result and discussion

1. CHAPTER FOUR
DATA PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter is concern with the presentation and analysis of data collected through
administration of questionnaire. The method chosen for the data analysis is the simple
percentage and this will facilitate the understanding of the project works and upon which the
findings shall be made and conclusion are drawn.
4.2 Data presentation and Analysis
The data are presented in a tabular form from the questionnaires distributed to 120 respondents.
111 valid questionnaires were returned (93%) response rate and 9 questionnaires were
unreturned (7%). These brought the sample size number to 111 and formed the basis for this
analysis
Table 1:
Question: Gender
Sex Respondents Percentage (%)
Male 32 29
Female 79 71
Total 111 100%
Source; Administered questionnaire 2023
In the above table, the gender composition of the respondents is show in the table, 29% of the
respondents are male while 71% of are female respondents. So, we conclude that majority of
the respondents are female.

2. Table 2:
Question: Age distribution
Age Respondents Percentage (%)
18 – 23 6 6
24 – 29 39 35
30 – 35 26 23
36 and above 40 36
Total 111 100%
Source; Administered questionnaire 2023
In the table above, 6% of the respondents are under 23years, 35% of the respondents are 24 –
29, 23% of the respondents are 30 – 35, while 36% of the respondents are 36years and above.
So, we conclude that the majority of the respondents are 36years and above.
Table 3
Question: Profession
Variable Respondents Percentage (%)
Architect 26 23
Civil Engineer 63 57
Facility Manager 4 3
Project Manager 11 10
Quantity Surveyor 2 2
Structural Engineer 5 5
Total 111 100%
Source; Administered questionnaire 2023
In the table above, 23% of the respondents are Architect by profession, 57% of the respondents
are Civil Engineers, 3% of the respondents are Facility Managers, 10% of the respondents are
Project Manager, 2% of the respondents are Quantity Surveyor while 5% respondents are
Structural Engineers. We conclude that the majority of the respondents are Civil Engineers.
Table 4

3. Question; what is the nature of your Organisation?
Variable Respondents Percentage (%)
Consulting Organisation 18 16
Contracting Organisation 65 59
Contracting Organization, Consulting Organisation 3 3
Public Organization 23 21
Public Organization, Contracting Organization 1 1
Public Organization, Contracting Organization,
Consulting Organisation
1 1
Total 111 100%
Source; Administered questionnaire 2023
Table 4 above, shows the nature of business engage by the respondents, 16% of the respondents
are into Consulting, 59% of the respondents are into Contracting, 3% of the respondents are
into Contracting and Consulting, 21% of the respondents are into Public Organization, 1% of
the respondents are in Public and Contracting Organization while 1% of the respondent are in
Public, Contracting and Consulting Organisation.
Table 5
Question; What is your position in the Organisation?
Variable Respondents Percentage (%)
Management Staff 37 33
Technical Staff 74 67
Total 111 100%
Source; Administered questionnaire 2023
In the above table, 33% of the respondents are Management Staff, while 67% of the
respondents are Technical Staff.
Table 6

4. Question: Projects Executed under Due Process Policy.
Variable Respondents Percentage (%)
1-5 projects 26 23
6-10 projects 17 15
11-15 projects 23 21
16-20 projects 39 35
21 and above projects 6 6
Total 111 100%
Source; Administered questionnaire 2023
The table above shows that a total of 23% of the respondents have Executed Projects under
Due Process Policy for 1-5 years, 15% for 6-10 years, 21% for 11-15 years, 35% for 16-20
years while 6% Executed Projects under Due Process Policy for 21 years and above.
SECTION B: Research Questions
4.3 Descriptive Statistics
4.3.1 Descriptive Statistics for Hypothesis One
Table 4.7 shows the summary of the descriptive statistics of questions related to Hypothesis
one. The descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency such as the mean and
measure of dispersion such as the standard deviation, minimum and maximum for these
questions. From the table below, the means and standard deviations of the responses to all the
questions are shown. Therefore, the mean of all the questions are 22.2 and the sum as stated in
administration of questionarie.
Consequently, the standard deviation of Questions 1 to 5 are 36.70422, 33.69273, 24.80323,
31.57847, and 34.73039 respectively this is the first set of the question that are for the first
hypothesis while, the standard deviation of the second set of the question that are for the first
hypothesis was shown as 34.76636, 30.47458, 36.18978, 29.14961 and 31.30016 for questions
6 to 10 respectively.

