PITUITARY GLAND (HYPOPHYSIS) DIAMETER: 1 CM WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM LIES: SELLA TURCIA TWO PORTIONS 1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY (ADENOHYPOPHYSIS) 2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY (NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

1. PITUITARY HORMONES
PITUITARY GLAND
(HYPOPHYSIS)
DIAMETER: 1 CM
WEIGHT: 0.5-1 GM
LIES: SELLA TURCIA
TWO PORTIONS
1- ANTERIOR PITUITARY
(ADENOHYPOPHYSIS)
2-POSTERIOR PITUITARY
(NEUROHYPOPHYSIS)

3. HORMONES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY
 GROWTH HORMONE: PROMOTE GROWTH
 ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN: CONTROL ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES
 THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE: CONTROL THYROID HORMONES
 PROLACTIN: DEVELOPMENT OF BREAST AND MILK SECRETION
 GONATROPIC HORMONES- FSH: CAUSES GROWTH OF FOLLICLES IN THE
OVARIES AND SPERM MATURATION IN TETES
 LH: STIMULATES TESTOSTERONE SYNTHESIS AND OVULATION,
FORMATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM AND ESTROGEN PROGESTERONE
SYNTHESIS IN OVARIES

4. HORMONES OF POSTERIOR PITUITARY
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (VASSOPRESSIN): INCREASES WATER
REABSORPTION BY THE KIDNEYS, CAUSES VASOCONSTRICTION AND INCREASE
BLOOD PRESSURE
OXYTOCIN: STIMULATES MILK EJECTION FROM BREASTS AND UTERINE
CONTRACTION
ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND CONTAINS DIFFERNT TYPES OF CELLS
SOMATOTROPES- HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE (hGH)
CORTICOTROPES- ADRENOCORTICOTROPIN (ACTH)
THYROTROPES- THYROID STIMULATING HORMONE (TSH)
GONADOTROPES -GONADOTROPIC HORMONES (LH, FSH)
LACTOTROPES-PROLACTIN (PRL)

5. POSTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES ARE SYNTHESIZED BY CELL BODIES IN THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
• MAGNOCELLULAR NEURONS IN
HYPOTHALAMUS
HYPOTHALAMUS CONTROLS
PITUITARY SECRETION
POSTERIOR PITUITARY SECRETION-
NERVE SIGNALS
ANTERIOR PITUITARY SECRETION-
HORMONES HYPOTHALAMIC
RELEASING/ HYPOTHALAMIC
INHIBITORY HORMONES (FACTORS)
HYPOTHALAMIC- HYPOPHYSIAL
PORTAL VESSELS

6. MAJOR HYPOTHALAMIC RELEASING AND INHIBITORY HORMONES
• THYROTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (TRH)-STIMULATE SECRETION
OF TSH BY THYROTROPES
• CORTICOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (CRH)- STIMULATES
SECRETION OF ACTH BY CORTITROPES
• GROWTH HORMONE -RELEASING HORMONE (GHRH)- STIMULATES
SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE BY SOMATOTROPES,
• GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITORY HORMONE (GHIH)- INHIBITS
SECRETION OF GROWTH HORMONE BY SOMATOTROPES
• GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE (GnRH)-STIMULATE
SECRETION OF FSH AND LH BY GONADOTROPES
• PROLACTIN INHIBITORY HORMONE (PIH)- INHIBITS SYNTHESIS AND
SECRETION OF PROLACTIN BY LACTOTROPES

7. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF GROWTH HORMONE
GROWTH HORMONE PROMOTES GROWTH OF MANY BODY TISSUES
SOMATOTROPIC HORMONE OR SOMATOTROPIN
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF GROWTH HORMONE
INCREASE RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS IN MOST CELLS OF BODY
INCREASED MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE
DECREASED RATE OF GLUCOSE UTILIZATION THROUGHOUT THE BODY
GROWTH HORMONE ENHANCE PROTEIN DEPOSITION IN TISSUES
ENHANCE AMINO ACID TRANSPORT THROUGH THE CELL MEMBRANES,
INCREASE PROTEIN SYNTHESIS BY THE RIBOSOMES, INCREASED NUCLEAR
TRANSCRIPTION OF DNA TO FORM mRNA, DECREASE CATABOLISM OF
PROTEIN AND AMINO ACIDS

