Patent for a packet-switched smart grid - patent application 9

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Mr. Nicholas Paul Robinson
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3 Title of the invention: Packet-Switched Smart Grid
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1013324.7
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1014086.1
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09 / 08 / 2010
05 / 08 / 2010
24 / 08 / 2010
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Packet-Switched Smart Grid
Abstract
A low environmental impact virtual circuit ring located within a distributed ribbon
mesh network topology provides a peripheral extension to the National Grid Power
Supply with D.C. power cable-integrated charge packet-switching and messaging.
Local charge-caching, generation, community electric fuel stations and combined heat
and power CHP with local micro-generation and environmentally-sourced generation
enable semi-autonomous grid operation, enhanced energy security, evening-out
upstream supply and demand variation with electric vehicle battery caching and
improved reliability and efficiency. Facilitating greener energy provision with a
“value-added network” topped up by offshore macro and domestic micro renewable
energy generation, this coastal ring network extension facilitates peripheral power
transmission and electric transport from the substation level down.
Backed up at the substation level by local caches of electricity as supplied by electric
vehicle charging substations, home battery backup, operating with routing switched
mode power supply units switched-mode PSUs, coupled with un-interruptible power
supplies UPS’s with inverters capable of providing step-up / step-down chopped AC /
DC domestic power supply; this networked National Grid extension facilitates an
(un)interruptible ‘stand together’ virtual ring facilitating drive-through electric fuel
stations as active vehicle battery storage charge-caching sub-stations to compliment
and extend the existing centralised National Grid network topology into a ‘Spiders
web’.
This proposal may be developed as a new IEEE 802.x standard e.g. “802.3x Ethernet”
for high reliability self-regulating cable-integrated power packet switched peripheral
power grid network extensions whilst reusing existing AC power grid cabling.
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Fig. 1a Fig. 1b
11
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1
2
3
4
7
8
9 10
13
12
14
14
6
17
18
20 19
5 5
5
5

Fig. 1d
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92 93
95 97
96
91
98
90

Fig. 2
TCP/IP Protocol Stack 16
Application (the Grid controllers displays
with manual power control override commands)
IIS & Winsock APIs, remote database stubs
with pointers for charge accounting,
client user HMIs[1]
TCP
IP
Ethernet Driver
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Ethernet Frame 20
46 – 1,500 Bytes (variable) x 8 = 12,000 bits per Frame
Ethernet
Header
14 Bytes
IP Header
20 Bytes
TCP Header
20 Bytes
The Power Packet containing the Chopped
Charge (Application Data)
Variable length
Ethernet
Transmission Line
(the physical network
cable
Comprising the
power line)
IP Datagram (Packet)
Ethernet
Trailer
4 Bytes
User Data the actual chopped
charge pulse transmitted
Application
Header
User
Data
IP Header TCP Header
Application ‘Message’
The Power Packet containing the
Chopped Charge (Application Data)
TCP Header The Power Packet containing the
Chopped Charge (Application Data)
TCP Segment (addressed charge packet)
21 direction of switched packet charge travel through one network leg at 1-10 mbps.
15

Fig. 3a
13
8
11 12 11
9 17
10
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Direction of fragmented power packet travel through each leg of the Ethernet-work

Fig. 3b
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32
36
35
31
30
33
34
37
32
39
28 29

Fig. 4
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42 400KV -> 132KVAC
43 33KVAC
33KVAC
11KV AC
49 230VDC Packet-switched
3.3KVDC drive-through
packet-switched forecourt
3KVDC ->230VDC
Packet-switched local ring
energy cache 41
Electric fuel station charging
(intermittent)
Ethernet or token ring
11KVDC / 3.3KVDC
Chopping Packet-
switched
Sub Station Node
49 230VDC chopped packet
switched
12VDC
Charging
44 3.3KVDC
Packet-
Switched
3.3KVDC
Packet-
Switched
45
46
40
47
48
51
50
52
Packet switching charge-
caching power router step-
up
3.3KVDC -> 11KVDC
66 (Fig. 6)
CHP
Generator
Intermittent
Backbone DC Segments
53
53

Fig. 5
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52
63
53 65
59
51
50
5554
45
48
57
61
58
56
60
54
67 66
64
UPS

Fig. 6a Fig. 6b
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65
72
67 64
68
69
70
71
73
74
65
63
63
74

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70
71
73
74
76 74
Green inward-pointing
arrows 77 show offshore
distributed peripheral
ribbon mesh energy input

Fig. 8
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80 84 81 101 86 85
87
Write / Read
Ethernet Protocol
encoder-decoder
Switching
Router
Decoder
90
Street 3.3KV
Diac writes
power pulses
To Triac
102 103
Read
Read
100 Write
Street switch up / down link
92
93 94
91
95
102
RL
RL