5. However, the minimum numbers of all the questions is 0 except for question 3 with the
minimum number of 8. Also the Maximum numbers for the questions 1 to 10 are shown as 86,
80, 66, 76, 82, 81, 73, 86, 70, and 75 respectively.
Table 4.7: Descriptive Statistics
Questions Sum Mini Max Mean
Standard
Deviation
Observing due process in public contracts awarding 111 0 86 22.2 36.70422
Transparency and fair play in public contract procurements 111 0 80 22.2 33.69273
No transparency and fair play in public contract procurements 111 8 66 22.2 24.80323
Participation of reputable, competent and reliable contractors
in public contract 111 0 76 22.2 31.57847
Due process ensures faith by tenders for public contract 111 0 82 22.2 34.73039
Regulating and setting standards to enforce harmonizing
bidding and tender documents in contract bidding. 111 0 81 22.2 34.76636
Formulation of general policies and guideline on public sector
procurement and monitoring prices of tendered items and
provide data base advisors. 111 0 73 22.2 30.47458
Documenting and monitoring government projects to
completion and ensuring that executed contracts are according
to specification and costs. 111 0 86 22.2 36.18978
Upholding professional ethics and reporting erring contractors
for sanctions, thereby ensuring sanity in the Nigerian
construction industry. 111 0 70 22.2 29.14961
Co-coordinating, trainings to promote capacity building of
procurement personnel and systems. 111 0 75 22.2 31.30016
Source: Authors computation SPSS, (2020)
4.3.2 Descriptive Statistics for Hypothesis Two
Table 4.8 shows the summary of the descriptive statistics of questions related to Hypothesis
one. The descriptive statistics include measures of central tendency such as the mean and
measure of dispersion such as the standard deviation, minimum and maximum for these
questions. From the table below, the means and standard deviations of the responses to all the
questions are shown. Therefore, the mean of all the questions are 22.2 and the sum as stated in
administration of questionarie.

6. Consequently, the standard deviation of Questions 1 to 10 are 17.71, 17.71, 14.925, 18.381,
22.581, 22, 25, 14, 24, and 20 respectively this is the first set of the question that are for the
first hypothesis while, the standard deviation of the second set of the question that are for the
first hypothesis was shown as 18, 27, 23, 20, 14, 23, 14, 28, 15, and 30 for questions 11 to 20
respectively.
However, the minimum numbers of the questions is shown as 8, 7, 7, 5, 2, 6, 6, 6, 7, 3, 6, 3, 5,
4, 4, 3, 7, 3, 3, and 3 for 1 to 20 respectively. Also the Maximum numbers for the questions 1
to 20 are shown as 44, 50, 46, 53, 60, 56, 66, 41, 65, 56, 49, 70, 57, 55, 40, 62, 35, 72, 40, and
76 respectively.
Table 4.8: Descriptive Statistics
Questions Sum Min Max Mean
Standard
Deviation
Signing of a binding Contract Agreement 111 8 44 22.2 17.710
Open Competitive Bidding 111 7 50 22.2 17.710
Project Award to the lowest priced responsive bidder 111 7 46 22.2 14.925
Requalification of Contractors 111 5 53 22.2 18.381
Contractor's Programme of Works execution 111 2 60 22.2 22.581
Tender analysis and Evaluation 111 6 56 22.2 22.000
Tender Negotiation with Responsive Bidders 111 6 66 22.2 25.000
Detailed Project Design 111 6 41 22.2 14.000
Actual Verification of Performance/ Warranties 111 7 65 22.2 24.000
Due process compliance certificates 111 3 56 22.2 20.000
Total Building Commissioning 111 6 49 22.2 18.000
Standard Tender Documents for Procurement 111 3 70 22.2 27.000
Supervision of Project Implementation Stage 111 5 57 22.2 23.000
The Bid Evaluation Process 111 4 55 22.2 20.000
Project review and Certification 111 4 40 22.2 14.000
Standard request for Proposals for Selection of Consulting
firms 111 3 62 22.2 23.000
Appropriation of budget allocation/or financial impacts 111 7 35 22.2 14.000
Contractor's Request for Clarification 111 3 72 22.2 28.000
Cost Benefit Analysis of the project 111 3 40 22.2 15.000
Statement of Essential Technical/Project Performance 111 3 76 22.2 30.000
4.3 Test of Research Hypothesis
The following hypotheses were formulated to guide this study.

