IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the adults are free living. In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and emerge as adults. The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%). type of parasitism Superparasitism:- When more than one adult of the same species attack the host. Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella Multiparasitism:- More than one species attack the host Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella Hyperparasitism:- When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod. Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera 1.Hymenoptera The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super families. a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA * Possess long and filiform antennae * Wings are veined Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE Family : BRACONIDAE b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA * Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious * Antennae geniculate * Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum * Wings without veins example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE Family : EULOPHIDAE c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA * Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea example- Family : BETHYLIDAE * Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella 2) Order : DIPTERA Family : TACHINIDAE * Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus * Large bristle flies * Eggs may be macrotype or microtype * Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous secretion * Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella * Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them Predators predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their lifetimes. Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively on insects. Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps feed on various pest insects or mites. Most spiders feed entirely on insects. Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus occidentalis

1. School of agriculture science
Presented by- Nikhil kumar
Submitted to - Mithilesh kumar pandey
Topic- Insect orders bearing predators and parasitoids used in pest control and
their mass multiplication techniques
Subject code -BSAG-605-19
Subject name- Management of beneficial insects

2. Content
● Parasitoids and their ordres
● Predators and their ordres
● Mass production of parasitoids
● Mass production of predators

3. parasitoids
IDENTIFICATION OF INSECT PARASITOIDS
● A parasitoid is an insect living on or in the body of another insect, called the
host from which it gets protection and food during its immature stage and the
adults are free living.
● In a typical case, eggs are laid on or in the body of the host, the larvae feed
on the body contents of the host, pupate either inside or on the host body and
emerge as adults.
● The hosts are not killed immediately. Most of the parasitoids belong to
Hymenoptera (90%) and Diptera (10%).

4. Type of parasitism
Superparasitism:-
When more than one adult of the same species attack the host.
Eg:-Trichospilus pupivara -opisina arenosella
Multiparasitism:-
More than one species attack the host
Eg:-Bethylids and braconids - o.arenosella
Hyperparasitism:-
When a parasitiod is attacked by another parasitiod.
Eg:- Aphid - Aphidius -asaphess

5. Hymenoptera and their super family
Most insect parasitoid are waps and flies
Most of parasitoides belong to -hymenoptera and diptera
1.Hymenoptera
The ovipositor originates and protrudes ventrally from the abdomen and is used to insert eggs into their hosts. There are three super
families.
a) Super Family : ICHNEUMONOIDEA
* Possess long and filiform antennae
* Wings are veined
Example - Family : ICHNEUMONIDAE
Family : BRACONIDAE

6. Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
b) Super Family : CHALCIDOIDEA
* Mostly smallest parasitoids and gregarious
* Antennae geniculate
* Abdomen very short or globular with very slender propodeum
* Wings without veins
example-Family : CHALCIDIDAE
Family : TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE
Family : EULOPHIDAE

7. Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
c) Super family : BETHYLOIDEA
* Smaller than Icheneumonoidea and larger than Chalcidoidea
example- Family : BETHYLIDAE
* Eg. Parasierola (= Goniozus) nephantidis, a larval parasitoid on O. arenosella

8. Order : DIPTERA and their family
2) Order : DIPTERA
Family : TACHINIDAE
* Eg. Sturmiopsis inferens, a larval parasitoid on sugarcane shoot borer, Chilo infuscatellus
* Large bristle flies
* Eggs may be macrotype or microtype
* Macrotype eggs are laid directly on the host's body usually attached to the neck region by a glutinous
secretion
* Eg. Spoggosia bezziana on O. arenosella
* Microtype eggs are laid on the host plant and the host larvae feeding on the plant tissue ingest them

9. 2. Predators
● Predators kill and feed on several to many individual prey during their
lifetimes.
● Many species of amphibians, birds, mammals, and reptiles prey extensively
on insects.
● Predatory beetles, flies, lacewings, true bugs (Order Hemiptera), and wasps
feed on various pest insects or mites.
● Most spiders feed entirely on insects.
● Predatory mites that feed primarily on pest spider mites include Amblyseius
spp., Neoseiulus spp., and the western predatory mite, Galendromus
occidentalis

10. Major parasitoids and Major predators
Major parasitoids:
Trichogramma sp., Chelonus blackburni, Cotesia (Apanteles) sp., Bracon sp.,
Epiricania melanoleuca, Goniozus nephantidis, Campoletis chloridae,
Major predators:
Chrysoperla sp., Australian lady bird beetle Cryptolaemusmontrouzieri

11. Mass production of parasitoids
Chelonus blackburni:
(Braconidae : Hymenoptera)
Cotton bollworm causes severe losses (40%) in yield of seed cotton. Chelonus blackburni is a highly potent eggs larval parasitoid of
the bolloworms. Method of mass multiplication of parasitoid is given below.
Material:
Rearing unit of Corcyra cephalonica which includes wooden boxes, crushed grains of sorghum, egg cards, gum Arabic, Corcyra eggs
etc. Rearing unit of PTM, which include potato tubers, plastic basket, sterilized soil, puncturing brush, egg sheet of PTM. Breeding
glass jars, muslin cloth, ribber bands, scissor, wide mouth plastic jar. Nucleus culture of chelonus blackburni adults.
Laboratory host:
Rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica, potato tuber, moth Phthorimaea, operculella.
Targeted pests
1. Pink bollworm, 2. Spotted bollworm 3. Potato tuber

12. Mass production of predators
Chrysoperla sp:
In India, 65 species of chrysopids belonging to 21 genera have been recorded from various crop ecosystems.
Some species are distributed widely and are important natural enemies for aphids and other soft bodied insects.
Amongst them,Chrysoperla carnea is the most common. It has been used in cotton ecosystem for protection
from aphids and other soft bodied insects.
Morphology and Biology
● The eggs are stalked and green in colour.
● The length of the egg in various species ranges between 0.7 to 2.3 mm and that of the stalk between 2 to
26 mm.
● The eggs are laid singly or in clusters. Eggs turn pale whitish and then black before hatching.
● Egg period lasts 3-4 days. The larva is white in colour on hatching.
● The larva has 3 instars which are completed in 8-10 days.
● The larva spins a cocoon from which the adult emerges in 5-7 days.
● The male longevity is 30-35 days and female can even live up to 60 days., Fecundity is 600-800
eggs/female.

13. Production procedure
Production procedure
● In mass production, the adults are fed on various types of diets.
● The larvae are either reared in plastic tubes or empty injection vials or in groups in large containers or in
individual cells.
● The adults are collected daily and transferred to pneumatic glass troughs or G.I. round troughs (30 cm x 12
cm).
● Before allowing the adults, the rearing troughs are wrapped inside with brown sheet which act as egg
receiving card.
● About 250 adults (60% females) are allowed into each trough and covered with white nylon or georgette
cloth secured by rubber band.
● On the cloth outside three bits of foam sponge (2 sq.in) dripped in water is kept.
● Besides an artificial protein rich diet is provided in semisolid paste form in three spots on the cloth outside.
● This diet consists of one part of yeast, fructose, honey, Proteinex R and water in the ratio 1:1:1:1.
● The adults lay eggs on the brown sheet. The adults are collected daily and allowed into fresh rearing
troughs with fresh food. From the old troughs, the brown paper sheets along with Chrysopaeggs are
removed.