Packet-Switched Smart Grid
The current invention relates to a low environmental impact power line-integrated
network standard for a smart National Grid electricity supply infrastructure extension
with a combined means of supply and demand-lead, interruption-tolerant, peripheral
environmental energy transmission, distribution, storage, caching, ordering and
generation.
This proposal for a peripheral extension to the National Grid is made in light of the
UK “Energy mix” based on a ‘level playing field’ [7] energy diverse market in
response to The Secretary of State for Energy’s call to develop a “Smart Grid” and
General Electric’s US/International “Smart Grid” Competition Announcement in July
2010 where intermittent decentralised wind solar wave ocean and tidal flow combined
with more continuous centralised Fossil fuels and Nuclear generation contribute to
National energy provision.
This development may form the basis for a Green Paper on future UK and US digital
energy provision.
Trickle-through, charge packet-switched digital DC grid topologies can provide a
decentralised extension to the traditional trickle-down AC centralised National Grid
topology, providing the basis for a new “IEEE 802.x Physical Layer” Standard for
integrated smart electrical distributed power grids [6].
Key advantages of deploying this invention
It is possible to transmit electrical power at relatively low voltages hence with low
environmental impact over large distances using mesh network power cable topologies
with distributed intermittent environmental energy generation, substation vehicle
charge caching (Figure 4), and repeater stations, creating a “value-added network” or
VAN. Because of the highly parallel nature of mesh or ‘spiders-web’ circuits as
distributed (Figure 1) through wind farms and communities, high tension power
cabling can be kept to a minimum (Figures 3b and 6). By deploying 3.3KVDC cabling
for routing across and extending the existing peripheral AC Grid cabling distribution
infrastructure, said power lines may be laid in the ground and under water rather than
routed through visually intrusive pylons. Whilst wind turbines are visually intrusive
especially when deployed onshore, intermittent wave tidal and ocean flow
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generation combined with this invention can provide much lower overall
environmental impact at lower cost. Electric vehicle charge caching at the substation
level down combined with CHP cover the shortfalls caused by generation
intermittency as produced by wind, tidal flow and solar energy. Along with domestic
micro-generation, source-independency is achieved by digital charge packet switching,
meeting the demand and supply requirements for semi-autonomous, smarter, Greener
Grid operation.
This invention outlines the requirement for an integrated smart National Grid
peripheral power infrastructure extension, able to accommodate a green mix of ‘supply
and demand-led’ distributed packet-switched energy generation with variable
dynamics and distributed charge storage as provided by electric vehicles domestic
battery caches. Deploying adapted bridges switches and routers capable of switch-
chopping power loads in electricity cables using adapted switched mode chopper
power supply units switched-mode PSUs and UPS [2] principles of operation, this
invention utilises a distributed peripheral ‘ribbon mesh’ topology to route switch-
chopped, medium-voltage (3.3-11KV) low environmental impact DC digitally-
switched routed charge packets with smart power supply infrastructure.
This digital infrastructure enables the supply of conventional compatible single phase
230VAC front-end clients (in the UK) and 115VAC (in the US) at the socket with
high reliability ‘seven-nines’ electricity from intermittent interruptible and multi-
sourced chopped DC domestic and community generated power supplies including
wind, wave, solar, ocean and tidal flow in interoperation with a conventional National
grid infrastructure.
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Notes:
1. IBM’s redundant “Token Ring” for example, suited to electric fuel station battery
charge-caching, conforms to 802.5x, an accepted but defunct industry standard and
“Ethernet for example conforms to 802.3x at the physical layer (they use different
cables connectors and network signalling hardware) with both sharing higher
levels of logical addressing and flow messaging e.g. encapsulated TCP/IP
protocols in common [7] [9].
2. There are advantages of adopting different protocols for power vs. communication
standards, including providing security from hackers:- for example denial of
service DOS attacks with ‘malware’ by restricting commercial access to hardware
along with more secure ‘firmware locked-down’ router design, encryption and by
using alternative (other-standard) networked operating systems.
3. Packet collision does not cause power cables to overload and datagram collisions
(dropped packets) are absorbed or re-routed by local router or bridging router [9]
energy caches creating self-regulation.
4. When the National Grid was originally conceived, electronic power switching and
chopped high voltage DC power supply technology as used in today’s computers
did not exist. Full-wave silicon controlled rectifiers (SCRs, thyristors, Diacs and
Triacs) and high power and high speed electronic power transistor voltage and
current switching has since the 1960s become commonplace, replacing and
improving older and less reliable noisy electro-mechanical switching.
5. Sufficient electric vehicle batteries are held in a storage charging stack to
overcome peripheral green energy supply intermittency e.g. from renewable
resources especially wind wave solar and tidal flow.
6. This proposal also facilitates the ‘piecemeal’ upgrade of the National Grid using
the more versatile “connectionless” and “connection-oriented” virtual circuit
network protocol-driven soft switching technology to compliment and gradually
replace the existing physical point-to-point physical networks junction boxes hard
switching hubs and step-down transformers and adding new cross-network digital
controlled chopped and packet-switched 3.3KVDC 1,000A street-level cabling to
create a mesh or ‘spiders web’
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Deploying DC chopped switching power supply as a known power engineering
alternative to stepping-up and down voltages with transformers as supplied by The
National Grid substation infrastructure is known in the prior art to include personal
computer mains power supplies. Grid power has however been traditionally generated
centrally and distributed and transmitted over large distances through high voltage AC
three-phase cable networks (132-400KV AC, 33KV DC UK; 345-1,000KV AC US) to
sub-stations where it is transformed into lower voltage networks for local distribution
via substations (11KV, 3.3KV UK) with further step-downs via cables and
transformers into separate legs for distribution at street level, supplied to each
household consumer at 230VAC per phase and 3-phase to industrial clients.
By originally opting for alternating (AC) rather than direct (DC) current
infrastructures (Tesla Vs. Edison, USA), step-down transformers could be readily
deployed, thereby providing power engineers with a standardised tool-set i.e. an AC
infrastructure for transmitting and distributing power to remote communities [7].
Communications networks have in the prior art evolved from the DC signalling of the
“Ancient Telegraph”; through from mechanical-switched multiplexing “point-to-
point” services to electronic digital transmission with digital repeaters to “virtual
connection-oriented and connectionless” packet-switched services [6].
Power amplification with low signal to noise has always been required for maximising
the distance between digital repeaters and bandwidth as deployed in submarine cables
for example, but the transmission of power over large distances has not been the
primary objective; rather bandwidth and reduced cable materials and hence cost.
Power grids however also require to undergo a comparable transformation to
communications networks to meet the new challenges of demand and supply posed by
distributed environmental energy generation, energy diversity and energy security.
A technical network summary of the proposed networked power grid system will now
be provided: -
A distributed virtual ring with a ribbon mesh network topology provides a peripheral
extension to the National Grid Power Supply with DC power cable-integrated packet-
switching and local charge caching and environmentally-sourced generation enables
enhanced energy security reliability and efficiency provision.
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The existing National Grid provides “point-to-point” connections that can be described
as: real, physical, hard-wired, switched, transformer stepped-down, AC three phase
with routing for fixed distribution within each leg: the proposed complimentary
peripheral extension to the Grid provides more flexible and adaptive “connectionless
services” delivered by packet switching routed through “connection oriented” and or
“connectionless” power networks deploying communications protocols to target
demand more efficiently thereby establishing “virtual circuit connections” for
“streaming” power efficiently overcoming the fixed tree branch and phase leg’s rigid
structural topology limitations, with decentralised power generation and consumption
made available across and between distributed networks thereby efficiently targeting
all the available limited supply to points of demand [1].
Chopped Switched-mode PSUs modified to run under intelligent charge packet-
switching bridge-router control supply power cabling infrastructures. Featuring DC
charge converters and inverters to step-up and step-down mains voltages they can re-
create the sinusoidal power waveforms at synchronised mains frequency to boost
existing AC power lines efficiently. Such systems are capable of intervening at
different locations in the switched power generation hierarchy, enabling bi-directional
and distributed power flow in a ‘trickle-through’ networked Packet-switched DC Grid
topology extension as described, assisted by battery backup providing uninterrupted
power supplies UPS’s charge-caching functionality [2] [6]. Said power switched-mode
PSUs exist in the prior art in computer power supplies [5] however and they offer a
better route forward when combined with packet switching for future power
distribution than existing step-down transformer substation networks, with client ‘front
end’ local AC electronic inverters being readily available off the shelf to power
domestic appliances at the socket in a similar way to un-interruptible power supplies
UPS’s featuring inverters and batteries.
By adopting chopped time-sliced DC packet switching for mains distribution with
Ethernet Protocols embedded, a tunnelling remote power supply can be implemented
across networks to prioritise supply and demand. The power is thereby transmitted
through an ‘intranet-work’ to another intranet forming an ‘extranet’ with a ‘tunnelling
protocol’, forming a ‘virtual connection’ or ‘connection orientated’ rather than a
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‘connectionless’ link, whilst retaining it’s signalling instructions with ‘encapsulation’
for indirection within each intranet. Each intranet leg forms an Ethernet.
When a generated chopped switched power packet leaves the intranet, the gateway
power packet-switching router reads and then strips its local over-laid intranet
addressing instructions from its protocol signalling header, spreading out and
fragmenting it to allow it to discover the exit gateway router, freeing it to continue its
journey to its programmed destination via the extranet as described.
Demand-led Remote Power Supply
The Internet packets are by the nature of the TCP/IP protocol dispersed throughout an
internet-work or grid, with each node sharing part of the load. The packets permeate
everywhere populating every node with traffic in connectionless protocol mode in
practise. The Internet was originally designed as a mesh topology to survive nuclear
attacks knocking out members of the network. It became interruptible, recoverable and
fault-tolerant with other nodes automatically re-distributing switching and sharing the
load. The network topology became self adapting, re-configuring dynamically to
supply and demand loading.
When a load demand is placed on the network by a grid member as a client, the
signalling client first broadcasts, using the Internet control messaging protocol ICMP
or tunnelling a protocol with encrypted header and data virtual private networks VPNs
with Microsoft’s L2TP for example, a request for power supply. This is achieved by
setting a bit in its signalling protocol packet header which is read by routers in the
local power supply hierarchy. Power is then routed as packets through the grid to the
client, which may form a routed stream, a tunnel or virtual circuit connection or
alternatively may comprise a re-assembled stream of chopped packet segments sent in
a ‘connectionless’ configuration. The upside of this is that power is always made
available to all the clients on demand, but that it may on be shared-out in a pro-rata
basis and prioritised according to the type of connection demanded by the messaging
protocol deployed as described.
High quality ‘VPN tunnelled’ demand to include life support systems and mission-
critical computer power supplies which may be prioritised at the expense of low
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quality demand such as heating, electric vehicle battery charging and ventilation,
similar to “Off-Peak” electricity generally supplied overnight to clients at a lower rate
due to its interruptible and therefore lower grade nature when demand is low. Nodes
may have both server (supply) and client (sink) or active and passive roles; whilst
acting as distributed energy caches comprising electric vehicle battery banks, CHP
generators, micro-generation (rooftop-mounted low-power domestic systems).
The interruptible distributed ring topology may be implemented in the community as
an opt-in with ‘Stand-alone vs. Stand-together’ community status allocated. With
some more fortunate communities becoming self-sufficient in local energy generation,
they may also elect to ‘opt out’. They may then also however choose to become
servers or extranets to relay power to other neighbouring and more distant
communities via their networks, forming a ribbon of tunnelling networks to economise
on cabling and hence infrastructure overheads. Laying cables is expensive and
duplication is wasteful.
Local decentralised power generation for remote communities becomes more
favourable than remote centralised power supply and cabling, but the distributed
nature of ‘trickle-through’ energy provision minimises waste and is more economical
to deploy ‘bottom up’ rather than ‘top-down’ involving the whole community.
Opting in to communal energy provision also means supplying energy into the Grid
when a surplus is generated as frequently occurs with solar and wind-driven systems.
Whilst some communities will be self-sufficient by accident of location rather than
design for example by living near to a power station or an electric fuel station node,
they will require equal treatment. Advantageously, said virtual ring may provide
energy on a value added distributed renewable resource networking VAN basis to
supply adjacent mesh members and transmit power at relatively low voltages when
tunnelled as described over larger distances.
Substations interfacing with the 33KVAC National Grid via step-down high voltage
transformers to 11KVAC medium-high voltage supply are implemented as electric
fuel stations with large a battery charging storage capacity for charging electric
vehicles with de-mountable battery replacement. These substations are designated the
new community substation networked power nodes. Said nodes provide energy
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caching for connecting to peripheral systems to accommodate intermittent wind solar
wave and tidal power supply.
Urban, Suburban and Remote areas, depending upon location and co-operation, may
benefit more from standing together than standing alone for example through the
provision of electric fuel stations that may charge customers home energy accounts for
providing remote charging facilities for their electric vehicles.
By incorporating proven Ethernet power packet switching technology with
encapsulated routed Internet packet switching technology into power distribution, it is
possible technically to fully harness and overcome the problems of intermittent
decentralised environmental power generation whilst routing and prioritising demand
and load balancing with minimum energy loss and local charge caching.
The advantage of such a ‘packet charge-switched’ digital inter-network is that the load
can be distributed, intermittent and the demand can be multiple, intermittent and also
located anywhere within the internet-work, thereby targeting demand with supply
more efficiently. Packets can be re-assembled into near-continuous streams at the
receiving client end of the network, having travelled via diverse ‘trickle-through’
routes, depending upon the supply protocol. In an inter-network, electricity flows as
packets of information headed with signals embedded which the routers decode, read,
amplify, re-code and retransmit; directing and switching flows of information rather
than as power flowing through wires.
According to the present invention there is provided: -
A charge packet switched caching D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension
comprising: - a distributed peripheral virtual circuit tunnelling ring driven by
connection-oriented protocols co-located in a ribbon mesh topology driven by
connectionless network protocols, charge caching for local environmental power
sourced generation, demand-led micro-CHP generation from the substation level
down, power cable-integrated network protocol messaging, network mesh cabling
with routing charge packet chopping Ethernet electricity box repeater street switching
hubs and electric domestic and substation vehicle battery charge caching smart nodes.
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The invention will now be described: -
The Smart Electricity Grid extension advantageously facilitates a combined means of
distributed generation digital distribution and routing storing consuming and
producing packet-switched electricity continuously from distributed peripheral and
centralised mixed uninterrupted and interruptible sources to include combinations of
wind tidal flow ocean flow wave hydro-electric solar coal combined heat and power
oil gas coal and nuclear sources operating within a peripheral distributed ring network
of charge caching substation nodes to include electric vehicle battery-charging stations
and charge-coupled client caches.
Both power and information including voice may be conveyed economically along
existing single cable ‘noisy’ AC mains networks over short range. By combining
electronic power switching, chopped charge packet switched routing and computer
networking and signalling capabilities, a “Smart Grid” can be realised technically that
provides a flexible upgrade route for a National Grid, whilst maintaining service
provision and backward-compatibility with AC systems devices and clients. Ethernet
is currently being introduced ‘across the board’ in industrial processes to provide
mechanical control combined with reduced energy consumption and enhanced
production [4].
Detail UK and outline USA examples of the Invention will be described with
reference to the following figures: -.
Figure 1a shows the real hard-switched tree and Figure 1b the virtual circuit soft
switched mesh forming one element of the “ribbon mesh” topology.
Figure 1c shows one mesh-cell of the packet-switched network topology comprising
four router nodes connected by power cables at the domestic distribution street level.
Each house may demand, supply, draw, cache or provide power charge packets from
any addressable available source including its neighbours.
Figure 1d shows one mesh of the Grid providing street hub DC cable routing inter-
operating with the conventional and offshore macro green energy sources.
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Figure 2 shows the structure of an encapsulated power packet as it is prepared for
transmission through a smart 3.3KV DC grid for example comprising physical power
cables bridges gateways and router nodes which can convey transmit boost signal
switch chop redirect fragment and store said power packets of variable length as
electrical charge.
Figure 3 shows the fragmentation and switching of packets at the Physical Layer as a
development of the ‘Trickle-Through’ Grid Topology Figure 1 (right).
Figure 4 shows in schematic overview the extension to the AC National Grid
Infrastructure from the substation level down as an electric fuel station with DC
packet-switched extensions from supply-side sub-station offshore-onshore generation
to onshore micro-generation and demand-side consumption.
Figure 5 shows in schematic overview one domestic electricity box node with
integrated router-controlled switched-mode PSU and UPS with local charge caching
storage human-machine interface and energy generation.
Figure 6 shows in schematic form the full distributed ribbon mesh topology as an
extension mapped onto the UK National Grid.
Figure 7 shows the design principles extended to cover the main coastal and tidal areas
of the USA suited to ocean and tidal flow collection on a larger scale.
Figure 8 shows the hardware architecture of one street power switching robotic hub
with a domestic switched cable drops to smart UPSs
Referring to Figure 1;
The 400KVAC (UK) National Grid 7 backbone connects centralised conventional
power stations 4 which provide 132KVAC transmission lines 2 feeding remote
33KVAC stations 12 which then further transmit and distribute power underground 5
as 11KVAC to DC switching sub-station distribution transformer nodes 14. Power
network interconnection line 1 (centre) shows the interface between the existing AC
National Grid infrastructure hard-switched tree topology (Figure 1a, left) and the
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proposed soft-switching topology “trickle-through” extension as shown in Figure 1b
(right) inter-operating, connected at the 11KV sub-station level 14. The two inter-
network topologies are shown overlaid, forming the ‘spiders web’ ribbon mesh
topology with said sub-stations forming the distributed 11KVDC network switching
hubs whilst acting as charge-caching electric fuel stations.
Green-generated and cached electricity 6 is shown flowing into and across the mesh
weaving a 3.3KVDC said packet-switched spiders web and conventionally-sourced
grid electricity is shown flowing through the mesh vertically 8. The street nodes can
then switch traffic in the network as described to meet distributed supply and demand.
The Green grid topology extension running round the periphery of the country so
combined forms a super-set of the ‘trickle-through mesh’ grid topology (below), laid-
out as a “Ribbon mesh” of interconnected Ethernet legs 9 10 forming also a virtual
connection circuit switching ring routing charge packets 5 across and through the
networks (left to right) forming a “Virtual circuit” using “Connection orientated
TCP/IP protocol under “Application” control. Refer also to Figures 2 and 6.
The circular 11KVAC switching nodes also comprise electric vehicle fuel stations 14
as described. Incoming charge packets are chopped and routed down separate Ethernet
Network legs 9 10 as also shown in Figure 3. Networked nodes joining networked
power cables 9 10 (arrows depicting active pathways) are connected to switching
routers (circles). Traditional remote fossil fuel-burning central power station
generators are shown as circles in rectangles 4 in this simplified version of the
National Grid network driving two adjacent “point-to-point” hard-wired existing AC
street mains power transmission fan-outs forming distribution tree topologies.
The invention is described as a new 902.3x Ethernet Standard for smart distributed
powered grids. The Internet Protocol (transport layer protocol) may remain
unchanged.
Power is also routed through the cable network as stepped AC sine wave or DC
chopped charge packets (connecting arrow 1 shown dashed), which can act as a
conduit for distributed power transmission to neighbouring networks forming an inter-
network (right), which may be used to connect, extend, bridge and support the existing
grid (left) whilst providing simultaneous local power generation transmission and
distribution. Refer to [6] [8].
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Referring to Fig. 1c; one mesh cell is shown (bottom right) with street cabling
supplying packet switching street electricity box routers 17 connecting to up to 54
client node domestic dwellings 18 each. Refer also to Figure 2. Said mesh cell
comprises two Ethernet legs with two VAN-booster segments 19 with street hubs
connected, bounded by four corner routers. Domestic smart routers 18 may source
electricity locally 20 from the DC Green Grid Extension 19 and or the existing AC
National Grid networks 21 as shown.
The maximum permissible length of one 10mbps Ethernet street backbone segment 15
is 500M with up to 500M per domestic cable drop segment 16 using 10Base5 UTP
cable with RJ45 connectors. The number of “Value Added Network” VAN 500M
booster node-chained segments (domestic client nodes) per street of routers spanning
two gateway routers as shown (left) is limited to about five* giving up to 2.46KM*
maximum combined Ethernet cabling distance before packet collision rates increase
[8]. Up to 1,024 addressable smart domestic nodes (many homes) are available on one
Ethernet chained 3.3KV 100A DC charge packet-switching backbone (several streets)
with up to 54 houses connected to each street hub.
Rooftop domestic energy generation may be ‘value-added’ as UPS-accumulated pulse
charge packets to each segment of the switched VAN network 16 via said street
electricity box nodes to facilitate remote energy transmission through the ribbon mesh
virtual circuit as described.
As the street electricity supply is upgraded from 230VAC to 3.3KV DC packet-
switched, the existing AC domestic street supply cabling may also be upgraded to a
higher-voltage 3.3KV DC infrastructure as described or retained with broadband fibre-
optic communications cabling bundled.
*Notes: In practise, these quoted 10mbps Ethernet standard maximum cable drop
lengths may be extended many times by using: - 1. Inevitably greater power capacity
wire in single gauge, 2. higher signalling current and voltage and 3. slower 1mbps
Ethernet power rather than complex high-speed information switching as described.
The Internet by contrast to the National Grid also comprises a cluster forming a mesh
topology or ‘spiders web’ of distribution networks connected via transmission cables
by packet switched DC gateway smart routers comprising smart soft switching and
bridging dumb or hard-switching (street) routers [8]. However this system functions
by segmenting up the load into shorter switched packets and distributing the chopped
P 36 / 53