7. H01: Due Process contract mechanism has no significant influence on the Project performance
in construction industry?
H02: Due process policy has no significant effect on the performance of construction industry
in Nigeria?
Test of Hypothesis One:
Computation
The hypothesis can be tested using the data from the survey carried out. The H0 which is the
null hypothesis and H1 which is the alternative hypothesis can be tested from the data available
from the response to question which are related to Hypothesis one, for a clearer understanding
this would be analysed in a tabular form below.
Observed frequency table
Question
s A B C D E F G H I J Total
SA 86 80 10 24 82 27 27 86 70 26 518
A 21 24 18 76 23 81 73 15 29 75 435
U 4 5 8 10 6 3 11 9 11 9 76
D 0 2 9 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 14
SD 0 0 66 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 67
Total 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 1110
Expected frequency table Formula

8. Expected frequency = Row total X Column total
Grand total
Expected frequency table
Questions A B C D E F G H I J Total
SA 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 51.8 518
A 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 43.5 435
U 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 7.6 76
D 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.4 14
SD 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 6.7 67
Total 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 111 1110
Contingency table Computation
Chi Square = (Observed Frequency – Expected Frequency)2
Expected Frequency
Contingency table
A B C D E F G H I J
SA 22.58 15.35 33.73 14.92 17.61 11.87 11.87 22.58 6.39 12.85 169.76
A 11.64 8.74 14.95 24.28 9.66 32.33 20.01 18.67 4.83 22.81 167.92
U 1.71 0.89 0.02 0.76 0.34 2.78 1.52 0.26 1.52 0.26 10.05
D 1.40 0.26 41.26 0.11 1.40 1.40 1.40 0.11 0.11 1.40 48.86
SD 6.70 6.70 524.85 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 6.70 4.85 583.30
Chi Square (X2) 979.888
Degree of freedom

9. Df = (R- 1) (C -1)
(5 – 1) (10 -1)
4 x 9
Df = 36
Level of significance = 0.05
The chi-square distribution statistical table value is 50.998
Decision rule
Since the computed value is greater than the table value then we reject the Null hypothesis (H0)
which stated that Due Process contract mechanism has no significant influence on the Project
performance in construction industry and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which stated
that Due Process contract mechanism has significant influence on the Project performance in
construction industry.
From the observation of the test of hypothesis it is clearly depicted that the value of X2
is 979.89
and is greater than the table value of 50.998. Hence, we accept the alternative hypothesis which
states that Due Process contract mechanism has significant influence on the Project
performance in construction industry.
Test of Hypothesis Two:
Computation
The hypothesis can be tested using the data from the survey carried out. The H0 which is the
null hypothesis and H1 which is the alternative hypothesis can be tested from the data available

