1. DEVELOPMENT OF A COMPREHENSIVE
BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE SYSTEM
MODEL FOR GRID ANALYSIS
1
MODEL FOR GRID ANALYSIS
APPLICATIONS
By:
Eng. Mostafa Kamal Salem
Under Supervision Of:
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Peter Zacharias
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Adel Khalil
Prof. Dr.-Eng. Amr Adly
Dr.-Eng. Stefan Kempen
19.03.2013
2. Acknowledgment
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
I would like to thank all the people who helped me in achieving this thesis. Very special thanks to my supervisors: Prof.
Dr. Adel Khalil, Prof. Dr. Peter Zacharias, and Prof. Dr. Amr Adly for their supervision and support. I would like to
thank the examining committee for their time. I would like to express my appreciation to AEG Power Solutions for giving
me the opportunity to work on my master thesis in the company with its quality service provisions. Special thanks to Dr.-
Ing Kempen, M.Sc.-Ing Ammar Salman, and Mr. John Kuhne for their support and guidance. Also, I would like to thank
the German Academic Exchange Service (DAAD) for supporting REMENA master program and for providing me the
financial and moral support. Special thanks to Ms. Anke Stahl and Ms. Janique Bikomo for supporting and care. I would
like to express my appreciation to the University of Kassel and Cairo University for hosting me in the master course.
2
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
like to express my appreciation to the University of Kassel and Cairo University for hosting me in the master course.
Special thanks to Prof. Adel Khalil, Prof. Sayed Kaseb, Prof. Dirk Dahlhaus, and Ms. Anke Aref for the support and
guidance during the whole program.
3. Outlines
1.Introduction
2.Methodology & Procedure
3. Review of Literature
Battery Types
Battery Models
4. Model in Power Factory
5. Simulations & Results
BESS TEST
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
2 Min.
1 Min.
2 Min.
4 Min.
8 Min.
3
BESS TEST
Public Grid with and without BESS
BESS with AEG Grid
BESS with PV
6. Conclusion
7. Future Recommendations
8.Summary
9. References
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
2 Min.
2 Min.
1 Min.
4. Motivation:
The major challenge now days is to store the excess energy from the renewable energy that
generated when demand is low, and reuse this energy in later time or in the high demand
times.
1. Introduction
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
4
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Source: www.renewableenergyworld.com
5. Aim of work:
To Build comprehensive model of the battery energy storage system that simulates the real
reactions that happens inside the battery, and to be able to analyze different grid scenarios
using Power Factory DIgSILENT.
1. Introduction
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
5
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Source: www.newavenergy.com
6. 1. Introduction
Battery Energy Storage System is composed of a combination of electrical part and chemical part.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
+ -
6
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
AEG Converter Lead Acid Battery
Brain of the
system
Figure (1): Battery Energy Storage System
7. 1. Introduction
BESS Advantages:
1. Active power output/input (support grid frequency).
2. Reactive power output/input (voltage control).
3. Pure phase shift operation is possible.
4. Charge and discharge at any desired cosф.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
7
Figure (2): PQ Characteristics for BESS [5]
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
8. 2. Methodology & Procedure
Identify
The
Problem
Search for
Solutions
& Model
Run The
Model
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
8
Problem & Model
Model
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Developing Battery
Model that Simulates the
Battery and Consider the
Temperature changes
during the operation.
Suitable model in Power
Factory DIgSILENT
Integrating The Model
with Different Grids and
Different Power Sources
9. 2. Methodology & Procedure
The methodology used in this thesis depends in all available papers, journals, theses, books,
internet web sites, and magazines that related to the Lead Acid batteries and BESS, to collect
the most updated theoretical data in this area. Power Factory Support service provided this
thesis with the suitable Model. The available PV data in AEG Power Solutions Company were
used.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
9
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
10. Batteries have been used a long time ago. Earthen containers were used as galvanic cells dating
from 250 BC have been found in Baghdad (Iraq). Alessandro Volta is the first person in the modern
times to build an actual battery in year 1800, then Mr. Michael Faraday derived the laws of
electrochemistry based on Volta’s work.
