3. Objectives
At the end of presentation the learner's would be able to:
Define culture and transcultural nursing
Understand the concept of culture
Describe cultural perspective during childbearing age or
pregnancy
Cultural perspective about child birth
Cultural perspective about postpartum period
Cultural perspective about breastfeeding
Understand the importance of cultures for nurses.
Define adolescent.
How the culture influence on adulthood
4. Objectives
Erikson theory of psychosocial development.
Development task.
How the Different culture influence lead to different outcomes,
across different domain
Understand the composition of culture as a population across culture
in united states and Canada.
Analyze the impact of selected cultural belief and practices on the
development of children
Examine the biological cultural aspect of selected acute or chronic
condition affecting children
5. Culture
• The word culture drived from a French term, which in
turn drives from a Latin “colere” which means to tends to
the earth and grow or cultivation and nature.
• Socially transmitted knowledge of values, beliefs, norms
and life ways of a particular group that guide their
thoughts and behavior.
OR
• The characteristics features of everyday existence (a way
of life) shared by people in a place or time.
6. Transcultural nursing
• A substantive (individualize) area of study and practices
focused on comparative cultural care values, beliefs and
practices of individual or group of similar or different
cultures.
• Transcultural nursing's goal to provide culture specific
and universal nursing care practices for the health and
well being of people or to help them face unfavorable
human condition, illness or death in culturally meaningful
ways.
(Leininger 2002)
7. Concept of culture
• Iceberg of culture: The explicit and implicit rules of behavior
and expectations.
Explicit:
Visible components —easily seen
Clothing, jewelry, hairstyles, etc.
Implicit:
Invisible components —less observable
Value belief system that drives visible practices
(Leininger, 1995)
8.
9. Cultural perspective about
childbearing period
• Childbearing age is of an age when women are normally
able to give birth to children. Childbearing age start from
puberty to menopause (12 to 51) age.
• Reproduction is valued across cultures because it
promotes continuity of the family and community.
• Pregnancy is generally associated with caring practices
that symbolize the significance of this life transition in
women.
10. Culture and pregnancy
• Several cultural variations may influence pregnancy such
as alternative life style choices, nontraditional support
system, cultural belief related to prenatal activity during
pregnancy, foods, taboos and cravings.
• Few cultural customs related to pregnancy are dangerous
and many are health promoting.
• However, one practice that is dangerous is female
excision. This cultural practice occurs in approximately
28 African countries and effects 100 to 140 millions girls
and women. (WHO, 2008).
11. Cultural belief regarding
activity and pregnancy
Perspective belief:
• Remain active during pregnancy to aid the baby's
circulation (Crown Indian)
• Keep active during pregnancy to ensure a small baby and
easy delivery (Mexican and Cambodian)
• Remain happy to bring the baby joy and good fortune
(Pueblo and Navajo Indian, Mexican, Japanese)
• Continue daily bath and frequent shampoos during
pregnancy to produce a clean baby (Filipino)
12. Cont.….
• Restricted beliefs:
• Avoid cold air during pregnancy to prevent physical
harm to the fetus (Mexican, Haitian, Asian)
• Do not reach over your head or the cord will wrap around
the baby's neck (African, American, Hispanic, White
Asian)
• Do not continue sexual intercose or harm will come to
you and baby (Vietnamese, Filipino)
• Do not tie knots or braid or allow the baby's father to do
so because it will cause difficult labor(Navajo Indian)
• Do not sew (Pueblo Indian, Asian)
13. Cont.…..
Taboos:
• Avoid lunar eclipses and moonlight, the baby might be
born with deformity (Mexican)
• Do not walk on the street at noon or 5 O’clock because
this might make the spirit angry (Vietnamese)
• Do not join in traditional ceremonies like yei or squaw
dances, its will harm the baby (Navajo Indian)
• Do not say the baby's name before the name ceremony, its
will harm to the baby(Orthodox Jewish)
• Do not have your picture taken because it might cause
stillbirth (African American).
14. Birth and culture
• Many women also wish to have heir mother or female relative
or friend present during labor and birth.
• The female to stay in the labor room, provided the mothers
private parts are covered.
• Islamic, Chinese, and Asian Indian background practices
followed by these group might include strict religious and
cultural prohibition against viewing the women body by either
the husband or any other man.
• Orthodox Jewish laboring mothers head covered all times.
• In Chinese culture eating during labor is the norm. When
asking for water, they prefer warm water. If given ice chips
they are not eaten for fear of upsetting the hot-cold balance.
• Chinese women are encouraged to avoid heavy manual labor
and rest.
15. Cont.…
• In Hispanic culture Women tend to use female relatives to
assist in their labor. Males are not brought in until after
the baby is born and both are cleaned up and dressed.
• Traditionally, cultures have viewed the birth of a child in
one of two very different ways. The birth of the first son
may be considered a great achievement worthy of
celebration.
• Western culture generally views birth as an achievement.
This achievement is not always attributed solely to the
mother, but extends to the medical staff as well.
• Gifts and celebration are often centered on the newborn
rather than the mother.