10. from the response to question which are related to Hypothesis one, for a clearer understanding
this would be analysed in a tabular form below.
Observed frequency table
Questions Opt. 1 Opt. 2 Opt. 3 Opt. 4 Opt. 5 Total
A 8 10.67 9.33 43.67 39.33 111
B 6.67 10.33 12.67 49.67 31.67 111
C 6.67 13.33 46 24 21 111
D 5.33 13 53.33 19.33 20 111
E 2.33 11 13 24.67 60 111
F 6 9.33 56.33 31.33 8 111
G 6 17 66 13 9 111
H 6.33 11.67 22.67 40.67 29.67 111
I 7 14 13.33 11.67 65 111
J 2.67 11.67 17.67 56 23 111
K 6 12.67 49.33 12.67 30.33 111
L 3 13 70 18.67 6.33 111
M 6 9.67 4.67 33.33 57.33 111
N 4.33 10 13.33 28.67 54.67 111
O 4.33 10.67 29.33 40 26.67 111
P 2.67 19 14.67 13 61.67 111
Q 8.33 7.33 34.33 35.33 25.67 111
R 3.33 7.33 12.33 16.33 71.67 111
S 2.67 11 28.33 28.67 40.33 111
T 2.67 10.33 11.67 10.67 75.67 111
Total 100.33 233 578.33 551.33 757 2220

11. Expected frequency table Formula
Expected frequency = Row total X Column total
Grand total
Expected frequency table
Question Opt. 1 Opt. 2 Opt. 3 Opt. 4 Opt. 5 Total
A 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
B 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
C 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
D 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
E 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
F 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
G 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
H 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
I 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
J 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
K 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
L 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
M 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
N 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
O 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
P 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
Q 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
R 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
S 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
T 5.017 11.65 28.92 27.57 37.85 111
Total 100.33 233 578.33 551.33 757 2220
Contingency table Computation
Chi Square = (Observed Frequency – Expected Frequency)2
Expected Frequency

12. Contingency table
1 2 3 4 5
A 1.77 0.08 13.26 9.40 0.06 24.58
B 0.54 0.15 9.13 17.72 1.01 28.55
C 0.54 0.24 10.09 0.46 7.50 18.84
D 0.02 0.16 20.62 2.46 8.42 31.67
E 1.44 0.04 8.76 0.31 12.96 23.50
F 0.19 0.46 25.99 0.51 23.54 50.70
G 0.19 2.46 47.56 7.70 21.99 79.89
H 0.35 0.00 1.35 6.23 1.77 9.69
I 0.78 0.47 8.40 9.17 19.47 38.30
J 1.10 0.00 4.38 29.33 5.83 40.63
K 0.19 0.09 14.42 8.05 1.49 24.24
L 0.81 0.16 58.37 2.87 26.24 88.45
M 0.19 0.34 20.34 1.21 10.03 32.10
N 0.09 0.23 8.40 0.04 7.47 16.24
O 0.09 0.08 0.01 5.61 3.30 9.09
P 1.10 4.64 7.02 7.70 14.99 35.44
Q 2.19 1.60 1.01 2.19 3.92 10.92
R 0.56 1.60 9.51 4.58 30.21 46.46
S 1.10 0.04 0.01 0.04 0.16 1.36
T 1.10 0.15 10.29 10.36 37.78 59.68
Chi Square (X2) 670.36

13. Degree of freedom
Df = (R- 1) (C -1)
(20 – 1) (5 -1)
19 x 4
Df = 76
Level of significance = 0.05
The chi-square distribution statistical table value is 101.88
Decision rule
Since the computed value is greater than the table value then we reject the Null hypothesis (H0)
which stated that due process policy has no significant effect on the performance of
construction industry in Nigeria and accept the alternative hypothesis (H1) which stated that
Due process policy has significant effect on the performance of construction industry in
Nigeria.
From the observation of the test of hypothesis it is clearly depicted that the value of X2
is 670.36
and is greater than the table value of 101.88. Hence, we accept the alternative hypothesis which
states that Due process policy has significant effect on the performance of construction industry
in Nigeria.
4.4 Discussion of Findings
The findings of the study are based on the data evaluated, observation made in the course of
the study and the inference from the result of the hypothesis tested. These findings have been
identified by the researchers into specific and general findings.
In regard to specific finding from the data analysed, the following observations were made:

