3. UVA (320 to 400 nm)
UVB (290 to 320 nm)
UVC (200 to 290 nm)
4. UV-B irradiance at the surface based on the abundance of
ozone, as measured by NASA’s Total Ozone Mapping
Spectrometer (TOMS) instrument during the month of
November, 2000.
16. Nanotechnology - structures sized between
1 to 100 nm in at least one dimension
ZnO, TiO2 , ZrO - absorb the UV radiation
ZnO, TiO2 - non-toxic, compatible with
human skin, chemically stable under both
high temp. and UVR, easily available
17. High surface-to-volume ratio - adhere well
to the fabric
Transparent appearance
High surface area and high surface energy -
bound to the surface of the fibres by van der
Waals forces - wash fastness
18. Cotton/polyester
Higher UPF
Woven better UPF than knitted
Polyester/cotton blend - better UPF than pure
cotton - UV absorption of polyester
Karthivelu et al., Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 34,
September 2009, pg. 267-273
19. Hexamethyelenetetramine and zincnitrate
Cotton fabric - treated in hot water to obtain
1D needle-shaped nano ZnO crystallites
20. (a) before treatment, (b) after soaking in the SiO2 solution, (c) after
chemical deposition of ZnO, and (d) after hot water treatment at 100
°C for 2.5 h
21. (a) before treatment, (b) after
soaking in the SiO2 solution, (c)
after chemical deposition of ZnO,
and (d) after hotwater treatment
at 100 °C for 2.5 h.
(a) before treatment, (b) after
soaking in the SiO2 solution,
chemical deposition of ZnO, and
boiling water treatment for 3 h,
and (c) after 20 washes
Mao et al., Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, 2009, pg. 2681–2686
22. CeO2 -excellent UV absorption - low
photocatalytic activity
CeO2 + ZnO - reduce the catalytic and
photocatalytic activities
Fine ZnO:CeO2 particles with very small size
- unique UV absorbing ability, high stability
at high temp., high hardness, and low activity
as catalyst
J. F. Lima et al., Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, 2009, pg. 9006–9009
23. Layered fabric systems with electrospun ZnO
nanocomposite fiber webs - various conc of
ZnO in a range of web area densities
Extremely thin, Light-weight, Mechanically
flexible
Desired functionalities imparted without
significant increases in weight or thickness
24. SEM micrographs of (a)
electrospun polyurethane
nanofiber web, (b) electrospun
polyurethane/ZnO
nanocomposite fiber web and the
cross-sectional view of a
nanocomposite fiber (inset), and
(c) cross-sectional view of a
layered fabric system
25. S. Lee, Fibers and Polymers, Vol.10, No.3, 2009, pg. 295-301
27. Transmission spectra of PES fabrics loaded of with TiO2
nanoparticles
D. Mihailovic et al., Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 79, 2010, pg. 526–
532
28. Particle-embedded acrylic coatings
transparent to visible light but absorb UVR
UV absorption behavior of nano- and micron
size particles
Thick coatings of 10 μm and 20 μm applied
to Kevlar fabrics
29. Absorption spectra from various size TiO2 particles
P. Katangur et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 91, 2006, pg.
2437 – 2442
30. Cotton, Polyester, Cotton/Polyester Blend –
Coated with ZnO – Gamma Irradiation for
curing
UPF increased with an increase in the
concentration of the UV absorber
M. H. Zohdy et al., European Polymer Journal, Vol. 45, 2009, pg. 2926–2934
31. SEM micrographs of (a) uncoated polyester fabrics (b) ZnO coated
polyester
SEM micrographs of (a) untreated Cotton fabrics (b) Alum/ZnO
coated fabric
32. UPF &UV transmittance of coated
PET fabrics
UPF & UV transmittance
of coated cotton fabrics
33. Large surface area – better UV absorption
Transparent appearance on coatings
Applied using different techniques
Reasonable wash fastness
Can be used to produce multifunctional
components
34. Richard A. Scott, “Textiles for Protection,” Woodhead Publishing Limited, 2005.
D. Saravanan, AUTEX Research Journal, Vol. 7, No 1, March 2007.
Hoffmann et al., Arch Dermatol, Vol. 137, August 2001.
Karthivelu et al., Indian Journal of Fibre & Textile Research, Vol. 34, September 2009, pg.
267-273.
Mao et al., Thin Solid Films, Vol. 517, 2009, pg. 2681–2686.
J. F. Lima et al., Applied Surface Science, Vol. 255, 2009, pg. 9006–9009.
S. Lee, Fibers and Polymers, Vol.10, No.3, 2009, pg. 295-301.
D. Mihailovic et al., Carbohydrate Polymers, Vol. 79, 2010, pg. 526–532.
P. Katangur et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 91, 2006, pg. 2437 - 2442.
H. Zhang et al., Polymer Degradation and Stability, Vol. 94, 2009, pg. 278–283.
M. H. Zohdy et al., European Polymer Journal, Vol. 45, 2009, pg. 2926–2934.
www.wikipedia.org
Fernando et al., Nanotechnology Applications in Coatings, ACS Symposium Series,
American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2009.
M. D. Newman et al., Journal of American Academy of Dermatology, October 2009.
Hinweis der Redaktion
Ultraviolet (UV) photons harm the DNA molecules of living organisms in different ways. In one common damage event, adjacent bases bond with each other, instead of across the “ladder.” This makes a bulge, and the distorted DNA molecule does not function properly. (Illustration by David Herring)