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Climate change: Impact and its mitigation strategies in vegetable crops
1. Climate change: Impact and mitigation strategies
in vegetable cultivation
Presented by:
Neha Verma
L-2017-A-34-D
PhD 2nd year
Department of Vegetable Science
2. Content
Introduction
Global, Indian and Punjab scenario
Impact of climate change on vegetable crops
Mitigation strategies
Case studies
Government initiatives
Conclusion
Future thrust
3. Climate Change
• Climate change refers to any significant change in climate over
time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human
activity.
• During 1885-2012, average global temperature has increased by
0.85ᵒC and predicted to increase further 1.6-5.8ᵒC while CO2
concentration is projected to increase in the range from 550 to 850
ppm by the end of 21st century
• 1990’s decade has been warmest in the past millennium
• 2016 -warmest year (IMD, 2018)
(IPCC 5th Assessment Report 2014)
4. Climate change is not in the future;.
it has already started to have
impact
5. Glaciers
Humidity
Temperature Over Land Temperature Over Oceans
Air temperature Near Surface (Troposphere)Snow Cover
Tree-lines shifting upward Sea Surface temperature
Spring coming earlier
Sea level
Sea Ice
Ice Sheets
Species migrating upward Ocean Heat Content
6. Per cent share of the five major CO2
emitting countries and the European Union
GHG emissions (Mt CO2-equivalent) from
different sectors in India
Koundilya et al 2018
8. Why climate change is of much concern to India?
Large country with diverse climate
Two thirds area rain/monsoon dependent
Diverse seasons, crops and farming system
Every year 4-9 per cent decrease in yield due to current 0.85°C rise
in global temperature
Temperature rise beyond 1.5°C would render India uninhabitable
and even poorer
India losing about 1.5 per cent of its GDP every year
13. Heat Stress on Crop Growth
• Changes in the optimum growing period or season
• Physiological disorders
• Abundance of pests, diseases and weeds
• Suitability, availability and adaptability of cultivars
14. Crop Effect Reference
Tomat
o
Flower drop occurs when day temperatures exceed 30°C and night
temperatures exceed 20°C and decreased fruit set
Sato et al
2006
•Splitting of the antheridial cone, reduced stigma
•Degradation of lycopene (>27⁰ C) and destroyed @ 40 ⁰C
Biradar et
al 2012
Cucur
bits
Germination inhibited at 42°C
Delays fruit ripening and reduces fruit sweetness
Kurtar,2010
Poor production of female flowers Singh,2010.
Cole
crops
Bolting, ricyness, hollow stem and small jacket (wrapper) leaves Ayyogari et
al 2014
Pepper Pre-anthesis stage No effect on pistil or stamen viability Erickson &
Markhart,
2002
Post-pollination Inhibited fruit set, suggesting that
fertilization is sensitive
Upto 10 days following anthesis Lower fruit weight Pagamas &
Nawata,
2008
Between 10&30 days after
anthesis
Reduced fruit weight and fruit width
Between 30 days after anthesis &
harvest
Reduces the growth period by 10 to
15 days
Impact of Heat stress on some vegetables
15. Impact of heat stress on the breeding systems in some crop
Species Response to increase temperature
Carrot Reduced male sterility at 26⁰ C
Brussels
sprouts
Breakdown of male sterility above 17⁰ C
Radish Breakdown of self incompatibility at 26⁰ C
Crop Disorder
Asparagus High fibre in stalks
Bean High fibre in pods
Cauliflower, Broccoli Hollow stem, leafy heads, no heads, bracting
Cole crops and Lettuce Tip burn
Tomato, Pepper, Watermelon Blossom-end rot
Physiological disorders of vegetable crops caused by high temperatures
(Hampton et al 2016)
(Gupta SK, 2019)
16. Low temperature
Chilling
injury
Exposure of the plant above 0ᵒC (0ᵒC-10ᵒC)
Freezing
injury
• Exposure to less than 0ᵒC
•Water freezes into ice crystals in the intercellular
spaces
• Cell dehydration
Most susceptible Moderately susceptible Least susceptible
Beans, cucumbers, eggplants,
muskmelon, okra, peppers,
pumpkins, summer squash,,
tomato, watermelon, potato
Carrots, celery, cauliflower,
