2. WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is the scientific study of behaviour and mental processes.
The field is scientific in that psychologists approach their studies in an
orderly and systematic way in order to obtain objective evidence.
Psychologists study:
Overt or observable behaviour, as well as
Covert behaviour – private mental processes that cannot be directly
observed or measured and must be inferred from overt behaviour.
3. GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
The primary goals of psychology are to:
Describe behavior – what is the nature of this behaviour?
Understand and explain behaviour - why does it occur?
Predict behaviour– can we forecast when and under what circumstances it
will occur?
Control behaviour - what factors influence this behaviour?
4. VARIETIES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
Several types of psychologists exist.
These include:
Cognitive psychologists: study the ways humans perceive and understand
the world around them.
Physiological psychologists: study the role of brain functions in
behaviour.
Developmental psychologists: study how individuals grow and change
throughout their lives.
5. VARIETIES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
Social psychologists: study how people influence and are influenced by others.
School psychologists: test and evaluate students, analyze learning problems, and counsel
teachers and parents.
Industrial/Organizational psychologists: work on a wide variety of issues in work
settings.
Forensic psychologists: work on behavioural issues in the legal, judicial and correctional
systems.
Health psychologists: focus on ways to improve health by altering behaviour.
Sports psychologists: Study how psychological factors influence performance in sports,
physical activity and exercise
6. VARIETIES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS
Most psychologists are involved in the areas of clinical and counseling
psychology.
The primary focus of clinical psychologists is the diagnosis and treatment
of mental and behavioural disorders.
There is some overlap between clinical and counseling psychology but the
latter typically involves working with people who have less severe social,
emotional and vocational problems.
7. HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY
Several schools of thought have helped to shape the field of psychology into
what it is today. These include:
Structuralism
Functionalism
Psychoanalysis
Behaviourism
Gestalt psychology
Humanistic psychology
Positive psychology
8. STRUCTURALISM
In 1879, Wilhelm Wundt established the first
“psychological” laboratory in Germany. He is widely
viewed as the founder of psychology.
He attempted to uncover the structure of consciousness
by breaking down mental processes into their most
basic components.
This was done through a process called introspection.
Wundt‟s approach became known as structuralism.
9. FUNCTIONALISM
William James argued that consciousness cannot be
broken down into elements.
He was concerned with ongoing conscious
experience and the functions of mental processes
His views gave rise to another branch of psychology
- functionalism
10. BEHAVIORISM
Behaviourists held the view that only overt behaviour
can be studied scientifically.
They advocated the use of strict experimental
procedures in psychology.
Supported by B. F. Skinner, Ivan Pavlov and John B.
Watson.
11. BEHAVIORISM
Strict behaviourists believed that all behaviours are
shaped by the environment.
‘ Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my
own specified world to bring them up in and I’ll
guarantee to take any one at random and train him to
become any type of specialist I might select -- doctor,
lawyer, artist, merchant- chief and, yes, even beggar-
man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants,
tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his
ancestors’
. --John Watson, Behaviorism, 1930
12. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY
Gestalt psychology – founded by Max Wertheimer
Focused on studying mental processes and behaviours
as „wholes‟ rather than trying to separate them into
discrete functions or parts.
Held the view that “the whole is greater than the sum of
its parts.”
13. PSYCHOANALYSIS
While other theorists tried to explain varying
aspects of conscious experience, Sigmund Freud
argued for the role of the unconscious and other
internal processes in human behaviour and mental
disorders. His work formed the foundation of
psychoanalytic theory
14. HUMANISTIC
Humanistic psychologists argued that humans are not
helplessly controlled by unconscious or
environmental forces – we have free will, goals,
aspirations, and other positive motives which should
be studied. Influenced by Carl Rogers.
15. POSITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
Founded by Martin Seligman in 1998.
Arose from the observation that
psychologists generally focus on the negative
side of human behaviour while largely
neglecting the more positive aspects of human
experience.
Focused on discovering and promoting
factors that allow individuals and communities
to thrive
Hinweis der Redaktion
Titchener's theory began with the question of what each element of the mind is. He concluded from his research that there were three types of mental elements constituting conscious experience: Sensations (elements of perceptions), Images (elements of ideas), and affections (elements of emotions).These elements could be broken down into their respective properties, which he determined were quality, intensity, duration, clearness, and extensity. Both sensations and images contained all of these qualities; however, affections were lacking in both clearness and extensity. And images and affections could be broken down further into just clusters of sensations. Therefore, by following this train of thinking all thoughts were images, which being constructed from elementary sensations meant that all complex reasoning and thought could eventually be broken down into just the sensations which he could get at through introspection
Freud retained the term psychoanalysis for his own school of thought.[5] The basic tenets of psychoanalysis include:
a person's development is determined by often forgotten events in early childhood, rather than by inherited traits alone;
human behaviour and cognition are largely determined by irrational drives that are rooted in the unconscious;
attempts to bring those drives into awareness triggers resistance in the form of defense mechanisms, particularly repression;
conflicts between conscious and unconscious material can result in mental disturbances such as neurosis, neurotic traits, anxiety and depression;
unconscious material can be found in dreams and unintentional acts, including mannerisms and slips of the tongue;
liberation from the effects of the unconscious is achieved by bringing this material into the conscious mind through therapeutic intervention;
the "centerpiece of the psychoanalytic process" is the transference, whereby patients relive their infantile conflicts by projecting onto the analyst feelings of love, dependence and anger
Humanistic psychologists believe that:
An individual's behavior is primarily determined by his perception of the world around him.
Individuals are not solely the product of their environment.
Individuals are internally directed and motivated to fulfill their human potential.
Positive psychology is "the scientific study of what makes life most worth living",[1] or "the scientific study of positive human functioning and flourishing on multiple levels that include the biological, personal, relational, institutional, cultural, and global dimensions of life".[2] Positive psychology is concerned with eudaimonia, "the good life", reflection about what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life.
Positive psychologists have suggested a number of ways in which individual happiness may be fostered. Social ties with a spouse, family, friends and wider networks through work, clubs or social organisations are of particular importance, while physical exercise and the practice of meditation may also contribute to happiness. Happiness may rise with increasing financial income, though it may plateau or even fall when no further gains are made
Basic concepts[edit]
Positive psychology is concerned with eudaimonia, "the good life" or flourishing, living according to what holds the greatest value in life – the factors that contribute the most to a well-lived and fulfilling life. While not attempting a strict definition of the good life, positive psychologists agree that one must live a happy, engaged, and meaningful life in order to experience "the good life". Martin Seligman referred to "the good life" as "using your signature strengths every day to produce authentic happiness and abundant gratification".[8]According to Christopher Peterson, "eudaimonia trumps hedonism".[1]
PERMA: Positive Emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning and purpose, and Accomplishments.[39] It is a mnemonic for the five elements of Martin Seligman's well-being theory