charge packets, defined as “packet-switching” through the whole network via said
gateways bridges and routers, which respond to supply the domestic “service demand”
signalling protocol ICMP with service provision.
Referring to Figure 1d; switching station 91 switches centralised generated 133KV AC
98 into four 33KV lines, which further divide into 3 x 11KVAC distribution cables
comprising electric fuel stations 96.
One mesh with street nodes 94 and power cabling topology is shown routing 133KV
offshore-generated 90 and centrally-generated 98 133KV power peripherally through
the mesh forming a virtual circuit 92 93 forming one building block or repeating
element of said ribbon mesh topology. Electric fuel station 96 forms a sub-station as
described providing both 11KVAC to 230VAC conventional transformer stepped-
down mains provision 97 and DC packet charge switching gateway nodes with under-
street 3.3KVDC packet-switched routing 98. The mesh is described as a physical
topology showing the actual economical under-street cable routing. Not every node is
connected to every other physically, but each node can access every other node in the
mesh logically through at least one DC cable passing through each local street hub.
The physical wiring rules are developed from Ethernet and geographical ‘lie of land’
constraints. Individual street power cable runs 97 connecting street electricity box
repeater hubs (black circles) as described comprise Ethernets with mixed bus star
topologies, further connected to form a mesh topology as shown.
The grid signalling headers comprise a transmission control protocol/internet protocol
stack TCP/IP [1] 16. The table shown [1] forms The Standard Internet Protocol /
Transport Protocol “TCP/IP Stack” as built on the cabling “Physical Layer” and Power
routing “Network Layer” forming the “Smart Grid”.
The Ethernet-encapsulated Internet Protocol IP OSI TCP/IP Stack is also accompanied
by a time-switched power packet of finite or variable short duration of pre-determined
known length (similar to the switched chopped DC computer power supply [5] but
modified by routers at the “Transport Layer” as shown in Figure 2 to switch the supply
into chopped shorter lengths supply as routed between multiple clients following
different paths in a ‘trickle-through’ network topology as further described in Figure 3.
P 37 / 53

