Introduction to probiotics: definition, strains used commercially, desirable properties, mode of action Health effects of probiotics and recommended doses

1. PROBIOTICS: INTRODUCTION
AND THEIR HEALTH EFFECTS
MADE BY : NEHA MAHTO

2. CONTENTS
• Rationale
• Introduction
• Desirable properties of probiotics
• Probiotics: mode of action
• Health effects of probiotics
• Doses of probiotics
• Challenges and scope

3. RATIONALE
• Probiotics are viable microorganisms that have beneficial
health effects.
• If the viability of probiotics is not maintained at the time of
consumption, the purpose of probiotics is not fulfilled.
• Probiotics survival is affected by various factors (mainly during
processing and storage), so their survival is very important at
the time of consumption.

4. INTRODUCTION
• The term "probiotics" comes from
the Greek word "pro bios" meaning
"for life"
• Probiotic bacteria are live
microorganisms, which when
administered in adequate amounts
confer a health benefit to the host
(WHO, 2002).
• Most common probiotic strains -
Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus.

5. PROBIOTIC STRAINS
Lactobacillus
species
• L. acidophilus
• L. plantarum
• L.casei
• L.brevis
• L.delbreuckii
Bifidobacterium
species
• B.bidifum
• B.longum
• B.infantis
• B.breve
others
• Enterococcus
faecalis
• Streptococcus
cremoris

6. DESIRABLE PROPERTIES OF
PROBIOTICS
Acid & bile stability
Adhesion stability
Antimicrobial activity
Viability & properties
during processing and
storage

7. PROBIOTICS: MODE OF ACTION
Production of
inhibitory
substances
• Organic acids
• Hydrogen
peroxide
• bacteriocins
Stimulation of
immunity
• Various cytokines
are released
Competition
for nutrients
• Consume
nutrients that
may be otherwise
consumed by
pathogens

8. Continued...
Blocking of
adhesion sites
• Competitive
inhibition to
adhesion on
epithelial
receptors
Degradation of
toxin receptors
• Degradation of
receptors on
intestinal mucosa
Affecting the
host gene
expression
• Secreted
molecules
regulate gene
expression

9. HEALTH EFFECTS OF PROBIOTICS
Protection against gastrointestinal
pathogens and diarrhoea
Enhancement of immune system
Reduction of serum cholestrol
level and blood pressure
Production of B-vitamins

10. Continued...
Protection against colon cancer
Prevention of osteoporosis
Increase of lactose tolerance
Protection against allergy

11. DOSES OF PROBIOTICS
• According to US FDA, minimum probiotic count in a probiotic
food should be at least 106 CFU ml–1
• A daily intake of 108– 109 probiotic microorganisms is essential
to achieve probiotic action in the human organism
• Probiotic products should be consumed regularly with an
approximate amount of 100 g/day in order to deliver sufficient
viable cells into the intestine.

12. CHALLENGES & SCOPE
• Challenge: Maintaining the appropriate numbers of
probiotics in food during processing and storage.
• Scope: Identification of effective methods for protection of
cells during processing and storage, ex- microencapsulation,
use of cell protective agents etc.

13. REFERENCES
• Jain, D & Chaudhary, HS 2017, ‘Clinical significance of
probiotics in human’, International Journal of Nutrition, vol.4,
no.1,pp. 11-22.
• Tripathi, MK & Giri, SK 2014, ‘Probiotic functional foods:
Survival of probiotics during processing and storage’, Journal
of Functional Foods, vol.9, pp. 225-241.
• Singh, K, Kallail, B, Kumar, A & Thaker, V 2011, ‘Probiotics: A
review’, Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, S287-
295.
• Soccol, KR et al. 2010, ‘The Potential of Probiotics: A Review’,
Food Technology and Biotechnology, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 413-
434.