fahrenheit to over 100 degrees. The average
temperature is 39 degrees Fahrenheit, but it is warmer near the equator where the direct
rays of sun can pierce the water and warm it.
• AVERAGE YEARLY PRECIPITATION - Over 100 inches.
• The WIND over the ocean creates large waves.
ADAPTATIONS
• PHYSIOLOGICAL – Regulate bodily functions, release chemicals in defense.
• STRUCTURAL - Plants develop mucilage sheath, leaves become tough,
leathery and dissected.
• BEHAVIORAL - sounds made by whales allow them to communicate,

5. AQUATIC
TYPES
FRESH
WATER
WETLAND
• Include streams, rivers
(flowing), lakes and ponds.
• High nutrient, less oxygen.
• Flora – on stream bed algae,
phytoplankton, near shore –
grasses, sedges, water lilies,
cattails etc.
• Fauna – crayfish, snails, clams,
mussels, otters etc.
• Swamp and marshes
• Soil is water logged.
• Lack of oxygen.
• Flora – Grasses, reeds
sphagnum, trees & shrubs.
• Fauna - Otters, beavers, game
fish, birds & insects.

6. Fresh water rivers
meet ocean’s salty
water.
Salinity fluctuates.
Flora – Mangrove
tree like
Rhizophora etc.
Fauna - fish,
shellfish, birds.
Mounds of CaCO3 by
coral. Dead zone.
Shallow, warm water,
poor nutrients.
FLORA – Algae
Fauna – coral, fishes,
echinoderms, etc.
Salty water.
Flora – Algae, Kelp,
Sea grass etc,
Fauna – crabs,
fishes, octopus,
turtles, etc.
This biome has 4
regions –
1.Intertidal
2.Pelagic
3. Benthic
4.Abyssal
OCEAN
ESTUARIES
CORAL REEF
MARINE BIOME

7. The Intertidal zone is where the
sea meets the land. The water level
keeps on changing due to tides.
Molluscs, star-fishes, crabs, algae,
etc. are found in this ocean biome
zone.
The deepest part of the ocean.
Here not many marine life-
forms are found due to less
nutrients to support the
existence of the marine
creatures. Mainly bacteria and
invertebrate marine creatures
are found.
The Pelagic zone - the Open Ocean or the
open seas. On account of the climatic
diversity found in these parts of the water,
often leads to warm ocean water mixing
with the cold ocean water creating a
temperate climate. A wide variety of
marine creatures are found. Dolphins,
whales, octopus, starfish and sharks are
the main marine creatures which are
found.
The last ocean biome zone is the
Benthic zone. This ocean biome
zone is the part of the ocean biome
that is found beneath the pelagic
zone. Seaweeds, fungi, bacteria
and sponges are the main variety
of oceanic flora and fauna found in
this ocean biome zone.
The Intertidal zone
The Abyssal zone
Pelagic zone
Benthic Zone

8. FLORA AND FAUNA

9. PROBLEMS -
•Pollution
•Over fishing
•Oil spill
•Human invasion
•SOLUTION -
•Education – Educating people about
waste management, waste treatment,
etc. is very important.
•Fishing should be done in limit.
•Without treatment waste should
not be dumped in water.
AQUATIC
THREATS &
CONSERVATION

10. FOREST BIOME
Forest biomes - are defined as biological communities that are dominated by trees and other woody
vegetation
FOREST

11. Soil - not fertile , poor in nutrients and very acidic
ADAPTATIONS
Coniferous trees are abundant
Roots long to anchor trees
Needles long, thin and waxy
Low sunlight and poor soil keeps
plants from growing on forest floor
THREATS TO TAIGA
Found only in Northern Hemisphere Northern parts of
Alaska, Canada, Asia .
Climate: Very long and cold winter lasting to about half
a year; precipitation is in the form of snow about 60
cm.
Temperature: Below -20 0 C in winter and about 15 0 C
in summer.
TAIGA
Mining operations , Road construction.
Fire Daylily
Ptilium Crista-castrensis Reindeer
BOREAL FOREST (Coniferous forest, Evergreen
forest, Taiga)

12. Climate: The seasons do not change and it has been
hot and wet for millions of years.
Temperature ranges from 70-85 degrees
Covers about 6-7% of the earth’s land surface
Location : Central and South America, Africa, Asia,
and Australia.
Amazon Rainforest is the largest rainforest in the
world
Rainfall :about 100-400 inches per year.
High biodiversity and biomass
Soil : Lacks minerals and contains little remains of
dead plants and animals.
Tropical Rainforest