The “TCP/IP Stack” [1] left forms a super-set of the Ethernet Protocol Stack enabling
packets to be routed across multiple Ethernets whilst retaining their global TCP/IP
addressing.
A typical under-street 3.3KVDC laid power cable network leg would enable 46 -
1,518 Bytes per Ethernet Frame 20 transmission allowing for network padding to be
distributed between 54 clients per network during peak demand with a 10 mega bit per
second mbps network transmission speed with intermittent and variable power
demands. In practise with domestic energy-caching this figure may be extended to
provide more clients with domestic charge electricity box caching as described,
especially when inter-operating with the traditional National Grid deploying a
“National Energy Mix” with up to 20% environmentally-sourced intermittent energy
generation, supply and demand [7].
The above 10 mbps Ethernet network clock speed would provide a distributed charge
transmission rate of up to about 540 un-fragmented Frames per second and shared
between 54 clients and this would result in each said client receiving 10 un-
fragmented charge Frames per second of 1msec duration, allowing for about 30%
network “Link Layer” transmission protocol signalling and negotiation padding.
In practise the Ethernet-work reaches saturation loading before 70% capacity, with the
onset of packet fragmentation and the dropped frame rate increases occurring beyond
about 540 Ethernet Frames per second [8]. Said dropped frames are however
committed to the battery caches as described allowing the system to run into saturation
when deploying “connectionless” IP routing and bridging.
Comprising a 10mbps Ethernet running with TCP/IP embedded protocol controlled
packet switching transmitting up to 800 fragmented 3.3KV chopped charge Ethernet
Frames per second, a theoretical network packet Ethernet Frame saturation loading
capacity of 9,600,000 / 10,000,000 bps or 96% is assumed, with local street routers
(electricity boxes) receiving an additional power boost 800% from the existing
230VAC (UK) grid infrastructure.
With the degradation threshold for mains ‘brown-out’ in mission-critical 230VAC
mains power systems being 100msec without charge caching in any second under peak
demand network loading, the higher 3.3KVDC charge pulse train however contains a
P 38 / 53