8. GROWTH HORMONE ENHANCES FAT UTILIZATION FOR ENERGY
INCREASED MOBILIZATION OF FATTY ACIDS FROM ADIPOSE TISSUE,
CONVERSION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS INTO ACETYL CoA
LARGE QUANTITY OF ACETOACETIC ACID FORMATION BY LIVER, KETOSIS
GROWTH HORMONE DECREASES CARBOHYDRATE UTILIZATION
DECREASED UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE IN TISSUES, INCREASED GLUCOSE
PRODUCTION BY LIVER, INCREASED INSULIN SECRETION,
DIABETOGENIC, RESISTANT TO ACTION OF INSULIN

9. GROWTH HORMONE STIMULATE CARTILAGE AND BONE GROWTH
INCREASED PROTEIN DEPOSITION, INCREASE
GROWTH OF SKELETAL FRAME.
LONG BONE: GROWTH AT EPHIPHYSEAL
CARTILAGE, NEW CARTILAGE AND THEN NEW
BONE FORM, ELONGATE SHAFT AND PUSHING
EPIPHYSIS FARTHER
CONTINUOUS GROWTH OF BONE
JAW BONE, FORWARD PROTRUSION OF CHIN,
BONY PROTRUSION OVER EYES

10. REGULATION OF GROWTH HORMONE
STIMULATORY FACTORS
DECREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE, DECREASE BLOOD FREE FATTY ACIDS,
INCREASE BLOOD AMINO ACIDS, STARVATION, TRAUMA, DEEP SLEEP,
GROWTH HORMONE- RELEASING HORMONE
INHIBITORY FACTORS
INCREASED BLOOD GLUCOSE, INCREASED BLOOD FREE FATTY ACIDS,
AGING, OBESITY, GROWTH HORMONE INHIBITORY HORMONE
(SOMATOSTATIN), EXOGENOUS GROWTH HORMONE

11. ABNORMALITIES OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE SECRETION
PANHYPOPITUITARISM
• DECREASE SECRETION OF ALL THE ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONES
• CONGENITAL OR SLOWLY OR SUDDENLY AT ANY TIME DURING AGE
• PITUITARY TUMOR DESTROYS PITUITARY GLAND
DWARFISM
• DEFICIENCY OF ANTERIOR PITUITARY (PANHYPOPITUITARISM) DURING
CHILDHOOD
• PHYSICAL PARTS IN APPROPRIATE PROPORTION BUT RATE OF
DEVELOPMENT DECREASED
• PANHYPOPITUITARISM DWARFISM DOES NOT PASS THROUGH PUBERTY
(NOT SECRETE GONADOTROPIC HORMONES)

12. PANHYPOPITUITARISM IN THE ADULTHOOD
• TUMOROUS CONDITIONS AND THROMBOSIS OF THE PITUITARY
BLOOD VESSELS
GENERAL EFFECTS:
HYPOTHYROIDISM,DEPREESED PRODUCTION OF GLUCOCORTICOIDS BY
ADRENAL GLANDS, SUPPRESSED SECRETION OF THE GONADOTROPIC
HORMONES
• LETHARGIC, WEIGHT GAIN, LACK OF FAT MOBILIZATION, SEXUAL
DYSFUNCTION

13. GIGANTISM: GROWTH HORMONE PRODUCING CELLS OF ANTERIOR
PITUITARY ARE ACTIVE, BODY TISSUES AND BONES RAPIDLY GROWTH,
BEFORE THE EPIPHYSIS OF LONG BONES HAVE BEEN FUSED WITH SHAFTS.
ACROMEGALY: TUMOR AFTER ADOLESCENCE:
AFTER EPIPHYSES OF LONG BONE HAVE FUSED
WITH SHAFTS. BONES BECOME THICKER AND
SOFT TISSUES CONTINUE TO GROW
ENLARGEMENT OF BONES: HAND, FEET,
MEMBRANOUS BONES CRANIUM, NOSE,
BOSSES ON THE FOREHEAD, LOWER JAWBONE,
PORTION OF VERTEBRAE CAUSE HUNCHED
BACK (KYPHOSIS)

14. POSTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND
• NEUROHYPOPHYSIS, GLIAL LIKE CELLS, NOT SECRETE HORMONE
• SUPPORTING STRUCTURE FOR TERMINAL NERVE FIBERS, ORIGINATE
SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI OF THE
HYPOTHALAMUS
• NERVE ENDINGS, SECRETORY GRANULES, ANTIDIURETC HORMONE
ADH (VASSOPRESSIN) AND OXYTOCIN
SYNTHESIZED: SUPRAOPTIC AND PARAVENTRICULAR NUCLEI
PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
INCREASE PERMEABILITY OF COLLECTING DUCT AND TUBULES TO
WATER AND CONSERVING WATER IN THE BODY AND PRODUCING
CONCENTRATED URINE