13. Sunlight is a major limiting factor ,little sun reaches
the floor
Shallow, wide roots since soil is so thin and poor in
nutrients
ADAPTATIONS
Tropical rainforest is the richest source of plants life
on earth.
Plants grow in layers (canopy receives most light)
Humans strip the rainforests for uses including
logging and cattle ranching.
Threats to the Tropical
Rainforest
Rafflessia Nepenthes

14. Location: found near coastal areas along the Pacific coast
of Canada at the USA, and in New Zealand, Tasmania.
Climate:
• Also wet, but not as rainy as tropical rainforest.
• Rains about 100 inches per year.
2 distinct seasons: one long wet winter and a short drier
summer
Soil : It is structurally more complex, comprising several
layers.
More fertile than tropical rainforest .
Logging , global warming
Western hemlock Bromeliads
Moose Black tailed deer
Threats
Temperate Rainforest

15. Found in areas having 70 cm to 200 cm of rainfall.
Tropical Deciduos forest
They are of two types : 1. Moist 2. Dry
Tiger Deer Teak tree
Palm tree
Thick bark, drop their leaves prior to the winter,
Animals that hibernate
Adaptation
Acid rain , deforestation , human interference , pollution.
Threats

16. Abundance of deciduous (leaf bearing) trees Characterized
by 4 season
Soils: Deep soil layers, rich in nutrients
Precipitation: 30–100 in/yr in all forms (snow, rain, hail,
fog, etc.)
Location:
Much of the human population lives in this biome
Temperate deciduous forest
ADAPTATIONS
More diversity
Trees adapt to varied climate
by becoming dormant in
winter
Grow in layers ,more ground
dwelling plants.
Threats
Many forests are
cleared to provide
housing for
humans.
Oak tree Birch tree

17. Mangrove forest
Location: sunderbans of west bengal , picchavaram
ennore .
Mangroves are salt-tolerant plants
highly productive but extremely sensitive
Great floral diversity
Avicennia marina
Rhizophora apiculata
Acanthus ilicifolius
Heron

18. CHAPARRAL
Location : Coast of the Mediterranean, US West
Coast
having both forests and grassland
climate - very hot and dry.
hold significant amounts of moisture.
ADAPTATIONS
leaves with a hairy texture,
seeds lay dormant during normal conditions,
Wildfires is common
Threats
Chamaea fasciata
Arctostaphylos Adenostoma
praying mantis
Mediterranean Forest

19. The desert biome covers about one-fifth of Earth’s surface.
Majority of deserts in the world map can be found along
Tropic of Cancer (30 degrees North) and
Tropic of Capricorn (30 degrees South).
DESERT
LOCATION
DESSERT BIOME

20. COASTAL DESERT
COLD DESERT SEMI ARID DESERT
HOT AND DRY DESERT

21. HOT & DRY DESERTS COASTAL DESERTS COLD DESERTS ARID DESERTS
• Around these latitudes, dry
air coming from
the equatorial
regions (around 0 degrees)
dries out the land.
• Some deserts are found
in landlocked regions- not
bordered by an ocean.
• Example -Great Basin
Desert in North America-
largest desert in The U.S.
• Coasts of continents.
• As cool air moves from west
to east across oceans, it can
create cold foggy weather
instead of rainfall along the
western coasts of
continents.
• Example -the Namib
Desert in southwestern
Africa
& the Atacama Desert in
South America.
• Deserts differ based on -
 place
 climate
• Deserts receive less than
25 cm of rain each year.
• We usually think of
deserts as being very hot,
but some deserts can be
very cold.
• Cold deserts can be
found in the Antarctic as
well as in Greenland.
• & what defines a desert
is rainfall, not
temperature.
• With few plants, little water
and extreme swings in daily
temperatures, the soils in
deserts tend to be rocky or
sandy and have very
little organic matter (from
dead plants).
• These soils are known as arid
soils or desert soils.
• Many deserts also
experience a lot
of wind.
DESERTS
TYPES

22. • Plants found in deserts have
• ways to reduce transpiration
• small leaves or no leaves
• waxy cuticles
• Thorns, etc. to protect
themselves from
desert herbivores.
• Some only grow leaves in
response to rainfall
• Other plants, in
the cacti family,
-do not have any leaves
-Have hairs or spines
covering them.
-reduce evaporation
-discourage animals
from eating them.
• Like camels, cacti can store
water in their tissues to
use later.
DESERT
ADAPTATIONS