fraction of the power of a traditional 230VAC continuous sine wave train per second
and with local domestic charge caching and capacitor smoothing it is more tolerant of
delivery intermittency. The RMS voltage of said 3.3KVDC pulse trains shared out
between 54 rather than 80 clients of 1msec duration x 10Hz supply frequency under
full network load is 33VDC.
Using a slower 1mbps network clock speed results in clients receiving 10msec
duration pulses at a rate of 1Hz which would with domestic UPS battery charge
caching suffice. The lower 1 mbps clock speed improves the cable segment signalling
range from 2.5km to 10km or more and is compatible with existing switched-mode
PSU chopping clock speeds brought under direct router control as described. Reducing
the number of domestic clients per street electricity box switching hub to 18 rather
than 54 would thereby increase the ‘green energy mix’ of said peripheral Grid’s
contribution to 99VDC RMS under full network load providing 43% of total domestic
consumption at 230VRMS equivalent at the UPS’s socket.
By splicing-in five times more 1msec pulses as derived from other sources including
from other legs (phases) of the National Grid, CHP battery caching and solar rooftop
micro-generation as described, a 60Hz x 1msec 3.3KV 30A charge packet switched
pulse train domestic mains supply is obtained which boosts the RMS voltage obtained
to 6 x 33VDC = 198VDC at 30A with the 33v shortfall peak demand being met by
said battery-backed domestic UPS’s additional temporary load caching, giving
230VAC RMS at the socket. Smart networks allow low-priority supply to appliances
such as heating and battery charging to be temporarily interrupted to regulate demand
to supply.
Loading the system with more battery-backed UPS-cached clients and running into
saturated load (meeting peak demand) creates TCP/IP packet fragmentation in a
connectionless protocol consumer supply network and dropped packets with
contingency data and routing instructions as described held in the ‘Application
Header’ e.g. for dropping charge packets into capacitive or battery cache storage and
directed packet fragmentation. This loading reduces non-local routed tunnelling said
virtual circuit capacity under load, with ICMP messaging requesting CHP generator
P 39 / 53

kick-in and increased vehicle battery substation charge caching to even-out and
increase the peak grid loading to meet peaks in demand as described.
Additionally, backwards-compatible systems will be required to provide the interface
with the existing National AC Grid at the sub-station level Refer to 6 in Figure 1.
Chopped routed DC charge packets as distributed throughout the network from AC
National Grid entry points 7 or 8 for local transport and are re-assembled into near-
continuous streams at the target nodes as shown and converted into digitally-
composed stepped AC waveforms as is known in the prior art. Mains power
interruptions of greater than 0.1 sec form the threshold for power supply ‘brown-out’
[2] causing power loss and jeopardising mission-critical computer systems not fitted
with UPS’s [2]. It is well known that information can be sent along power line
modems as a side-band with frequency modulation, accompanying the AC power
cycle and that this can be read as computer programmed instructions to powerful
switching routers using the above SCR or powerful thyristor charge packet switching
technology.
The Ethernet represents the local network charge packet chopped DC transport
technology comprising a transmission line (the physical power cable and its routing
packet-switching hardware), with network switching termination routers and
electricity boxes (hubs), with the TCP segment containing the encapsulated chopped
network tunnelling power charge packet and signalling addressing. The IP Datagram
contains source and destination node addresses, total packet length, the fragmented
charge packet, protocol, type of service, identification, flags time to live and header
checksum. This ‘charge encapsulation’ into an Ethernet Frame (Figure 2) can be
compared with wrapping goods for posting in a ‘packet’, posting and addressing with
a return address, franking mark, weight and contents declaration; as placed into the
local Post (one Ethernet) to have it’s postcode read for redirection between the local
and remote sorting offices and finally name and street address instructions for the local
or remote delivery agents (the Postmen). Upon delivery, the goods are un-wrapped
(stripped of their encapsulation by the recipient, checked for completeness and
consumed or returned if faulty or damaged or in this case stored as re-usable charge).
P 40 / 53