15. LOW BLOOD VOLUME AND LOW BLOOD PRESSURE STIMULATE ADH
SECRETION
BARORECEPTORS DUE TO UNDERFILLING, INCREASE ADH SECRETION,
CONSTRICT ARTERIOLES THROGHOUT BODY AND INCREASE ARTERIAL
PRESSURE (VASOPRESSIN)
OXYTOCIC HORMONE
CAUSES CONTRACTION OF PREGNANT UTERUS, TOWARDS THE END
GESTATION
OXYTOCIN CAUSES MILK EJECTION FROM LACTATING BREAST

16. THYROID HORMONES
LOCATED: BELOW LARYNX
WEIGHT: 15-20 GM
TWO HORMONE:
THYROXINE (T4) AND TRI-
IODOTHYRONINE (T3)
CONTROL: TSH FROM
ANTERIOR PITUITARY
GLAND
CALCITONIN: CALCIUM
METABOLISM

17. SYNTHESIS OF THYROID HORMONES
COMPOSED: FOLLICLES FILLED WITH COLLOID
MAJOR CONSTITUENT: THYROGLOBULIN
IODIDE ABORBTION FROM GIT, COMBINE WITH TYROSINE
THYROGLOBULIN: 30 THYOXINE AND FEW TRI-IODOTHYRONINE
RELEASE OF THROXINE AND TRI-IODOTHYRONINE
• SURFACE OF THYROID CELLS SEND OUT PSEUDOPOD EXTENSIONS,
CLOSE AROUND COLLOID, FORM PINOCYTIC VESICLES
• PROTEASES IN CYTOPLASM, FUSE WITH VESICLES, DIGEST THYROGLO-
BULIN AND RELEASE THYROXINE AND TRI-IODOTHYRONINE IN FREE
FORM, 93%, THYOXINE AND 7% TRI-IODOTHYRONINE
• COMBINE WITH PLASMA PROTEIN , SLOWLY USED AT TARGET CELLS
FOR DAYS AND WEEKS

18. PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THYROID HORMONES
THROID HORMONES INCREASE TRANSCRIPTION OF LARGE NUMBERS
OF GENES
IN ALL CELLS OF BODY, INCREASE NUMBER OF PROTEIN (ENZYMES,
STRUCTURAL PROTEIN, TRANSPORT PROTEIN) AND INCREASE
FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY THROUGHOUT THE BODY
THYROID HORMONES ACTIVATE NUCLEAR RECEPTORS
BIND WITH DNA, INITIATE TRANSCRIPTION, mRNA FORMED, RNA
TRANSLATION NEW INTRACELLULAR PROTEIN FORMED
THYROID HORMONES INCREASE CELLULAR METABOLIC ACTIVITY
INCREASE METABOLIC ACTIVITY, RATE OF UTILIZATION OF FOOD FOR
ENERGY, RATE OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS AND CATABOLISM INCREASED,

19. THYROID HORMONES INCREASE NUMBER AND ACTIVITY OF MITOCHONDRIA
INCREASE RATE OF FORMATION OF ATP, INCREASE ACTIVITY OF CELL
THROID HORMONE INCREASE ACTIVE TRANSPORT OF IONS THROUGH
CELL MEMBRANES
INCREASE ACTIVITY OF ENZYMR NaK ATPase, TRANSPORT OF IONS,
ENERGY USES AND INCREASE AMOUNT OF HEAT IN BODY
EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONE ON GROWTH
HYPOTHYROIDISM: RATE OF GROWTH RETARDED,IN
HYPERTHYROIDISM, EXCESSIVE GROWTH
STIMULATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM
RAPID UPTAKE OF GLUCOSE BY CELLS, ENHANCED GLYCOLYSIS AND
GLUCONEOGENESIS, INCREASE RATE OF ABSORPTION FROM GIT,
INCREASE INSULIN SECRETION

20. STIMULATION OF FAT METABOLISM
LIPIDS METABOLIZED RAPIDLY, DECREASED FAT STORES OF BODY,
INCREASE FREE FATTY ACID CONC IN PLASMA, ACCELERATE OXIDATION
OF FATTYACIDS BY CELLS
INCREASE REQUIRMENT OF VITAMINS
INCREASE QUANTITY OF ENZYMES AND VITAMINS (ESSENTIAL PARTS OF
ENZYMES AND CO-ENZYMES), INCREASE NEED FOR VITAMINS
INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
INCREASE METABOLISM IN ALL CELLS, INCREASE BASAL METABOLIC RATE
60-100%
DECREASED BODY WEIGHT
INCREASE THYROID HORMONE-DECREASED BODY WEIGHT
INCREASE APPETITE, COUNTERBALANCE METABOLIC RATE