23. PLANTS OF THE DESERT
BIOME:
• Lace/Hedgehog Cactus
• Organ Pipe Cactus
• Brittlebush
• Creosote Bush
• Desert Ironwood Plant
• Barrel Cactus
• Cholla Cactus
• Saguaro Cactus
• Senita Cactus
• Cottonwood
• Desert Saltgrass
• Joshua Tree
• Juniper
• Stinging Nettles
• Tumbleweed
• Brittlebush
DESERT
VEGETATION

24. • Animals in hot deserts-good at avoiding
heat.
• many animals-come out only at night
• seek shelter in shady areas during day
time
• An example of this is the desert
scorpion-hunts at night & spends the
day hidden.
• Some rodents burrow underground
to keep cool during the day, similar to
the rodents in the savanna biome.
In the Sonoran Desert in the United
States, ground squirrels build burrows
underground.
DESERT
WILDLIFE

25. THREATS:
• Human activities, such as desertification.
• Population growth & greater demand for land
• Climate change making-hot dry places even hotter and drier.
• Off-road vehicles such as
• dune buggies,
• oil and gas production
• and urbanization cause damage to desert plants.
• The saguaro cactus-200 years to grow to full size!
SOME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS INCLUDE:
• planting bushes and grasses prevent
sand from blowing around and
• digging ditches that can store rain as
well as wind-blown seeds.
• People are encouraged to use off-road
vehicles only on designated trails
• and people living in desert resort to cities &
are encouraged to replace their water-loving
grass lawns with native desert plants which
do not require watering
• xeriscaping.

26.  Grasslands are almost entirely
short to tall grasses with no trees.
 This land type gets just enough rain
to help grasses, flowers, and herbs
grow, but stays dry enough that
fires are frequent and trees cannot
survive.
 Here we find large mammals that
often travel together in huge herds.
GRASSLAND
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND
Characterized by a rich mix of grasses
underlaid by some of the world's most fertile soils, temperate
grasslands – such as plains and prairies – once covered vast areas of the
midwestern United States.

27. • Since the development of the steel plow,
however, most have been converted to
agricultural fields.
• Periodic fires and heavy grazing by large
herbivores maintain the characteristic plant
community.
Abiotic factors: warm to hot summers; cold
winters; moderate, seasonal
precipitation;fertile soils; occasional fires
• Dominant plants: The dominant plant
species comprise short(Eg.,blue grama grass,
mesquite grass, etc) and tall grasses(Eg.,Tall
bluestem,etc).
• Dominant wildlife: predators(Eg., coyotes
and badgers)herbivores(Eg.,mule deer,
pronghorn antelope, prairie dogs,etc).
Geographic distribution: central Asia, North
America, Australia, central Europe and
upland plateaus of South America
Animals in Temperate grassland
TEMPERATE GRASSLAND

28. FLORA &
FAUNA MOUNTAIN PLOVER
BLUE GRAMA GRASS MESQUITE GRASS
BLUESTEM
BADGER PRONGHORN ANTELOPE
SLOUGH GRASS

29. WEATHER:
• Temperatures in this biome vary greatly between summer and winter.
• Sometimes the temperature is more than 100°F (37.8°C). Rain in the temperate
grasslands usually occurs in the late spring and early summer.
• The yearly average is about 20 - 35 inches (55 - 95 cm), but much of this falls as snow
in the winter. Fire is not foreign in temperate grasslands
PEOPLE AND THE TEMPERATE GRASSLAND:
• One of the main environmental concerns regarding temperate grasslands is the
conversion of grassland to farmland.
• The rich soil is ideal for farming and grazing. With continual agricultural
development and progress we have lost many of our natural grasslands.