chinese cabbage, peas, swiss
chard, Onion, Parsnip,
Radish
Brussels sprouts, collards,
kale, parsley, radishes,
spinach, leeks, and Spinach
info@klehm.org, Wang and Wallace, 2003, Phillips and Thompson , 2019
Susceptibility of fresh vegetable to freezing injury
17. List of vegetables sensitive to chilling temperatures, their lowest safe
storage/handling temperature and symptoms of chilling injury (Deell, 2004)
Crop Lowest safe
temperature (ᵒC)
Chilling injury symptoms
Asparagus 0–2 Dull, gray-green, limp tips
Bean 7 Pitting and russeting
Cucumber 7 Pitting, water-soaked lesions
Eggplant 7 Surface scald, Alternaria rot, seed blackening
Okra 7 Discoloration, water-soaked areas, pitting, decay
Pepper 7 Pitting, Alternaria rot, seed blackening
Potato 2 Mahogany browning, sweetening
Pumpkin and
squash
10 Decay, especially Alternaria rot
Tomato (ripe) 7–10 Water-soaking, softening, decay
18. List of vegetable sensitive to freezing injury and their symptoms
Cop Highest
Freezing
temperature(ᵒc)
Freezing injury Symptoms
Asparagus -1.2 Spear becomes limp and dark, water soaked
Potato -0.8 Grey or bluish-grey patches beneath the skin, soft
Tomato -0.5 Water soaked & soft upon thawing, margin between
healthy and dead tissue is distinct
Pepper -0.7 Dead, water-soaked tissue on pericarp surface with
pitting, shrivelling and decay follow thawing
Onion -0.8 Thawed bulbs are soft, greyish yellow and water soaked
in cross-section.
Celery -0.5 Petioles freeze more readily than leaves
(Snyder and Abreu, 2005)
19. Elevated CO2 Concentration
• Positive effect on productivity
• Increased carbon fertilization
• Enhanced photosynthesis increase the yield of C3 crops but not of
the C4 crops (Cline, 2008)
• Potato production increased by 11.12 per cent at elevated CO2 of
550 ppm and 1°C rise in temperature but further increase in
temperature to 3°C and CO2 @550 ppm decline potato production
by 13.72 per cent in 2050 (Singh et al 2013)
21. Response of potato to elevated CO2 under short days: Growth,
physiological parameters and tuber yield
Condition: OTC @ 600pm CO2 (8am to 5pm ) & Ambient (control) @ 400ppm
Maximum and minimum temperature at TOP: 33ᵒ/21.5ᵒC
At the time of haulm cutting: 11.8/6.8ᵒC
Results:
Plant height in potato
during plant developmental
phase
Location : CPRI Jalandhar Punjab
Variety: Kufri Jyoti
(Minhas et al 2018)
24. Kufri Badshah
Base Yield Temp Co2 Temp+ Co2 Base Yield Temp Co2 Temp+ CO2
2020 52.6 50.81 54.76 52.86 51.2 48.7936 53.3504 50.8928
2055 43.1846 61.6998 50.8642 39.936 60.5696 47.872
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
Yieldt/ha
+0.5%
-4.7%
Kufri Pukhraj
WOFOST simulated potential yield of potato cultivars under
baseline and future climate scenario in Punjab (Dua et al 2013)
-3.4%
+4.1%
-17.9%
17.3%
-3.3%
+4.2%
-0.6%
-22.0%
+18.3%
-6.5%
25. Meta-analysis conducted by Dong et al., 2018, as elevated atmospheric CO2
(eCO2) enhances the yield of vegetables; could also affect their nutritional
quality
Fructose 14.2% Protein 9.5%
Glucose 13.2% Nitrate 18.0%
Total soluble sugar 17.5% Magnesium 9.2%
Total antioxidant capacity 59.0% Iron 16.0%
Total phenols 8.9% Zinc 9.4%
Total flavonoids 45.5% Note: Concentrations of titratable acidity, total
chlorophyll, carotenoids, lycopene, anthocyanins,
phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, copper, and
manganese were not affected by eCO2
Ascorbic acid 9.5%
Calcium 8.2%
(Dong et al 2018)
26. Effect of enhanced atmospheric temperature on crop pest
dynamics
Northward migration Parmesan,
2006 and
Hance et al
2007
Invasive species introduction
Effectiveness of insect biocontrol by
fungi
Parasitism
Effect of increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide in plant insect
interaction
Reproduction of aphids Chen et al 2005
Coviella and
Awmarck et al
2000
Predation
Insect developmental rates
Parasitism
27. Effect of climate change on some diseases
Diseases Pathogen Effect of climate change
Disease establishment
rate
Rate of disease
progress
Wilt Erwinia spp.
