This document provides an overview of basic computer fundamentals including hardware, software, connectivity, communication, addresses, and commands. It defines hardware as the physical components like keyboards and monitors, and software as non-physical components like operating systems. It discusses connectivity being based on hardware and media, and communication being software-based and using addresses. It provides details on physical MAC addresses and logical IP addresses, and how to view them. It also outlines common computer management commands and how to create and manage users and groups.

1. COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
ORIENTATION WITH COMPUTERS
AND INTERNET
LAB # 1

2. Some basic definitions
• Hardware:
The physical components of a computer system that we can touch are known
as hardware.
Examples: Keyboard, mouse, monitor etc
• Software:
The components of a computer system that we cannot touch are known as
software.
Examples: Windows, Ms office, Media player
Types :-
• Application Software
Examples are window media player, Ms office, VLC etc..
• System Software
Windows are the main examples of system software as Xp, Vista, Win 7, Win
8 etc

3. Connectivity and communication
• Connectivity:-
Connectivity is hardware based, without media
it is not possible
Examples of media are:- Cables, Wires, RF
• Communication:-
Communication is software based and without
addresses are not possible

4. Address:
• Serve as a unique identifier for a computer.
• Addresses types:-
Two types of address
1) Physical address
2) Logical address

5. Physical Address
• Also known as MAC address(Media Access
Control)
• It is unique and cannot be changed
• 12 digits Hexadecimal
• 48 bit length

6. How you can check physical address
for your computer?
• 1st way
• Run  cmd ipconfig/all  Enter

7. The screen will look like

8. 2nd Way

9. Logical address
• Logical address is an IP address
• Ipv4 is 32 bit address
For example:
• 192 . 168 . 13 . 10
8bit 8bit 8bit 8bit
• Total 4 octets
• One octet = 28 = 256  0  255

10. DNS server
• The Domain Name System (DNS) is
a hierarchical distributed naming system for
computers, services, or any resource connected
to the Internet or a private network.
• For example, the domain
name www.example.com translates to the
addresses 192.0.43.10 (IPv4)
http://www.apcoms.edu.pk

11. How to connect with server?
• Start menu
• Run..
• Type this address
• 192.168.13.1 or 13.2

12. Connect with internet?
• Open Mozilla Firefox
• Click on Tool
• Option
• Advanced
• Network
• Settings select manual proxy configuration
• 192.168.13.7

13. Computer Commands (Run
Commands)
• Gpedit.msc
• Administrative Templates
1. Control Panel
a) Display settings
b) Personalization
c) Printers
2. Desktop
3. Network
a) Network connections
b) Start Menu and Taskbar
4. System
a) Prevent access to Command Prompt
b) Prevent access to Registry Editing Tools
c) Alt+Ctrl+Del Option
d) Driver Installation

14. Computer Commands (Run
Commands)
• Msconfig
a) General
b) Boot
c) Services
d) Startup
e) Tools

15. Alt-Ctrl-Del Option
a) Lock This Computer
b) Switch User
c) Log off
d) Change Password
e) Start Task Manager

16. Manage Computer
• Users
• Groups

17. How to Create new Users ?
• Right click on Users option
• Select new user
• A window appear
• From here you can create new user
• You can apply some settings with select the
checkboxes

18. Group Management
• Double click on groups
• There are many options if you select first option(that
is Administrator)
• Double click on Administrator
• Add new user that you already created in this group
(This mean you are adding this new user in
administrator group then automatically this new user
will have all rights of administrator).

19. Disk Management
• Apply rights on Disks:
a) Select any Disk
b) Right click on Disk
c) Properties
d) Select Security
e) Click on Edit
f) From here add that new user
g) Select this user and select check boxes for
permissions

20. Services and Applications