Battery Types:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Rechargeable
Alkaline
1.5 V CD/MD/MP3 players, toys, electronic games,
cameras, flash lights, remote controls, solar
Table (1): Battery Types [6]
3. Review of Literature
10
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Alkaline cameras, flash lights, remote controls, solar
lighting
NiMH 1.2 V Digital cameras, remote controlled racing toy cars
NiCd 1.2 V Power Tools
Li-ion 3.6-3.7 V Notebook computers, PDAs, mobile phones,
camcorders, digital cameras
Lead Acid 12 V Car starter battery, lift trucks, golf charts, marine,
standby power, UPS, solar lighting and renewable
energy storage
11. Lead acid battery is the cheapest and the most commercially used battery nowadays.
3. Review of Literature
11
Figure (3): Comparison of Life Cycle Costs per Delivered kWh
for A Typical Peak- Shaving Application [8]
13. 1. Simple Model:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Impedance Z (S,SOC)
Current I
3. Review of Literature
13
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
E (S,SOC)
Figure (6): Simple Equivalent Circuit for the
Lead Acid Battery [11]
Figure (5): Typical Discharge Profile of A Lead-Acid Battery [11]
14. 2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model):
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
+
C1 in Farads
R1
R2
Ip,
R0
3. Review of Literature
14
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
+
-
Em
Main Branch Parasitic Branch
Ip,
VPN
Figure (7): Ceraolo Battery Model Equivalent Circuit [14]
R1 = f (SOC)
R2 = f (I,SOC)
IP = f (θ)
Emo= f (SOC,θ)
15. 3. Review of Literature
2. Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model) during the operation:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
15
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (9): Implemented Model [14]
16. 4. Model in Power Factory
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
(Battery Capacity)
θ (t) = θinit +
C = f (I,θ)
16
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Depth of Discharge
State of ChargeDepth of Discharge
Depth of Discharge =
f (Open Circuit Voltage (Ue))
Depth of Discharge = Q/ C
Ucell = Ue+Urs
State of Charge
C = f (I,θ)
Battery Outputs
17. 4. Models in Power Factory
BESS Model Verification:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
17
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (11): Frame of the BESS Controller In Power Factory [11]
18. Outlines
1.Introduction
2.Methodology & Procedure
3. Review of Literature
Battery Types
Battery Models
4. Models in Power Factory
5. Simulations & Results
BESS TEST
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
18
BESS TEST
Public Grid with and without BESS
BESS with AEG Grid
BESS with PV
6. Conclusion
7. Future Recommendations
8.Summary
9. References
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
19. 5. Simulations & Results
BESS TEST:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
19
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (12): Small Testing Grid for the BESS
20. 5. Simulations & Results
EVENTS:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
0,80
0,60
0,40
ActivePower(MW)
Load _Step
Load_1
2000,02000,02000,02000,02000,02000,0 [s]
0,40
0,20
0,00
-0,20
Load Step: Active Power in MW
Load_1: Active Power in MW
Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
At 2000 sec.
20
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1.50E+41.20E+49.00E+36.00E+33.00E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,20
0,00
-0,20
Load Step: Active Power in MW
Load_1: Active Power in MW
Load_Ramp: Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
Load_Ramp
Load _Step
120 sec.
At 2000 sec.
Figure (13): Loads Active Power In MW
21. 5. Simulations & Results
Results:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1,60
1,40
1,20
1,00
DIgSILENT
120,39118,45
1,30
1,20
1,10
1,00
G (coal): Active Power in MW
Transient due to the event
1,02
0,98
0,94
0,90
DIgSILENT
1,00
ActivePower(MW)
SOCUnitless
120 sec.
21
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1.50E+41.20E+49.00E+36.00E+33.00E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,80
0,60
G (coal): Active Power in MW
Figure (15): Synchronous Generator Active Power In MW
1.50E+41.20E+49.00E+36.00E+33.00E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,86
0,82
Charging Control: SOC
Figure (14): The Battery State Of Charge
Time (seconds)Time (seconds)
At 2000 sec.
22. 5. Simulations & Results
Public Grid with and without BESS:
1. External Grid without BESS:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
2,10
1,90
1,70
DIgSILENT
ActiveCurrent(p.u.)
External Grid
1.62 p.u.
1.41 p.u.
22
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Switch is
open
Figure (16): External Grid without the BESS
1.70E+41.36E+41.02E+46.80E+33.40E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
1,50
1,30
1,10
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Figure (17): External Grid Active Current
Time (seconds)
1.41 p.u.
23. 5. Simulations & Results
2. External Grid with BESS:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
2,15
1,90
1,65
ActiveCurrent(p.u.)
External Grid
Switch is
closed
1.49 p.u.
1.46 p.u.
23
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (18): External Grid with BESS
1.70E+41.36E+41.02E+46.80E+33.40E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
1,40
1,15
0,90
Breaker/Switch(1): Current, Magnitude/Terminal i in p.u.
Figure (19): External Grid Active Current
Time (seconds)
closed
24. 5. Simulations & Results
2. External Grid with BESS :
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1,03
0,98
0,93
DIgSILENT
1,00
SOCUnitless
0,60
0,40
0,20
DIgSILENT
ActiveCurrent(p.u.)