Powdery mildew Oidium spp.
Early blight Alternaria spp.
Late blight Phytophthora spp.
Cucumber Mosaic
Virus
Virus
Black rot Botryoshaperia
spp.
Bean Yellow
Mosaic Virus
Virus
Basal rot in onion Fusarium spp.
Damping off in
onion
Fusarium spp.
Potato Leaf Roll
Virus
Virus
(Andrew and Hill, 2017)
28. Water
• Water requirements of vegetable crop range from about 6 inches to 24 inches
Water scarcity (USGS, 2012)
Salt water
(Ocean)
97%
Lakes, soil,
atmosphere,
streams, rivers
and living
organisms 1%
Fresh water (3%) Fresh water in
glaciers and ice
caps 2%
30. Vegetable Critical stage of water
requirement
Impact of water deficit
Tomato
Flowering and fruit
development
Flower shedding, BER, reduced fruit
size, fruit splitting
Eggplant Less yield , poor color development
Chilli and
capsicum
Shedding of flower and fruits
Cucumber Bitterness and deformity in fruits
Melons Poor fruit quality due to less TSS,
Increase in phenolic content,
decreased carotenoid
Pea Flowering and pod filling Less root nodulation, poor pod filling
Potato Tuberization and
enlargement
Poor tuber growth and yield, splitting
Onion Bulb formation and
enlargement
Splitting of outer scales
Effect of drought on growth and development of vegetables
Bahadur et al 2011, Klunklin and Savage 2017 and Ansari et al 2019
31. Treatment: Ambient temp+No water stress, Ambient temp+50% water stress, 32ᵒC Max
temp+No water stress, 32ᵒC Max temp+50% water stress, 34ᵒC Max
temp+No water stress and 34ᵒC Max temp+ 50% water stress
Impact of temperature and water stress on growth and yield parameters of chilli (Capsicum
annuum L.) (Gunawardena and Silva, 2014)
Average plant height
Average percentage of transplant success
32. Average fruit weight
Average yield
Impact of temperature and water stress on growth and yield parameters of chilli (Capsicum
annuum L.) (Gunawardena and Silva, 2014)
33. Water logging
Gas diffusion
limitation
Oxygen
deficit
Anaerobic
respiration
Metabolic
toxins (soil
or roots)
Reduced respiration
(Energy deficiency)
Reduced root
Conductivity
to water
Carbon
dioxide
excess
Ethylene
excess
Mineral nutrient deficiency
(Leaching induced)
Note: Most of the vegetables are
highly sensitive to flooding, due
to shallow root system.