Signalling pre-ambles 11 12 (refer also to Figure 2) as an Ethernet header 14 Bytes
followed by an Ethernet Trailer of 4 Bytes. The load is distributed in the ratio 1: 2: 3
fragmented charge packet lengths into legs 9 10 and consumed locally 13 respectively.
The voltage frequency modulation and waveforms of these data link layer messaging
protocols allow routers to recognise read and interpret the datagram as it is transmitted
over distance through power lines. Refer to [6].
Referring to Figure 3a;
Power and signalling wave forms are shown in two downstream legs of the routed
switched Ethernet Network and one upstream, depicting the function of the
fragmenting switching router nodes. The fragmentation and switching of packets at the
Physical Layer is a development of Figure 1 (right).
Network timing clocks of a pre-determined frequency 17 synchronise the actual power
pulse transmission timings 15 within and between network nodes similar to an older
902.3x Ethernet clock-speed for example 10MHz or 10mbps, but at a slower rate to
cope with the larger cabling distances involved with rapid protocol signalling (1,800
Metres per leg using standard power cables as opposed to 180 Metres (550 Feet) range
for 10mbps Ethernets using single core coaxial cable) [6].
Referring to Figure 3b;
Partially fragmented high power D.C. charge packet encapsulated by an Ethernet
Frame 30 arrives at a gateway router 33 in the distributed ring where it is further
fragmented by router protocol-enabled switched-mode PSU technology as described
and placed onto three lower power Ethernet legs 32 37 38 in sequence similar to
multiplexing. The charge packets then travel through the networks over time and in
direction 36 to discover by messaging exit gateway router 35, boosted by charge
packet-switched environmental energy generation 34 forming a VAN. Said partially
fragmented entry packet is thereby re-assembled into a completed exit packet stream
31, driving the network into full saturation load, which will never happen in practise as
the network will drop additional packets to prevent too many packet collisions
overloading the messaging protocols.
The virtual circuit is however shown as a switched multiplexing real point-to-point
cable network to illustrate the principle of inter-network operation.
P 41 / 53

Dropped packets are advantageously retrieved and retained by the routers local charge
cache capacitors and batteries 39. Advantageously this means that as network power
supply reaches saturation, a greater proportion of charge is retrieved or retained as
charge storage, creating self-regulation, preventing cable overload and increasing
efficiency thereby reducing transmission power losses to a minimum. As intermittent
environmental power generation reduces in strength, their rate of charge packet pulse
generation decreases, allowing additional stored charge to be released from the charge
caches to create more constant packet flow through said gateway routers over time,
giving local CHP generators time to kick-in to provide increased targeted local
demand.
Street charge packet-switching electricity box 29 is also cross-wired to existing
230VAC mains infrastructure phase legs 28 making up the shortfall of up to 80%
continuous power provision completing the ‘spiders web’ mesh ribbon topology as
described.
The electric fuel station forms said sub-station network node sources its energy from
multiple distributed intermittent environmental energy sources including wind 44 and
solar domestic micro-generation 45. Drive-through electric vehicle battery charging
caches 41 46 are also supplied from a single centralised remote constant stepped-down
traditional AC 43 National Grid electricity supply 42 to include a conventional fossil
fuel powered power station 40.
The vehicle battery-charging fuel station may for example comprise an Ethernet or
Token Ring packet-switched routing charging stack of de-mountable said vehicle
batteries arranged in a ring or carousel to prioritise customers old spent battery
charging early in the charging cycle located at the bottom of the stack, with charging
priority given to said discharged batteries and caching priority given to charged
batteries located in mid-position of said stack and fully-charged batteries are located at
the top of the stack when made available to customers. Said stack requires to hold a
week’s supply of charged batteries when fully charged from intermittent sources
especially wind in “stand alone” remote communities.
P 42 / 53

Domestic housing provision is via street electricity boxes 47 featuring packet-charge
power switching DC Ethernet repeater distribution hubs, capable of chopping existing
230VAC 53 49 and the new 3.3KV 48 mains domestic street infrastructure cabling to
supply in-house domestic UPS-caching smart electricity box nodes. Said street
repeater distribution hubs boost the distributed virtual bridging circuit ring of
Ethernet(s), as fed by the excess power generation creating value added networking
VAN power transmission, assisted by domestic housing nodes as described. Repeater
hubs are positioned up to 180 Meters apart [6], with each repeater hub capable of
supplying up to about 50 houses, communicating with embedded 10mbps Ethernet
Protocols routing green generated transmitted and distributed 1ms 3.3KV 30A power
packet pulses at 10Hz to provide 20% to 40% of the “Energy mix” to households as
described with 80% being provided by the existing AC Grid Infrastructure 53.
Said micro-generation domestic low-voltage provision from rooftop environmental
devices to include solar panels 45 for example supplies a domestic battery 50 located
in the domestic electricity box with intermittent DC charge which is subsequently
stepped-up by an inverter along with mains supplied external trickle-charging to
provide 230VAC at the wall sockets AC ring main 51 for existing electrical appliances
and supply surplus 230VDC packet switched charge back to the sub-station via the
UPS bi-directional packet-switched 230 VDC router node 52 to the 3.3KV street
repeating router and cabling infrastructure intermittently along with protocol
signalling providing VAN functionality as described.
A “stand-alone” off-grid electric fuel station, wholly reliant on intermittent wind and
solar energy for charging, may hold 700 vehicle batteries in its charge storage-cache
and be capable of supplying on average 100 regular customers reliably each day with a
re-charged electric vehicle battery. Said fuel station is therefore capable of holding up
to one weeks reserve charged supply in the absence of wind with the assistance of soar
generation.
By adding a diesel generator to match the wind power when absent, the number of
customers supplied each day can be reliably increased three-fold. To charge 700x3
vehicle batteries of 50KWH capacity each week would require 105MWH/week,
requiring a wind-matched generator output of 15MWH/day or 625KW continuous
P 43 / 53