14. 1. Due Process contract mechanism has significant influence on the Project performance
in construction industry.
2. Due process policy has significant effect on the performance of construction industry
in Nigeria.
The general findings are discussed as follows:
There is a positive influence in observing due process in the awards of public contracts using
mechanism that establish transparency and fair play in contract procedures for procurement of
public contract.
The mechanisms has established transparency and fair play in contract procedures for
procurement of public contracts and allow participation of reputable, competent and reliable
contractors.
The due process mechanism ensures utmost good faith by tenders in the tendering mechanism.
There are regulating and standards to enforce harmonizing bidding and tender documents in
contract bidding and formulation of general policies and guideline on public sector
procurement and monitoring prices of tendered items and provide data base advisors.
There are documenting and monitoring of government projects to completion and ensuring that
executed contracts are according to specification and costs.

15. CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 Summary
This study was basically carried out to evaluate the impact of policy and procedural framework
on project performance in construction industry in Abuja, Nigeria. The study was able to
examine the various methods used contract awarding procedures in Abuja, Nigeria in
promoting due process in the construction industry.
This research work went further to examine the due process policy significance on the
performance of construction industry in Nigeria.
5.2 Conclusion
Despite the air of secrecy surrounding project performance data from due process offices, the
following were highlights of few interviews granted:
 Under due process, contract sum must never be exceeded. In other words Contract Sum
must be lesser than or equal to Total Project Cost- except in special situations such as
Client-initiated scope change. E.g. request for additional floor by Client. Due process
contracts are mostly fixed contracts.
 On issue of timely delivery, about 70% of the delay encountered in government
projects, were due to intermittent funding pattern/ delayed settlement of payment
certificates. According to him, the payment certificates sometimes may remain unpaid
for 2 to 3 months or more due to administrative bottlenecks involved. Or on Federal
government sponsored projects, the funds are released in phases. Consequently, this
makes contractor to submit delay related claims (request for extension of time and
preliminaries)- and in a particular situation, the contractor charged bank interest (cost
of finance) as an item of claim.

16.  Quality of projects is better guaranteed under due process. Prequalification and better
documentation and contract and milestone certifications/ project support services from
the parastatals helps deliver better quality of works.
5.3 Recommendations
The implication of this study is that it serves as a feedback to the construction stakeholders in
Nigeria and contains useable information for optimizing the existing due process mechanism
to enhance not only probity, accountability, transparency and competition in public contract
awards, but also the policy’s resultant effects on quality of executed projects, delivery-on-
budget and time considerations. The international community, especially developing countries
will also benefit from the Nigerian procurement reform.
Future research direction would be on elemental analysis of variance between initial Bill of
Quantities (BOQ) and final account of selected projects under due process– to verify grey areas
of cost prediction /budgeting under Due Process.

17. 1.3 Objectives of the Study
The objectives set to unveil the relationship and effect of policy and procedural framework on
Project performance in Construction industry in Abuja, Nigeria. Specific objectives include;
1. To ascertain the influence of due Process contract mechanism on the Project performance
in construction industry
2. To establish the effect of due process policy on the performance of construction industry in
Nigeria.
1.4 Research Questions
The study sought to answer the following research questions:
1. What is the influence of due Process contract mechanism on the Project performance in
construction industry?
2. What is the effect of due process policy on the performance of construction industry in
Nigeria?
1.5 Research Hypotheses
H01: Due Process contract mechanism has significant influence on the Project performance in
construction industry?
H02: Due process policy has significant effect on the performance of construction industry in
Nigeria?