(Patel et al 2014)
34. Effect of water logging stress (10 days)
at specific growth stage on survival
percentage in onion crop
T1: 1-10 DAT, T2: 10-20 DAT, T3:
20-30 DAT, T4: 30-40 DAT, T5: 40-
50 DAT, T6:50-60 DAT, T7:60-70
DAT, T8: 70-80 DAT, T9: 80-90
DAT, T10: 90-100 DAT, T11:100-
110 DAT, Control: Normal
irrigation schedule
Morphological
parameters
(Ghodke et al 2018)
35. Effect of water logging stress (10 days) at specific growth stage on bulb size,
and weight in onion variety Bhima Super
Treatments Bulb weight (g) Bulb diameter (mm)
Polar size Equatorial size
Control 100.4 51.6 60.33
T1 84.6 57.1 56.18
T2 65.0 47.1 51.68
T3 21.1 35.1 28.52
T4 31.1 37.5 37.66
T5 21.4 47.2 28.69
T6 24.3 52.1 29.65
T7 32.9 49.1 35.92
T8 28.5 42.6 35.27
T9 38.3 45.4 39.57
T10 72.3 55.3 51.02
T11 76.2 51.5 51.35
CD (5%) 5.077 2.359 5.923
(Ghodke et al 2018)
36. Salinity Stress on Crop growth
Loss of turgor Decreased photosynthesis Leaf abscission, curling and epinasty
Loss of cellular integrity Respiratory changes Growth reduction
Salt tolerance of vegetables rated by the salinity threshold & percent yield decline
(Myers et al 2017)
(Shannon and Grieve, 1999)
Parsley
37. Crop Effect References
Onion Leaf colour changes from rich green to dull blue-
green and burning of leaf tips, decreased bulb
diameter, bulb weight
Sta-Baba, 2010
Chilli Dry matter production, leaf area, relative growth
rate and net assimilation rate
Number of fruits per plant more affected than the
individual fruit weight
Lopez et al 2011
Cabbage Reduction in germination percentage, germination
rate and reduced 10% yield
Jamil and Rha,
2004
Carrot Root yield declines 14 per cent for every unit
increase in salinity (ECe) beyond the threshold
Semiz, 2011
While cucumber, eggplant and tomato are moderately sensitive to
saline soils
(Pena and Huges, 2007)
Effect of salinity on different vegetables
38. • PAN, Nitrogen dioxide and Sulphur dioxide cause growth
suppression, early abscission, chlorosis, bleached spots
Effect of Air Pollutants on vegetable crops
Relative sensitivity of vegetable crops to air pollution
Pollutant Sensitive Tolerant
Sulphur dioxide Beans, Broccoli, Onion, Potato,
Radish, Spinach, Tomato
Beet, Cucumber, Lettuce, Carrot
Ozone Beans, Broccoli, Onion, Potato,
Radish, Spinach, Tomato
Cucumber, Pea, Cabbage
PAN Bean, Celery, Lettuce, Pepper,
Spinach, Tomato
Broccoli, Cabbage, Cauliflower,
cucumber, onion, Radish, Squash
Chlorine Onion, Radish Eggplant, Pepper, Bean, Tomato
Ammonia Mustard Tomato
• Yield of vegetable reduced by 5-15 per cent when daily
ozone concentrations reach to greater than 50 ppb (Raj
Narayan 2009)
(Bhushan A, 2017)
39. Pollutants Effects on Vegetables
Ozone (O3) Bleached spotting, growth suppression and early abscission on
Beans, pumpkins and potato
Peroxy Acetyl
Nitrate (PAN)
Young spongy cells of plants affected if 0.01 ppm of PAN
present for more than 6 hrs
Nitrogen dioxide
(NO₂)
Irregular, white or brown collapsed lesion on intercostals tissue
and near leaf margin
Ammonia & Sulfur
dioxide
Bleached spots, bleached areas between veins, bleached margins,
chlorosis, growth suppression, early abscission
Chlorine (Cl₂) Epidermis and mesophyll of plants affected, If 0.10 ppm present
for at least 2 hrs,.
Mercury (Hg) Floral parts of all vegetations are affected; abscission and growth
reduction
Effects of Air Pollutants on Vegetables
(Bhushan A, 2017)
40. So, what to do?
Mitigation Strategies
(Source: IPCC Special Report on Global Warming of 1.5°C; World Bank)
Reduce the sources or enhance
the sinks of greenhouse gases,
which permanently eliminate or
reduce the long term risk and
hazard of climate change
41. 1. Developing Climate resilience
• Screening of germplasm for biotic and abiotic stress resistance in open-field
conditions or in controlled conditions and then tolerant germplasm can be used
in the breeding programmes to incorporate resistance
a. Source of heat stress tolerance in vegetables
Crop Genotypes /Varieties Reference
Tomato Money Maker, Red Cherry Johijma et al 1995
Sonali, Sparten Red 8, Tropic, Burgess, Walter,
Red Rock, Sweet 72, Marzano, Punjab Tropic
Nainer et al 2004
CLN-1621, Red Cherry, Nagcarlan,
Beaverlodge-6804
Sadashiva et al
2013
Bean Haibushi Suzuki et al 2001
Cornell 503 Rainey & Griffiths,
2005
Chinese cabbage Qngyan 1 Li et al 1999
42. d. Sources of Salt tolerance
Tomato L. cheesmanii, Sabour, Suphala, S. peruvianum, S.