21. EFFECT OF THYROID HORMONES ON CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
INCREASED BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OUTPUT: INCREASE METABOLISM,
INCREASE UTILIZATION OF OXYGEN AND RELAESE OF METABOLIC END PRODUCT.
VASODILATION AND INCREASE BLOOD FLOW AND CARDIAC OUTPUT
INCREASED HEART RATE: INCREASE HEART RATE AND SENSITIVE SIGN TO
DETERMINE EXCESSIVE AND DIMINISHED THYROID HORMONE
INCREASED HEART STRENGTH: SLIGHT INCREASE IN THYROID
HORMONE:INCREASE STRENGTH, EXCESSIVE INCREASE ITHYROID HORMONE,
HEART MUSCLE STREGTH DEPREESED

22.  INCREASED RESPIRATION
INCREASE RATE AND DEPTH OF RESPIRATION
INCREASED GASTROINTESTINAL MOTILITY
INCREASES RATE OF SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE JUICES AND MOTILITY OF GIT
EXCITATORY EFFECTS ON CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
INCREASES CEREBRATION, EXTREME NERVOUSNESS, ANXIETY COMPLEXES,
EXTREME WORRY
MUSCLE FUNCTION
SLIGHT INCREASE THYROID HORMONE: VIGOR
EXCESS INCREASE OF THYROID: MUSCLE WEAK
LACK OF THYROID HORMONE: MUSCLES SLUGGISH, SLOWLY RELAX AFTER
CONTRACTION
FINE MUSCLE TREMOR: SIGN OF HYPERTHYROIDISM

23. EFFECT ON SLEEP
EXHAUSTING EFFECT OF THYROID ON MUSCULATURE, EXCITABILITY ON
SYNAPSES,IN HYPOTHYROIDISM, SLEEP LASTING 12-14 HOURS A DAY
EFFECT ON OTHER ENDOCRINE GLANDS
INCREASE RATE OF SECRETION OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS, INCREASE
GLUCOSE METABOLISM, INCREASE NEED OF INSULIN, INCREASE
METABOLIC ACTIVITIES IN BONE, INCREASE PARATHYROID HORMONE
EFFECT OF THYROID ON SEXUAL FUNCTION
HYPOTHYROIDISM: LOSS OF LIBIDO, HYPERTHYROIDISM: IMPOTENCE
LACK OF THYOID HORMONE: HEAVY AND PROLONG BLEEDING AND
IRREGULAR MENSTRUAL CYCLE
HYPERTHYROIDISM: INFREQUENT MENSTRUATION CAUSE AMENORRHEA

24. REGULATION OF THYROID HORMONE SECRETION
STIMULATING FACTORS
• TSH, AN ANTERIOR PITUITARY HORMONE, STIMULATED BY TRH BY
HYPOTHALAMUS, INCREASE SECRETION OF THYROID GLANDULAR
CELLS
• EXPOSURE OF COLD
• LOW METABOLIC RATE
INHIBITORY FACTORS
• EXCITEMENT AND ANXETY
• NEGATIVE FEEDBACK INHIBITION
• ANTITHYROID DRUGS OR LACK OF IODINE

25. HYPERTHYROIDISM
TOXIC GOITER, THYROTOXICOSIS, GRAVES' DISEASE
ANTIBODIES (THYROID STIMULATING IMMUNOGLOBULIN) FORMED
AGAINST TSH RECEPTOR IN THYROID GLAND, INDUCE CONTINUOUS
ACTIVATION OF cAMP SYSTEM OF CELLS, HIGH CONC OF THYROID
HORMONES AND SUPPRESS FEEDBACK BY ANTERIOR PITUITARY
SYMPTOMS: EXOPHTHALAMUS (PROTRUSION OF EYE BALL),
EXCITABILITY, INTOLERANCE TO HEAT, INCREASE SWEATING, WEIGHT
LOSS, VARYING DIARRHEA, MUSCLE WEAKNESS, NERVOUSNESS OR
OTHER PSHYCHIC DISORDERS,EXTREME FATIGUE, INABILITY TO SLEEP,
TREMOR OF HANDS

26. HYPOTHYROIDISM
CAUSE BY AUTOIMMUNITY AGAINST THYROID GLAND, ABSENT SECRETION
OF THYROID HORMONES
MYXEDEMA
LACK OF THYROID HORMONE FUNCTION
SYMPTOMS: BAGGINESS OF EYES, SWELLING OF
FACE, INCREASE BLOOD CHOLESTEROL
CRETINISM
HYPOTHYROIDISM DURING FETAL LIFE, FAILURE OF BODY GROWTH AND
MENTAL RETARDATION