30. • These tree-studded grasslands receive
enough seasonal rainfall so that trees can
grow in open groups or singly throughout.
• The animals living here have long legs for
escaping predators and usually are seen in
herds.
• A combination of fire and grazing animals
are important for maintaining the savannah.
TROPICAL SAVANA
• Receiving more seasonal rainfall than deserts but
less than tropical dry forests, tropical savannas or
grasslands, are characterized by a cover of
grasses.
• Savannas are spotted with isolated trees and
small groves of trees and shrubs.
• Compact soils, fairly frequent fires, and the
action of large animals such as rhinoceros
prevent some savanna areas from turning into dry
forest.
SAVANA

31.  Abiotic factors: warm temperatures; seasonal rainfall; compact
soil; frequent fires set by lightning
 Dominant plants: The savanna is dominated by grasses such as
Rhodes grass, red oats grass, star grass, lemon grass, and some
shrubs.
• . The Acacia tree is an interesting plant in the savanna. It has an
umbrella shape, with branches and leaves high off the ground
that giraffes like to eat.
• Baobab trees also live in the savanna. They deal with dry
conditions by storing water between the bark and meat of the
tree.
 Dominant wildlife: predators(Eg., lions, leopards, cheetahs,
aardvarks; herbivores (Eg., baboon, giraffes, antelopes, etc) ;
birds( Eg., eagles, weaver birds, storks,etc); insects such as
termites.
 Geographic distribution: large parts of eastern Africa,
southern Brazil, northern Australia
 Weather: An important factor in the savanna is climate.
• The climate is usually warm and temperatures range from 68° to
86°F (20 to 30°C).
• The annual rainfall is from 10 - 30 inches (25 - 75 cm) per year.
ANIMALS IN TROPICAL SAVANA

32. DOMINANT FLORA AND FAUNA
STAR GRASS RED OAT GRASS ACACIA TREE BAOBAB TREE
AARDVARK BABOON STORK WEAVER BIRD

33. PEOPLE AND THE SAVANNA:
• Some environmental concerns with savannas
include poaching or hunting, overgrazing, and
destruction of land for commercial crops.
• Many animals in the savanna, such as the
rhinoceros and zebra, are endangered and
threatened with extinction due to hunting,
poaching, and habitat loss.
TUNDRA
 Tundra is flat and cold with low plants like grass
and moss that only grow during the short summer.
 A thick layer of ice lies just below the shallow soil
(permafrost) all year around, and trees cannot
penetrate it to anchor their roots.
 Many birds visit the tundra in the summer to nest,
but most escape the winter by migrating to warmer
areas.
 Mice and other small mammals stay active during
the winter in protected tunnels under the snow.
TUNDRA

34. • During the short, cool summer, the ground
thaws to a depth of a few centimetres and
becomes soggy and wet.
• In winter, the topsoil freezes again.
Abiotic factors: strong winds; low precipitation;
short and soggy summers; long, cold, and dark
winters;. poorly developed soils; permafrost
 Dominant plants: This biome consists: ground-
hugging plants such as mosses, lichens, sedges,
and short grasses and some shrubs.
Dominant wildlife: a few resident birds and
mammals that can withstand the harsh
conditions; migratory waterfowl, shore birds,
musk ox, Arctic foxes, and caribou; lemmings
and other small rodents
Geographic distribution: northern North
America, Asia, and Europe
ANIMALS IN TUNDRA

35. DOMINANT WILDLIFE & PLANTS
MIGRATORY WATERFOWL SHORE BIRD ARCTIC FOX
DWARF WILLOW
LEMMING
LICHENS SEDGES
BIRCH TREE

36. Weather:
• There is very little rainfall in the tundra; it rains less than 10 inches a year.
• In the winter the temperature can reach -50°F (-45.5°C).
• Summer temperatures rarely get above 50°F (10°C), just enough to thaw the surface of the ground.
PEOPLE AND THIS BIOME:
• Tundra may seem tough, but it is a very sensitive environment.
• More people have recently been moving to the tundra to work in the mines and oil industry.
• A caribou migration route was interrupted by construction of the Alaskan oil pipeline
• Pesticides used to control insects may work their way up through the food chain and affect many of
the animals that live on the tundra.
• Permafrost has the ability to preserve plants and animals in the cold ice for long periods of time.
• Scientists can use the permafrost as a record of the past to learn about climate.
• These records are a tool to compare past climates with the current climate to see how much the earth
may be warming.

37. REFERENCES
 ARTICLE
• The Marine Biome - UC Museum of paleontology, Berkeley
University of California – March 2007
https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/exhibits/biomes/marine.ph
p
Websites
• https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-
resources/backgrounders/desert-biome
• http://kids.nceas.ucsb.edu/biomes/desert.html
• biologydiscussion.com
Slideshare.in
• https://letstalkscience.ca/educational-
resources/backgrounders/desert-biome
• http://kids.nceas.ucsb.edu/biomes/desert.html

38. THANK
YOU!