pennelii, S. pimpinellifolium, and S. habrochaites
Foolad 2004,
Cuartero et al 2006
Pepper Demre, Ilica 250, 11-B-14, Bagci Carliston, Mini Aci
Sivri, Yalova Carliston, and Yaglik 28
Yildirim and
Guvenc, 2006
b. Sources for cold tolerance
Crop Species/Genotype/Variety
Tomato Narcalang, Early North, Fireball, Red Cloud, Cornell, Botina, Pusa
Sheetal, Cold Set, Sel.6, Best of All, Avalanche, Severnian and
Precoce, S. habrochaites
Selvakumar R,
2015
Pea K-1053, K-5284, K-6140, Orlovski-29 and Inzum Rud
Potato Solanum acaule, S. microdentum, S. multidissectum, S. verinei, S.
depoxum, S. andigena
c. Sources for water logging tolerance
Tomato Lycopersicon esculentum : L-123, L-125, L-973, L-3072, L-3091,
L-4313, L-4360, L.pimpinellifolium: L-4422, Nagcarlan from
Philippine
Kuo and Chen,
1979
Potato Gem, Jasper Martin, 1984
43. Crop e. Genetic resources for drought tolerance
Tomato S. pimpinellifolium, S. hirsutum, S. cheesmanii, S. chilense, S.
lycopersicum var. cerasiforme, S. pennellii , S. peruvianum, S.
habrochaites, S. sitiens
Brinjal S. microcarpon, S. macrosperma, S. integrifolium
Chilli C. chinense, C. baccatum var. pendulum, Arka Lohit
Potato Kufri Sheetman, Kufri Sindhuri
Okra A. tuberosus, A caillei, A rugosus
French bean P. acutifolius
Water melon Citullus colocynthis (L) Schard.
Winter Squash Cucurbita maxima
Cassava TP White, Narukku-3
Sweet Potato Sree Bhadra, IGSP10, IGSP 16, VLS6
Cucumber INGR-98018
Onion A. fistulosum, Arka Kalyan, A. munzii, MST-42, MST46
(Kumar et al 2012)
44. f. Source of disease/insect resistance in vegetable
Crop Disease/insect Resistant source
Tomato TYLCV L. pimpinellifolium
Insect resistance L. pennellii
Bacterial wilt Hawaii 7996 accession
Sweet
pepper
Fungi and viruses Capsicum chinense , C. baccatum and
C. Frutescens
Cucumber Powdery mildew Poinestee, Yomaki, Sparton Salad, Cucumis
ficifolia, C. anguria
Downy mildew Chinese Long and Poinsette
Anthracnose PI 197087 and PI 175111
CMV TMG-1, Tokyo Long Green, Chinese Long,
Wisconsin and Table Green
Musk melon Powdery mildew Edisto, Arka Rajhans and Pusa Sharbati
Fusarium wilt Delicious-51 and C. melo var. reticulatus,
indorus, chito, and flexuosus
Watermelon Powdery mildew, downy
mildew and
Arka Manik
Anthracnose Black Stone, Charleston Gray, and Cargo
(Naik et al 2013)
45. Biotechnological innovative strategies
Climate change (biotic and abiotic stresses)
Screening of germplasm for biotic and abiotic stress tolerance related traits
Genomics Breeding
High throughput
genotyping and sequencing
QTL mapping
QTL/ Marker/
Candidate gene Molecular and integrated
breeding
Marker Assisted Selection (MAS)
Biotic and abiotic stress tolerance cultivars
High throughput phenotyping
and screening for biotic and
abiotic stress tolerance
Trait selection
Mapping population
46. Varieties with various stress tolerance released in India for cultivation
Crop Variety Abiotic stress Tolerance Variety
Tomato Pusa Sheetal Fruit set up to 8ᵒC (low) night temperature
Pusa Hybrid 1 Fruit set up to 28ᵒC (high) night temperature
Pusa Sadabahar Fruit set at both low and high night temp
Arka Vikas Tolerant to drought
Eggplant SM-1, SM-19 and SM-30 Drought
Pragati and Pusa Bindu Salt tolerance
Okra Pusa Sawani Tolerant to salinity
Musk melon Jobner 96-2 High soil pH
Cucumber Pusa Barkha Tolerant to high temperature
Pusa Uday Suitable for throughout the year
Bottlegourd Pusa Santusthi Hot and cold set variety
Onion Hisar-2 Tolerant to salinity
Radish Pusa Himani Grown throughout the year
Pusa Chetki Better root formation under high temp. regime
Potato Kufri Surya Heat tolerant up to 25ᵒC night temperature
Kufri Sheetman, Kufri Deva Frost tolerant
Early
Cauliflower
Pusa Meghna Form curd at high temp.