peak generation, matching the output of a wind farm of eight large 800KW rated wind
turbines with a wind factor of about 23%.
UPS 52 [2] as used by home computers and servers comprising a domestic or local
charge cache has a 230VAC (UK) or 115V (US) inverter 55 powered by a DC chopper
54 which is in turn powered by a battery 50 and domestic environmental charging
device 45. The chopper provides the inverter with DC and the chopper alternatively
draws chopped DC mains current from switched household ring main 58 as supplied
by electricity box 57. Said electricity box node supplies and receives chopped DC
packets 61 from street mains switching router hub electricity box 66 on demand 60
using network protocols as described.
Said electricity box has switched charge-chopping router 56 which routes electricity
between low grade vehicle battery charging 64 and other appliances on low-grade DC
leg 59 and domestic switched DC ring main 58 for supplying high-grade DC
appliances including lighting 65. Advantageously this leg may be further smoothed
with a battery cache. Environmental micro-generation device e.g. domestic solar roof
panel 45 provides low voltage DC to said UPS 54. UPS inverter provides battery
backed-up 230VAC for high quality AC domestic devices 53 via lighting ring main
for example 51.
Street switching router electricity box 66 also routes charge packets on demand to and
from 3.3KV DC street infrastructure power cable 48 and alternatively from 3-phase
existing AC infrastructure 67. Advantageously power packets may be sourced from
different legs of 3-phase supply via charge chopping router with local energy caching
using protocols as described. Advantageously again, said 3.3KVDC cable network
may be used to ‘cross-wire’ supply between adjacent legs of AC mains power
provision thereby providing the basis for said peripheral distributed virtual ring or
ribbon grid topology extension as described in Figure 6.
Referring to Figure 6: -
Figure 6a; The trickle-through peripheral grid distributed virtual circuit ring topology
is shown in schematic form 72 inter-operating with the (UK) National Grid
400KVAC, 132KVAC and 132KVAC centralised tree grid infrastructure 68 with
P 44 / 53

distributed and clustered environmental off-shore macro-generation 33KVAC 63,
11KVAC and on-shore domestic micro-generation 11KVDC 3.3KVDC 64 and below.
The actual locations of off-shore and onshore wind and water energy farms, nodes,
power stations and grid have been chosen for the purposes of functional illustration
rather than physical or proposed geographic location. Said distributed ribbon mesh
topology housing said distributed virtual circuit actually forms a continuous ribbon 74
in many heavily populated metropolitan locations but is shown as a series of conjoined
rectangular meshes, forming seg-ways of said peripheral virtual circuit ring grid
extension. These rectangular mesh segments may be located primarily in offshore
generation mode 63 and or onshore in sink or generator mode 64 with mixed roles.
The “connectionless” virtual circuit ring forms a distributed ribbon mesh topology
allowing neighbouring supply and demand routes to be established cross-connecting
rigid ‘point-to-point’ hard wired branches of the National Grid through bridging router
spanning cable nodes 69 shown as white circles facilitating soft virtual rather than
hard switched routed cable connections 65 with connection-oriented TCP/IP protocols
encapsulated as described. National grid -interfacing substations 71 are shown as black
circles forming the link between the existing centralised and extended decentralised
packet-switched grid topologies. The distributed ring segments 67 are shown dashed to
illustrate the discontinuous switched DC charge packet migration through the network
with nodes 69 forming gateway routers for bridging between distant segments with
conventional point-to-point power cables.
Major centralised existing Grid power station members are shown as rectangles, hard-
wired “point to point”. Conceptually the discrete segment may form a fully-distributed
peripheral mesh with highly parallel 3.3KVDC cross-cabling connections forming said
ribbon mesh topology, but it is shown as discrete mesh segments for interconnection
and transmission at higher voltages using pylons and existing AC Grid infrastructure
technology over larger distances 73 through unpopulated areas.
Figure 6b shows an enlargement of one mesh segment from Fig. 6a with the trickle-
through switching protocol in one said segment forming the distributed ribbon mesh
virtual ring topology. In this representation, the vertical and diagonal lines show
existing AC grid and the digital grid logical interconnection topology respectively.
P 45 / 53

Said mesh segment may comprise an off shore wind farm, tidal, wave or ocean flow
generator cluster, neighbourhood or a combination of both connecting to the
distributed grid mesh facilitating independent fault-tolerant device operation with
packet-switched connection-oriented streamed routing around the network shown in
arrows and bold dashed 65. The connection orientated switching protocol is shown
routing power through the ribbon mesh segment and the connectionless switching
protocol is shown routing power across the network 74 providing mixed source highly
reliable prioritised supply and demand-led energy to clients. Figure 1 (below) shows
the ribbon mesh virtual ring network topology in greater detail.
The three main USA-based said VAN ribbon mesh 74 grid extension topologies
overlaid on the existing and proposed National Grid extensions 70 include ocean flow
along the Eastern 71 and Western 72 Seaboards with tidal flow from the Great Lakes
73. The ribbon mesh packet-switching topology is shown as a series of low
environmental impact dashed rectangles 76 routed through AONBs by underground
cables bounded by sub-station nodes 75 and interconnected by long-haul peripheral
high-voltage power transmission lines 74, re-using and or upgrading the existing AC
infrastructure where economical to do so.
The 1 mbps clocked Ethernet street switching hub or bridging robotic gateway router
80 switches power to and from domestic switched mode PSUs 90 alternatively
described as smart UPSs with a 1mbps or 1MHz network clock 84 to deliver
3.3KVDC Ethernet switched packets to and from individual houses 90. Said switching
street hub acts as an amplifier to boost the street cable segments 91 output facilitating
a “Value-Adding Network” VAN network for either-directional sequential power
packet remote transmission 92 93.
This power switching street router is therefore described as robotic as it switches
packets of power rather than information. The router transmits (writes) and listens
(reads) the power lines for Ethernet control protocol messaging signals using
CSMA/CD sent along the cables at 30V between encapsulated charge transmissions as
described (the “Application data”: Fig. 2). Alternatively the signalling is sent via
power cable-integrated fibre optic cable 94 shown dashed. The power consumed by
P 46 / 53

high frequency high voltage messaging and frequent fragmented power-switching is
dissipated as heat and is wasteful, making a 1 mbps Ethernet with low voltage
message switching more efficient at transmitting power than a 10 mbps Ethernet for
example.
One said street electricity box switching hub comprises one optically-coupled
switching router 80 which reads 3.3KVDC street digital power line segments 85 92 91
via optically-coupled transistor switches and routes switched charge packets through
switched-mode PSU array comprising bi-directional Triac and Diac SCRs 102 to and
from individual household nodes 90 (4 out of 18 shown). Said domestic smart nodes
90comprise smart Ethernet power interfaces which are also described as smart battery-
backed UPS where said battery may advantageously comprise an electric vehicle
battery as described.
Ethernet network clock 84, running at 1 mbps or alternatively 10mbps as described
also controls the timing of packet and switch-mode power supply power packet-
switching under optically-coupled Diac and Triac control as shown 81 95. Signal
switching is optically de-coupled from the high voltage source 86 81 to prevent
damage to switching hub hardware and provide full signalling isolation. Optically-
coupled power line signal reads 85 and power writes 101 are shown in symbolic form
with LED LDR decoupling read and writes coupled via amplifiers to Triac and Diac
switching electric circuit component form. With the alternative optic fibre cable
packet-switching messaging embodiment 94, the requirement for optically-decoupling
the Ethernet switch 80 becomes partially redundant.
Signal power switching circuitry however is still optically de-coupled from high
voltage source 81 95 to prevent damage to hardware and provide full signalling
isolation. Optically-coupled power line signal reads 100 and power writes 101 are
shown in symbolic LED/LDR electric circuit component form. With the power cable-
integrated signalling and messaging embodiment, balanced line switched segment
terminations with inductive and capacitive couplings are shown in schematic form
102 to reduce noise and provide low voltage power for switching circuitry 103.
P 47 / 53

