2. EPICANTHUS-TELECANTHUS-HYPERTELORISM
Telecanthus is often associated with many congenital disorders such as Down syndrome, fetal alcohol
syndrome, Cri du Chat syndrome, Klinefelter syndrome, Turner syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

3. THE BONEY ORBIT AND EYE ALIGNMENT

5. ORBITAL ANATOMY

6. EXTRAOCULAR MUSCLES AND THEIR
FUNCTION
Medial rectus -adduction
Lateral rectus -abduction
Superior rectus-elevation, adduction, & intortion
Inferior rectus-depression, adduction, & extortion
Superior oblique –depression, abduction, & intortion
Inferior oblique-elevation, abduction, & extortion

7. SIN IS RADICAL: MNEUMONICS CAN BE FUN
• The vertical recti and the oblique muscles are also called cyclo-vertical muscles.
• Both superior cyclovertical muscles are intorters and inferior cyclovertical muscles are
extorters
• SIN= superior muscles are intorters
• vertical actions are opposite; the superior oblique is a depressor and the inferior oblique is
an elevator.
• RAD=Recti are ADductors
• The RAD mnemonic is useful to recollect that Recti are ADductors but
• best efficient and tested in abducted position
• it is vice-versa for the oblique muscles

8. MESIAL RECTUS

9. LATERAL RECTUS

10. SUPERIOR RECTUS

11. INFERIOR RECTUS

12. SUPERIOR OBLIQUE

14. INFERIOR OBLIQUE

15. RIGHT EYE MOVEMENTS

21. CONVERGENCE

22. CONVERGENCE AND ACCOMMODATION
• Convergence
• Bilateral mesial rectus contraction
• Pupillary Constriction
• Lens Accommodation
• Ciliary muscles contract to decrease
tension on the zonules

23. MADDOX RED ROD