Battery
Discharging
Battery
Discharging
Can be damped using
inverter control
24
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1.70E+41.36E+41.02E+46.80E+33.40E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,88
0,83
0,78
Charging Control: SOC
Figure (20): Battery State of Charge
Time (seconds)
1.70E+41.36E+41.02E+46.80E+33.40E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,00
-0,20
-0,40
Advanced Battery: I
Time (seconds)
Battery
Charging
Figure (21): Battery Output Current In p.u.
Battery
Charging
inverter control
25. 5. Simulations & Results
BESS with AEG Grid:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
25
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (22) AEG Grid with the BESS
26. 5. Simulations & Results
BESS with AEG Grid :
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1,02
1,00
0,98
DIgSILENT
1,00
0,75
0,50
1st Event at 300 sec.
End of battery
charging and the 4th
SOCUnitless
ActiveCurrent(p.u.)
Discharge
Idle mode
26
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1.80E+41.44E+41.08E+47.20E+33.60E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,96
0,94
0,92
Charge Control: SOC
1.80E+41.44E+41.08E+47.20E+33.60E+3-3.00E-1 [s]
0,25
0,00
-0,25
Charge Control: id_ref_out
2nd and 3rd Event at
1500 sec.
charging and the 4th
eventat 15000 sec.
Time (seconds)
Time (seconds)
Charging
Figure (24): Battery State of ChargeFigure (23) Active Charging Current In p.u.
27. 5. Simulations & Results
BESS with PV (off Grid):
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
27
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (25): Electric Grid with Synchronous Generator, BESS, and PV
System
28. 5. Simulations & Results
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Events:
0,40
0,30
0,20
ActivePower(MW)
300 sec.
1000 sec.
28
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1440,01152,0863,96575,94287,92-0,1000 [s]
0,10
0,00
-0,10
Load Step: Active Power in MW
Load_1: Active Power in MW
Figure (26): Loads Active Power In MW
Time (seconds)
1000 sec.
29. 5. Simulations & Results
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
2,00
1,50
DIgSILENT
Photovoltaic Data:
The data are taken for one day with one minute time span in AEG Power Solution
inWarstein Belecke, Germany.
ActiveCurrent(p.u.)
29
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1440,01152,0863,96575,94287,92-0,1000 [s]
1,00
0,50
0,00
-0,50
Measurment: id_ref
Time (seconds)
Active
Figure (27): Photovoltaic Active Current In p.u.
30. 5. Simulations & Results
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
0,21
0,18
0,15
ActivePower(MW)
0,99985
0,99960
0,99935
SOCUnitless
PV
production
increased
1000
300
sec.
30
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1440,01152,0863,96575,94287,92-0,1000 [s]
0,12
0,09
0,06
G3 (coal): Active Power in MW
Figure (29): Generator Active Power in MW
Time (seconds)
1440,01152,0863,96575,94287,92-0,1000 [s]
0,99910
0,99885
0,99860
Charging Control: SOC
Time (seconds)
1000
sec.
Figure (28): Battery State of Charge
PV
production
decreased
33. 7. Future Recommendations
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND.
7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT.
7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
33
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
34. 7. Future Recommendations
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
7.1 PV DATA TAKEN EVERY SECOND:
For more realistic results of the PV simulation, PV data are required to be entered to the system
which should be taken with a one second time span for one complete day.
34
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
35. 7. Future Recommendations
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
7.2. CASE STUDY IN EGYPT:
El Gouna
Source: www.aegypten-berater.de
35
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (34): Egyptian Solar Map [21]
It is recommended to integrate BESS with the PV and another power source to be used in day time
or in emergency cases. As a recommendation for future work, the implementation of the analyzed
BESS can be studied including the sizing, energy yield, and economical evaluation of the plant in El
Gouna.
Figure (35): El Gouna Resort
36. 7. Future Recommendations
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
7.3 INTEGRATION THE BATTERY LIFE TIME IN THE MODEL:
=
1000
.
. max nom
lifetime
Vq
DODFQ [16]
36
F Is the number of cycles to failure
DOD Is the depth of discharge [%]
qmax Is the maximum capacity of the battery [Ah]
Vnom Is the nominal voltage of the battery [V].
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Where:
37. 8. Summary
The main purpose of the study is to simulate the effect of the battery temperature, on the different
battery parameters and develop battery model that simulates the real reactions happens inside the
battery ,then integrate this model with different grids with different power sources.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
37
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Source: principlesofedu.wikispaces.com
38. 9. References
1 Kenrik, V., 2012, Clean Power and Renewable Energy Growth in MENA Region, http://www.environmentalleader.com.
2 Goikoetxea1, A., Barrena1, J.A., Rodríguez, M.A., and Abad,G., March 2010, “Grid manager design using Battery Energy Storage
Systems in weak power systems with high penetration of wind energy“, Proceedings of the tenth International Conference on
Renewable Energies and Power Quality, Granada, Spain.