(Koundinya et al 2018)
47. 2. Agronomic approaches
Selection of better adaptable varieties
Resource
conservation
technology
No tillage or minimum tillage, Organic soil cover, Crop rotation, Site
specific nutrition management
Reduce CO2 emissions as 0.35t CO2 equivalent/ha/year
Drip irrigation (Kumar et al 2012)
Soil amendments to improve soil fertility
Protection from
heat
Use of mulches, shade nets, anti-transpirants (Pena and Hughes,
2007)
Plastic Low Tunnel Technology
Fertilizer,
manure and
biomass
management
Reduce use of synthetic fertilizers, Use slow-releasing fertilizers,
Nitrification inhibitors etc.
Reduce CO2 emissions as 0.33t CO2 equivalent/ha/year
Mitigate : 0.98t CO2equivalent/ha/year
Smart Nitrogen Management
Leaf color chart
Urea tablet/
Nitrification inhibitor
48. Grafting (water, temp, and salinity stress)
Crop Potential Rootstock References
Low temperature
Cucumber Fig leaf gourd (C. ficifolia), Bur cucumber (Sicos angulatus L.) Zhou et al 2007
Cucumber scion grafted onto squash rootstock (C. moschata Duch) Shibuya et al 2007
Watermelon Shin-tosa-type (Interspecific squash hybrid C. maxima × C. moschata) Davis et al 2008
Flooding
Egg plant Solanum torvum, EG195 or EG203, PP0237-7502, PP0242-62 Penella et al 2014;
AVRDC 2003 & 2009
Pepper Chili accessions PP0237-7502, PP0242-62 and Lee B AVRDC 2003 & 2009
High temperature
Cucumber Shintosa (C. maxima × C. moschata) Lee et al 2010
Chilli C. annuum cv.Toom-1 and 9852-54(AVRDC) AVRDC 2003 & 2009
Salinity
Cucumber Chaojiquanwang (C. moschata) Huang et al 2013
Brinjal S. torvum Giuffrida et al 2015
Drought
Egg plant Solanum macrocarpum, Solanum gilo, PKM-1 Lee et al 2010; Pandey
and Rai 2003; Penella
et al 2014; AVRDC
2003 & 2009
Tomato Solanum pennelli , Solanum chilense
Pepper Atlante, C-40, Serrano, PI-152225, ECU-973, BOL-58 and NuMex
Conquistador
49. • Lower CO2 emissions through erosion and farming system
• Reduced emission of N2O @ 1.2-1.6 Gt CO2 equivalent annually (IFOAM, 2009)
• Restoration of organic soil globally mitigate 33.51 tCO2-equivalent/ha/yr (Smith et al
2007)
Organic Farming
Source of GHG Share of total
anthropogenic
Impacts of optimized
organic management
Remarks green house gas emissions
Direct emissions from
agriculture
10–12% Reduced Minimum tillage, crop rotation , avoid
burning
N2O from soils 4.2% Reduction Higher nitrogen use efficiency
CH4 from enteric
fermentation
3.5% Opposed effects
performance
Biogas, use the carbohydrate rich food
Biomass burning 1.3% Reduction Burning avoided according to
organic standards
Forest clearing for
agriculture
12% Reduction Clearing of primary ecosystems
restriction
Indirect emissions
Mineral fertilizers 1% Totally avoided Prohibited use of mineral
fertilizers
Carbon sequestration
Arable lands - Enhanced Increased soil organic matter
Grasslands - Enhanced Increased soil organic matter
50. Fisahai (2010): urban agriculture, vegetable farming/ gardening
• Enhancing food security
• Cultivated and harvested with minimal mechanization
• Avoid use synthetic fertilizers, pesticides and fungicides
• Food that is grown and sold locally eliminates the need for wasteful
plastic packaging and fossil- fueled transport to market
• Minimize greenhouse gases emission
Urban Agriculture
51. Commercialized climate resilient perennial vegetable
• Improve soil health, soil structure and biota