16. Culture and the postpartum
period
• Many culture have developed special practices during
postpartum period for mother and infant.
• The mother needs to relax and have nutritional food and
mother stays at home for forty days.
• In Hispanic culture women are encouraged to stay indoor
and avoid strenuous work.
• Some women from traditional cultural group view
themselves as “ sick’” during the postpartum lochia flow.
They might avoid heave work, showering, bathing or
washing their hair during this time.
17. Cont.…
• Postpartum depression is reported worldwide but all
culture not recognize postpartum depression as medical
disorder. For example, as a sign of “spirit possession”.
As in some traditional Muslim cultures.
• Many traditional culture suggest that a woman can
resume normal activities in as little as 2 week other
suggest waiting up to 4 months.
18. Cultural influence on
breastfeeding
• Many culture have their own individual beliefs and
custom when it comes to breastfeeding.
• In many countries, include India there is a whispered
belief that colostrum is impure or dirty.
• In Lebanon, it is commonly believed that a mother's
stomach ache can be passed to her baby through her
breast milk. Many believe that eating food such as
cauliflower and cabbage can cause the baby to develop
gas and bloating.
• In Muslim countries breastfeeding is often seen as a
religious duty, as the Quran specifies that babies should
be breastfeed by their mother approximately two years.
19. Cont.….
• In some area s of Kenya, women are advised not to
breastfeed after q quarrel until they have undergone a
ritual cleansing.
• Where as in other region its believed that breastfeeding in
public makes the mother and child vulnerable to the evil
eye.
• in Somalia breast milk is considered not good for infant.
Therefor infant are often supplemented with formula,
cow/goat milk or solid food early on.
20. Transcultural nursing in
childbearing care
• Transcultural nursing is essential aspect of health care
today. Nurse must acquired the necessary knowledge and
skills in cultural competency.
• Transcultural nursing skills help to educate and support
people of different cultures, even in the face of language
barrier.
• Nurses caring for childbearing families should consider
all aspects of culture including communication, space,
time and family role.
• A knowledge of culture and the influence they have on
women perception of childbirth can help nurses in
promoting positive outcomes for women and their family.
21. Cont.…
• Nurses must be able to differentiate among beliefs and
practices during pregnancy that are harmful or health
promoting.
• Nurses must determined how much personal control and
involvement are desire by a women and her family during
the birth experience.
• Nurses must assess the women's beliefs regarding
postpartum period, bathing and self care practices.
22.
23. ADOLESCENCEAND
ADOLESCENT
Adolescence (Latin adolescere =to grow up)is a transitional
stage of growth and development that is shaped by specific
social factors:
• extended school years,
• The need for exploration and independency.
• Increased peer influence and interaction
24. culture influences on
adulthood
Culture influence are increasing the social pressure during
development
• Specific patterns of social behavior are being encouraged
during adolescence, depending on the sociocultural value
of those behaviors.
• Culture difference create unique social environments, in
which culture values are being inoculated and social role
are being enforced
25. Physiological development
The rapid changes of adolescent physical growth rival the rate
of changes found in prenatal development and infancy.
Psychological development
The development of human beings cognitive ,emotional,
intellectual and social capabilities and functioning over the
course of the life span.
Psychosocial development
It means relate to one’s psychological development in and
interaction with a social aspect in human development. One of
the main elements of Erikson’s psychosocial stage theory in the
development of ego identity.
according to Erikson our ego identity is constantly changing
due to new experience and information due to new experience
and information we acquire in our daily interaction with others.
He also believed that a sense of competenc3 also motivates
behaviors and actions.
27. Erikson theory
Erikson theory is concerned with becoming competent in an
area of life. Each stage build upon the successful completion
of earlier stages. If he stage handled well, the person will
feel a sense of mastery. If the stage is managed poorly, the
person will emerge with a crisis or problems in the future
that serves as a turning point in the development.
28. DEVELOPMENT TASK
A development task is a task that arises at or about certain
period in life, unsuccessful achievement of which lead to
inability to performs tasks associated with the next period or
stage in life.
PRE SCHOOL
• Attachment to care givers language
• Differentiation of self from environment.
• Self control and compliance.
MIDDLE CHILDHOOD
• academic achievement.(e.g. learning, to read, do
arithmetic)
• Getting along with peers (acceptance, making friends)
• Rule governed conduct (following rules of society of
moral behavior and prosaically conduct)
30. Different culture influence lead
to different outcomes, across
different domain
• Chinese adolescent exhibit very independently self-
construal and goals in the academic domain, beyond the
average level displayed by the western students.
• American student rely on direct coping strategies that
emphasize a change of the environment (e.g. problem
solving and seeking social support)
31. Cont.….
• Chinese adolescent exhibit very independently self-
construal and goals in the academic domain, beyond the
average level displayed by the western students.
• American student rely on direct coping strategies that
emphasize a change of the environment (e.g. problem
solving and seeking social support)
32. References
• Boyle, m. M. (2008). transcultural concept in nursing
care. wolters kluwer/ lippicott Williams & Wilkinson.