References
[1] Kris Jamsa Ph.D. and Ken Cope,
“Internet Programming”,
Jamsa Press,
Las Vegas, U.S.A. © 1995
ISBN 1-884133-12-6
[2] Schneider Electric,
APC Battery Computer Backup Un-interruptible AC Mains Power
Supply UPS,
www.apc.com compatible via USB port with OEM software and
Microsoft Windows Server 2003 USB smart switching software,
USA ca. 2000
[3] Microsoft
TechNet Presentation, USA ca. 2000
“Delivering the five-nines and better in mission-critical systems”
[4] “Drives & Controls” Trade Magazine,
Cape House 60A Priory Road, Tonbridge, Kent TN9 2BL
www.drives.co.uk
[5] ‘PC-ATX’ 3.3 / 5 / 12 VDC 450W typical-rated digital chopping
switched mode mains domestic computer power supply unit PSU.
[6] Uyless D. Black,
“Data Communications and Distributed Networks”,
Prentice Hall International, Inc. USA, 1983
ISBN 0 – 13 – 090853-3
[7] Parliamentary Office of Science and Technology, October 2001
http://www.parliament.uk/post/home.htm
“Post note UK Electricity Networks”, 7 Milbank, London SW1P 3JA
[8] David Groth, Matthew Perkins,
“Network Test Success”,
Network+ Press, Sybex Inc. USA 1999,
ISBN 0-7821-2548-4
[9] Businessgreen.com July 2010
GE Smart Grid Competition announced by General Electric (Google)
[10] Google “US National Grid”
[11] A.A. Berk,
Practical Robotics and Interfacing for the Spectrum
P 48 / 53

Granada Technical Books, London, 1984,
ISBN 0-246-12576-4
[12] By M. H. Rashid
Advanced Book Power electronics handbook: devices, circuits, and
applications
P 49 / 53

Claims
1. A charge packet switched-caching D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure
extension with a distributed peripheral virtual circuit tunnelling power transmission
ring driven by connection-oriented protocols co-located in a ribbon mesh power
distribution topology driven by connectionless network protocols.
2. A charge packet-switched D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension as
claimed in Clam 1 featuring charge caching for intermittent domestic environmental
power sourced generation.
3. A charge packet-switched D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension
as claimed above with electric domestic and local substation vehicle battery charge
caching combined with demand-led micro-CHP generation from the substation level
down.
as claimed above with power cable-integrated network protocol messaging.
as claimed above with power cable-integrated fiber-optic network protocol messaging
and electricity cable conducting charge packet routing.
as claimed above network mesh cabling routing charge packet chopping Ethernet
electricity box street repeater distribution hub switches.
as claimed above with switching routing charge packet chopping Ethernet electricity
box repeater street distribution hubs and electric domestic and substation vehicle
battery charge-caching smart nodes.
P 50 / 53

as claimed above with domestic electricity box smart nodes comprising network
protocol router-controlled chopping switched-mode power supplies and AC inverters
functioning as charge-caching battery-backup UPS’s.
as claimed above with street electricity boxes acting as value added power networked
repeater switching hubs to convey power around said virtual circuit tunnelling ring
Grid periphery.
10. A charge packet-switched Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension as claimed
above with an encapsulated transmission control and messaging internetwork routing
protocol providing a means of supplying digital packet-switched electricity power
charge on demand to users
above with a means of reassembling distributed peripheral and central mixed
interruptible power sources into a single un-interruptible domestic power supply UPS.
above with a protocol stack enabling switched charge packet supply and demand
routing with local distributed charge caching.
above with an Ethernet-encapsulated TCP/IP protocol stack enabling virtual circuit
connection-less and connection-oriented switched charge packet supply and demand
routing.
14. A charge packet-switched Electricity Grid Infrastructure as claimed above
which includes combinations of wind tidal flow ocean flow wave hydro-electric solar
coal combined heat and power oil gas coal and nuclear sources operating within a
peripheral distributed ring network of charge caching substation nodes to include
electric vehicle battery-charging stations and charge-coupled client caches.
P 51 / 53

above wherein said packet switched electricity charge routing is controlled by an local
Ethernet Protocol encapsulating a non-local TCP/IP Protocol Stack.
above wherein said packet-switched charge routing is controlled by and delivered to
remote clients by network transport protocol signalling on demand.
above wherein said clients domestic electricity box smart nodes comprise batteries
charged by local low-power environmental device-powered DC micro-generation
devices to include rooftop domestic solar panels combined with battery-backed AC
mains inverters to power domestic appliances.
above comprising charge-router integrated switched-mode PSUs with local charge
caching smart UPSs providing a means of supplying continuous mains AC on demand
at the socket and DC energy from intermittent DC environmentally sourced provision
by router re-assembled packet charge fragments.
above that utilises existing AC mains power cabling provision from the substation
level down adding cross-wired junction boxes between existing 230VAC phase legs at
street level thereby completing said distributed mesh topology.
above that provides through packet switching with charge caching a means of
independent fault-tolerant environmental supply device operation within a farm or
mesh of said devices.
P 52 / 53

21. A charge packet-switched Electricity Grid Infrastructure with a distributed
peripheral virtual circuit ring driven by connection-oriented protocols co-located in a
ribbon mesh topology mesh as claimed above facilitating low environmental impact
medium voltage power cable VAN transmission underground without pylons through
AONBs for example.
as claimed above with electric fuel stations comprising stacks of de-mountable electric
vehicle battery packet-switched smart charge-caching located at the sub-station level
of the National grid infrastructure and below.
with electric fuel stations as claimed above powered by distributed local generation
sources to include intermittent wind and solar with periodic water wave and tidal flow
augmented by CHP in inter-operation with conventional sources from said Grid to
include conventional more continuous fossil-fuelled centralised power stations.
with electric fuel stations as claimed above wherein said stacks of de-mountable
electric discharged vehicle batteries are selectively charged cached and re-charged
ready for further use in sequence from the tail to the head of rotating said stack.
25. A charge packet-switched D.C. Electricity Grid Infrastructure extension as
claimed above wherein said extension switches 3.3KVDC 100A for example or charge
pulses of other medium voltages through value-adding switches bridges and or routers
via highly parallel underground cabling circuits.
P 53 / 53

Patent for a packet-switched smart grid - patent application 9

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