3 Kottick, D., Blau, M.,and Edelstein,D., 1993, Battery Energy Strorage for Frequency Regulation in an Island Power System, vol.8,
3rd edition, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion.
4 Tsang, M.W., and Sutanto,D., 1998, “Control Strategies to Damp Inter-Area Oscillations Using a Battery Energy Storage System”,
Department of Electrical Engineering, university of Hong Kong Polytechnic , Hung Hom, Hong Kong.
5 Electricity Storage Association web site, 2012, http://www.electricitystorage.org
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
38
5 Electricity Storage Association web site, 2012, http://www.electricitystorage.org
6 Hageman, S.C., 1993 “Simple PSpice models let you simulate common battery types”, EDN, Oct. 28, 1993, pp.117-132.
7 Barak, M. (Ed.), Dickinson, T., Falk, U.,Sudworth, J.L.,Thirsk, H.R., Tye F.L., 1980, Electrochemical Power Sources: Primary &
Secondary Batteries, IEE Energy Series 1, A. Wheaton &Co, Exeter.
8 Energiespeicher in Stromversorgungssystemen mit hohem Anteil erneuerbarer Energieträger“ VDE- Studie 2009.
9 Tammineedi,C., May2011, “Modelling Battery-Ultra-capacitor Hybrid Systems For Solar And Wind Applications”, The Graduate
School, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, USA.
10 Toyota Motors Sales, 2012, Automotive batteries with questions, http://www.autoshop101.com.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
39. 9. References
11 DIgSILENT PowerFactory Version 14.1 Battery Energy Storing Systems in PowerFactory. Application Manual Gomaringen, Germany,
May 2011.
12 Idlbi,B., 2012, “ Dynamic Simulation Of A PV-Diesel-Battery Hybird Plant For Off Grid Electricity Supply“, MSc. Thesis, Faculty of
Engineering Cairo University, Giza, Egypt, Faculty Of Electrical Engineering And Computer Science, Kassel, Germany, March, 2012.
13 Medora, N.K., and Kusko A., Sept. 2005 “Dynamic Battery Modeling of Lead-Acid Batteries using Manufacturers“, Proceedings of the
27th, Telecommunications Conference, Berlin, Germany.
14 Ceraolo, M., 2000,” New Dynamical Models of Lead–Acid Batteries, Department of Electrical Systems and Automation”, University of
Pisa, Pisa, Italy, IEEE Transections On Power Systems, VOL. 15, NO. 4, Nov. 2000.
15 Jackey, R.A., 2007, ”A Simple, Effective Lead-Acid Battery Modeling Process for Electrical System Component Selection”, The
MathWorks, Inc.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
39
MathWorks, Inc.
16 Lambert T., Homer Energy Software, [Online], May 2005, tom@homerenergy@.com.
17 Grid Code, High and extra high voltage, E-ON Netz GmbH, Bayreuth, 1 April 2006.
18 DIgSILENT PowerFactory, Version 14.1, User’s Manual,Volume I, User’s Manual,Volume II, Edition 1, DIgSILENT GmbH, Gomaringen,
Germany, May 2011.
19
Jürgens, F., July 2012, “Modeling of a Micro grid at an industrial production site with a high percentage of regenerative electrical energy
and with innovative energy storage technologies“, BSc. Thesis, University of Wilhelmshaven, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
20 Orascom Development Holding AG web site, 2008, www.orascomdh.com.
21 New and Renewable Energy Authority web site, 2013, www.nrea.gov.eg.
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
41. 5. Simulations & Results
Harmonic analysis:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
0,015
0,012
0,009
41
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
1,00 5,00 9,00 13,0 17,0 21,0 25,0 29,0 33,0 37,0 41,0 45,0 49,0 [-]
0,006
0,003
0,000
PWM Converter/1 DC-Connection: Current, Magnitude/Terminal AC in p.u.
Figure (15): Harmonic Distortion (Current/ Terminal AC in p.u) For the Converter
42. 4. Models in Power Factory
1. Simple Model in Power Factory:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Ucell=Uc-UR
42
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (8): Simple Battery Model in Power Factory [11]
43. 4. Models in Power Factory
2.Advanced Model (Ceraolo Model)in Power Factory:
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
43
BatteryEnergyStorageSystemBESS
Figure (10): Advanced Battery Model (Ceraolo Model) In Power Factory