Welcome to our ultimate guide to Geographical Information System (GIS). Discover how GIS revolutionizes data analysis, mapping.
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A Geographical Information System (GIS) is a computer-based tool used to capture, store, manipulate, analyse, and present spatial or geographic data. It combines various types of data such as maps, satellite imagery, aerial photographs, and tabular data to create layers of information that can be visualized and analysed in relation to their geographic location.
GIS technology allows users to explore, interpret, and understand patterns and relationships within geographic data. It provides a framework for organizing and managing data, enabling users to query and retrieve specific information based on spatial and non-spatial attributes. GIS can be used in various fields, including urban planning, natural resource management, environmental assessment, transportation, agriculture, and emergency management
3. Definition:
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system for
capturing, storing, checking, and displaying data related to positions
on Earth's surface.
• GIS can show different kinds of data on one map.
• GIS is a software program that helps people use the information that
is collected from the GPS satellites.
• A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to captur
e, store, manipulate, analyze, manage and present all types of Spatial
or geographical data.
• Spatial data is a term used to describe any data containing informatio
n about specific location on the earth surface.
Geographical Information System
4. Reference system using longitude and latitude (spatial data) to
pin point global location.
Convert data points into 3D image map consisting of layers that
show elevation and land form.
GIS can help individuals and organizations better understand
spatial patterns and relationships.
5. History of GIS
• In 1854 John Snow gave the idea of GIS by locating water pipes in map.
• The first known use of the term “Geographic information system" was by
Roger Tomlinson in the year 1968 in his paper "A Geographic Information System for
Regional Planning.
• The early 20th century saw the development of photography, which allowed map to
be split into layers, for example one layer for vegetation and another for water.
GIS technology –
now used in every
industry around the world.
Geographical Information System
7. PRINCIPLES OF GIS
• Data capture
• Digitize or scan data found on previously printed maps.
• Another methodology for data capture in GIS would be remotely sensed
data
• Database Management & update
A method for structuring data in the form of sets of records so that relation
b/w different entities can be used for data access and transformations.
• -database maintenance abilities.
• -data security, data storage
Geographical Information System
8. PRINCIPLES OF GIS
• Geographical analysis
• The collected information is analyzed and interpreted qualitatively and
quantitatively.
• Preparing Results
• GIS technology is the variety of different ways in which the information can
be presented.
Geographical Information System
9. Click To Edit Title Style
Visualization
Data Capture
Query & Analysis
Data Storage
Data Management
Functions Of GIS
10. Geographical Information System
Function of GIS
Data Capture
The input of data into GIS can be achieved through many different
methods of gathering.
For example
Ariel photography,
scanning, digitizing,
GPS or global positioning system is just a
few of ways a GIS user could obtain data.
-Data Storage
Some data is store such as map on a drawer , while others, such as digital data,
can be as hardcopy, stored on CD or on your hard drive.
11. Data Manipulation
The digital geographical data can be edited, this allows for many
attribute to be added,
edited, or deleted to the specification of the project.
Query & Analysis
GIS was used widely in decision making process for the new commission districts.
we use population data to help establish an equal representation of population
to area for each district.
Visualization
This represents the ability to display your data, your maps and information.
Geographical Information System
Function of GIS
13. Hardware
• computer central processing unit.
• IT is linked to a disk drive storage unit ,( which provides space for storing data)
• scanner and other device is used to convert data.
• plotter or other kind of display device is used to present the result of the
• data processing
• a tape device is used for storing data or programs on magnetic tape.
Software
• GIS software is essential to generate , store analyze, manipulate
• and display geographic information or data.
• GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map.
Geographical Information System
14.
15. Geographical Information System
Data
DATA is the most important component of a GIS.
• geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in house,
compiled to custom specifications and requirements, or purchased from a
commercial data provider..
16.
17. People
• GIS Technology has limited value without the people who manage
and develop plans to apply it to real world problems.
• GIS user are technical specialists who design and maintain.
18. Method
A successful GIS operates accordant to a well designed implementati
on plan and business rule which are the models and operating pr
actices
unique for every organization.
Geographical Information System
19. Implications
It depends on the design itself.
• If it's going to have photographic elements with continuous tones and
blends of color, then use a paint program.
• If you want your design to look like a drawing or illustration with
clear contrast, then use a vector program.
Geographical Information System
20. • It is also known as geospatial data or geographic information it is the data
or information that identifies the geographic location of features and
boundaries on Earth, such as natural or constructed features, oceans, and
more.
• Spatial data is usually stored as coordinates and topology( “the study of
geometrical properties and spatial relations unaffected by the continuous
change of shape or size of figures.”)and is data that can be mapped.
• Spatial data is often accessed, manipulated or analyzed through
Geographic Information Systems (GIS).
SPATIAL DATA IN GIS:
21. There are two types of spatial data:-
• Vector Data
• Raster Data
• Vector data model:
A representation of the world using points, lines, and polygons.
Vector models are useful for storing data that has discrete boundaries, such as
country borders, land parcels, and streets.
• Raster data model:
A representation of the world as a surface divided into a regular grid of
cells. Raster models are useful for storing data that varies continuously, as in
an aerial photograph, a satellite image, a surface of chemical concentrations,
or an elevation surface.
SPATIAL DATA IN GIS:
22. Geographical Information System
Difference
•A representation of the world
using points, lines, and
polygons.
•Vector models are useful for
storing
• data that has discrete
boundaries,
such as country borders, land
parcels, and streets.
• A representation of the world as
a surface divided into a regular
grid of cells.
•Raster models are useful for
storing data that varies
continuously, as in
an aerial photograph,
a satellite image,
an elevation surface.
Vector Raster
25. NON-SPATIAL DATA IN GIS:
Non-Spatial Data
• The non spatial data are numbers, characters or logical type.
• Data that relate to a specific, precisely defined location. The data are often
statistical but may be text, images or multi-media. These are linked in the
GIS to spatial data that define the location.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN SPATIAL AND NON-SPATIAL DATA SETS:
• Spatial data:
It are generally multi-dimensional and auto correlated.
• Non-spatial data:
It are generally one-dimensional and independent.
26. Applications of GIS
It helps to find out what exists at a particular
location.
This technique is used to find a
location for a new retail outlet.
•location can be described using, for instance,
•name of place,
• post code, or
•geographic reference
•such as longitude
• latitude
Applications of GIS
Location Identification
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