• Deeper root system
• Perennial roots contain more carbon than annuals (FAO 2011; USDA 2015)
52. • Providing value-added
weather services
• Promoting insurance for
climatic risk management
• Compensating farmers for
environmental services
• Sharing experiences across
similar regions
Assisting farmers to cope with climatic risks
Source: Aggarwal et al. (2012)
54. Crop simulation model
Crop Growth
simulation models
Application Case study examples
DSSAT (Decision
Support System For
Agrotechnology Transfer)
Includes crop simulation models for 42 crops Potato DSSAT-
SUBSTOR (Raymundo
et al 2014)
WOFOST
(World Food
Studies)
Explains crop growth based on the underlying
physiological processes, such as photosynthesis,
respiration and the influence of environmental
conditions on these processes
Potato SWAP-
WOFOST (Yan 2015)
INFOCROP A generic crop model that simulates the effects on crop
growth, yield, soil carbon, nitrogen and water, and
greenhouse gas emissions by weather, soils, agronomic
practices (crop husbandry) and major pests
INFOCROP POTATO
(Singh et al 2005)
APSIM
(Agricultural
Production Systems
Simulator)
Deals with a range of plant, animal, soil, climate and
management interactions
APSIM-Potato
(Brown et al 2011;
Lisson & Cotching,
2011)
Madhuram Sweet potato specific model to predict crop phenology
based on vegetative developmental days and
reproductive developmental days
Sweet potato
(Sundaram & Mithra
2008)
55. • The Prime Minister’s National Action Plan on Climate Change
• ICAR has launched National Initiative on Climate Resilient
Agriculture (NICRA), during 2010-11
• GOI initiated Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission in 2010
• India became a signatory of Paris Agreement
Punjab State Action Plan on Climate Change (PbSAPCC):
Water Mission
Sustainable Agriculture Mission
Green Punjab Mission
Sustaining Himalayan Ecosystem
Sustainable Habitat Mission
Solar Mission
Enhanced Energy Efficiency Mission
Knowledge Mission
Govt. initiatives and committees for climate change
56. • Average global temperature has increased by 0.85ᵒC during 1885-2012 & predicted to
increase 1.6-5.8ᵒC while CO2 concentration is increase in range 550 to 850 ppm at end
of 21st century
• India is losing about 1.5 per cent of its GDP every year due to climate change
• Increase in temperature leads to changes in the optimum growing period, increased
incidence of temperature-related disorders and changes in the distribution and/or
abundance of pests and diseases
• Elevated CO2 has positive effect ranging from 24-51% on productivity of different
vegetable but the high temperature has negative effect
• For every 10ᵒ rise in temperature the water requirement of the crop increase by 50%
• Development of climate resilient varieties
• Encouragement to conserve and adopt good agronomic practices
• Climate resilient perennial vegetable, grafting, urban agriculture, organic farming,
climate smart villages are different approaches to combat effect of climate change
Conclusions
57. Future Thrusts
• Evaluation of diverse germplasm of various vegetable crop
• Development of varieties resistant to various biotic and
abitoic stresses
• Restoration of natural eco-systems
• Smart monitoring of impacts of climate change
• Improved production system with minimal emission
• Juggle with planting dates
• Organic approaches
