1. NOR MIZIANA BINTI ZAILAN (2013364506)
AMIRA BINTI AHMAD MAHMUD (2013146821)
ZAHIDAH BINTI AB AZIZ (2013770077)
NORAZLINA BINTI ABD RAHIM (2013984201)

2. • Is the study of structure of consciousness as experienced from the first – person point of view.
• It describe as ‗ lives experience‘ mostly base on the person lived experience
• The central structure of an experience is its intentionally, its being directed toward something or as
an experience of or some object.
• It was another discipline but it also related to another key of disciplines in philosophy such as:
• Ontology
• Epistemology
• Logic
• Ethics
• Its commonly understood in two ways:
• Disciplinary field in philosophy
• Movement in the history of philosophy
• In the recent philosophy of mind, the term ―phenomenology‖ is often restricted to the
characterization of sensory qualities of seeing, hearing .
• Another definition is
Patton (1990):
"…a phenomenological study…is one that focused on descriptions of what people
experience and how it is that they experience what they experience. One can employ a general
phenomenological perspective to elucidate the importance of using methods that capture people's
experience of the world without conducting a phenomenological study that focuses on the essence
of shared experience." (p.71)
http://www.personal.psu.edu/wxh139/pheno.htm

3. • Phenomenology studies the structure of various types of experience from the
perception, thought, including linguistic activity.
• Basically, it studies many types of experience from:
• Thought
• Memory
• Imagination
• Emotion
• Desire
• Volition to bodily awareness
• Another definition is from Finlay (2009):
• It start with concrete description of lived situation, often first-person
accounts, set down in everyday language and avoiding abstract intellectual
generalizations…..
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phenomenological_descript
• Key word:
• Essence,
• Consciousness
• Human experience
• Lived experience

4.  First used by Johann Heinrich Lambert
Later used by Immanuel Kant and Johann Gottlieb
Fichte
Made popular in 1807 in G. W. F. Hegel‘s book titled
Phänomenologie des Geistes (usually translated as
Phenomenology of Spirit)
 Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) later refined the
meaning into more of what we use today.
- Phenomena can be studied only
subjectively, not objectively—thus phenomenology
is a close cousin of existentialism

5.  It being discover by Edmund Husserl (1900) and
Husserl began develop a ―philosophy as rigorous
science‖ called Phenomenology ( see Husserl (1900
/1970)
 Husserl believe
 if science were to fulfill a mission of providing rational
knowledge that would enable humanity to freely shape its
own destiny, then science must go beyond an exclusive
focus on the physical world and take human experience
into consideration with equal rigor.
 Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) later refined the
meaning into more of what we use today.
- Phenomena can be studied only subjectively, not
objectively— thus phenomenology is a close cousin of
existentialism

6. Determine if the research is
best examined using a
phenomenological research or
not.
Individuals‘ common or shared
experience of a phenomenon.
Develop practice or policies.
Develop a deeper understanding
about the features of the
phenomenon.

7. Data collected from the
individuals who have
experienced the phenomenon.
Mainly used:
In-depth interview and multiple
interview.
Other research tools:
Observation, oral or written reports,
journals, music, poetry, etc.

8.  To fully describe how participants view
phenomenon, the researchers must break out, as
much as possible their own experience.
 The participants were asked two broad, general
question.
1. What have you experienced in terms of
phenomenon?
2. What context or situations have typically
influenced or
affected your experiences of the phenomenon?

9.  Open-ended question may also be asked.
 Focus attention on gathering data that will lead to
TEXTURAL DESCRIPTION or STRUCTURAL
DESCRIPTION, and provide an understanding of
the common experience of the participants.

10. Building up
on the data.
- From first
and second
research
question.
Data analysis.
- Go through the
data that adapted
(from interview
etc.)
Highlight the ‘significant
statement or quotes’ that
obtained from the data.
Moustakas (1994) –
horizonalisation.
Lying out all the data and analysing
it equally.
Develop ‘clusters of meaning’
from these significant statement
into themes.
Moustakas (1994) add:
Researchers also write about their own
experience and situation that have
influenced their experience.
From the structural and textural
descriptions, the researcher then
writes a composite description that
presence the ‗essence‘ of the
phenomenon.
TEXTURAL DESCRIPTION
Description of what the
participants experienced
phenomenon.
STRUCTURAL DESCRIPTION
Description of the context or
setting that influenced how the
participants experienced
phenomenon

11. Types of
Phenomenology
Realistic
Hermeneutic
al
Naturalistic
Generative
Existential
Transcendent
al
Genetic
Constitutiv
e

12. Realistic Phenomenology
 Studies about the universal enssences of various sort of matters and
structure of consciousness and not somehow brought into being by
consciousness.
Existential Phenomenology
 Studies concrete human existence, including our experience of free choice
or action in concrete situations.
Hermeneutical Phenomenology
Studies about interpretative structure of experiences. The issues adressed in
hermeneutical phenomenology include simply all of those that were added
to the agenda in the previous tendencies and stages.
Transcendental Phenomenology
 Studies how objects are constituted in pure of transcendantal consciousness,
setting aside questions of any relation to the natural world around us.

13. Transcendental Phenomenology
 Studies how objects are constituted in pure of transcendantal consciousness,
setting aside questions of any relation to the natural world around us.
Naturalistic Phenomenology
 Studies how conciousness constitutes or takes things in the world of nature,
assuming with the natural attitude that consciouness is part of nature.
Genetic Phenomenology
 Studies the genesis of meanings of things within ones,s own stream of
experience.
Generative historical phenomenology
 Studies how meaning, as found in our experience, is generated in historical
process of collective experience over time.

14. • Holistic, Qualitative, Idiographic
• complete description of human existence
• taking the individual‘s own perspective
• Phenomenological Method
• focus on individual experience of the world
• focus on interpretation of events, not the events
themselves

15. Research purpose :
- To describe one or more individual‘s experiences
of a phenomenon
2. Disciplinary Origin : Philosophy
3. Primary Data Collection Method :
- In depth interviews with up to 10 – 15 people

16. 4. Data Analysis Approach :
- List significant statements, determine meaning of
statement & identify the essence of the phenomenon
5. Narrative report focus :
- Rich description of the essential or invariant structures

17. • Bracketing personel experiences may be difficult
for the researcher to implement.
(the researcher to become a separated from the
text)
• The participants in the study need to be carefully
chosen to be individuals who have all
experienced the phenomenon in question

19. 1. What is phenomenology?
2. Give two types of phenomenology?
3. What is the research tool that mainly used in
phenomenology?
4. What is the meaning of the term ‗horizonalisation‘?
5. What is the characteristic of phenomenology?